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BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity has increased in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult (LADA), limiting the use of clinical features such as the body mass index for its differentiation with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Additionally, some patients with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) or LADA are misdiagnosed as having T2D. The evaluation of autoantibodies and genetic testing are not fully available. We aimed to evaluate the utility of a widely available and less expensive diagnostic tool such as C-peptide to differentiate between T1D, T2D, MODY, and LADA. METHODS: Our study included 38 patients with T1D, 49 with T2D, 13 with MODY, and 61 with LADA. We recorded anthropometric measurements, biochemical profiles, and antidiabetic treatment and determined C-peptide, anti-GAD65, and anti-IA2 antibodies. RESULTS: C-peptide concentration differed significantly among populations (T1D: 0.2 ng/mL; T2D: 2.4 ng/mL; MODY: 1.14 ng/mL; LADA: 1.87 ng/mL). Through a ROC curve, we observed that the C-peptide cut-off point of 0.95 ng/mL allows differentiation between T1D and T2D (sensitivity 82%, specificity 77%); 0.82 ng/mL between T1D and LADA (sensitivity 82%, specificity 77%); and 1.65 ng/mL between T2D and MODY (sensitivity 72%, specificity 72%). CONCLUSIONS: C-peptide is useful for the diagnostic differentiation of patients with type 1, type 2 diabetes, MODY, and LADA.
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Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar el nivel de ansiedad de las embarazadas conforme al trimestre de la gestación. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, correlacional y transversal efectuado en mujeres en curso del primer, segundo y tercer trimestre del embarazo atendidas en el Centro de Salud Base San Martín de Porres, Lima, Perú, entre diciembre de 2021 y febrero de 2022, a quienes se les aplicó el instrumento de tamizaje de ansiedad prenatal (Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale [PASS]) y su variación según el trimestre del embarazo con las pruebas de χ2, Kruskall-Wallis y ANOVA. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 153 pacientes en los tres trimestres del embarazo en quienes se encontró: ansiedad prenatal en el 69.9% (n = 107); ansiedad leve en 45.8% (n = 70) y ansiedad moderada-severa en 24.2% (n = 37). El porcentaje es mayor de 100% porque no en todos los trimestres se encontraron síntomas depresivos. Solo 30.1% (n = 46) de las embarazadas no tuvieron síntomas de ansiedad prenatal. La puntuación de ansiedad global mostró un comportamiento diferente según el trimestre de gestación (ANOVA: p = 0,006), con predominio de mayor ansiedad en el primer trimestre seguido del tercero. La comparación por parejas solo mostró diferencias significativas en la puntuación de ansiedad entre el primer y el tercer trimestre (test de Tukey: p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONES: Más de la mitad de las embarazadas cursó con ansiedad, sobre todo en el primer y tercer trimestre y menor en el segundo.
Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the anxiety level of pregnant women according to the trimester of gestation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, analytical and prospective study of a random sample of pregnant women attended in a first level facility of the Ministry of Health (MINSA). Anxiety was assessed with the Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS) and its variation according to the trimester of pregnancy with the χ2, Kruskall-Wallis and ANOVA tests. RESULTS: The prevalence of anxiety during pregnancy was 69.9% (n = 107) in a sample of 153 patients. Except for the social anxiety dimension (p > 0.05), significant differences were found in the scores of the anxiety dimensions by trimester. They were highest in the first, followed by the third trimester (p < 0.05). The global anxiety score showed different behavior by trimester of pregnancy (ANOVA: p = 0.006), with predominance of higher anxiety in the first trimester followed by the third trimester. Comparison by couples only showed significant differences in anxiety score between the first and third trimester (Tukey test: p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: More than half of the pregnant women had anxiety, especially in the first and third trimester and less in the second trimester.
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We have developed a novel microarray system based on three technologies: 1) molecular beacons designed to interact with DNA targets at room temperature (25-27°C), 2) tridimensional silk-based microarrays containing the molecular beacons immersed in the silk hydrogel, and 3) shallow angle illumination, which uses separated optical pathways for excitation and emission. Unlike conventional microarrays that exhibit reduced signal-to-background ratio, require several stages of incubation, rinsing, and stringency control, and measure only end-point results, our microarray technology provides enhanced signal-to-background ratio (achieved by separating the optical pathways for excitation and emission, resulting in reduced stray light), performs analysis rapidly in one step without the need for labeling DNA targets, and measures the entire course of association kinetics between target DNA and the molecular beacons. To illustrate the benefits of our technology, we conducted microarray assays designed for the identification of influenza viruses. We show that in a single microarray slide, we can identify the virus subtype according to the molecular beacons designed for hemagglutinin (H1, H2, and H3) and neuraminidase (N1, N2). We also show the identification of human and swine influenza using sequence-specific molecular beacons. This microarray technology can be easily implemented for reagentless point-of-care diagnostics of several contagious diseases, including coronavirus variants responsible for the current pandemic.
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Recent advances in RNA functional studies highlights the pivotal role of these molecules in cell physiology. Diverse methods have been implemented to measure the expression levels of various RNA species, using either purified RNA or fixed cells. Despite the fact that fixed cells offer the possibility to observe the spatial distribution of RNA, assays with capability to real-time monitoring RNA transport into living cells are needed to further understand the role of RNA dynamics in cellular functions. Molecular beacons (MBs) are stem-loop hairpin-structured oligonucleotides equipped with a fluorescence quencher at one end and a fluorescent dye (also called reporter or fluorophore) at the opposite end. This structure permits that MB in the absence of their target complementary sequence do not fluoresce. Upon binding to targets, MBs emit fluorescence, due to the spatial separation of the quencher and the reporter. Molecular beacons are promising probes for the development of RNA imaging techniques; nevertheless much work remains to be done in order to obtain a robust technology for imaging various RNA molecules together in real time and in living cells. The present work concentrates on the different requirements needed to use successfully MB for cellular studies, summarizing recent advances in this area.
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The molecular and crystalline structure of ethyl 1',2',3',4',4a',5',6',7'-octahydrodispiro[cyclohexane-1,2'-quinazoline-4',1''-cyclohexane]-8'-carbodithioate (I) was solved and refined from powder synchrotron X-ray diffraction data. The initial model for the structural solution in direct space using the simulated annealing algorithm implemented in DASH [David et al. (2006). J. Appl. Cryst. 39, 910-915] was obtained performing a conformational study on the fused six-membered rings of the octahydroquinazoline system and the two spiran cyclohexane rings of (I). The best model was chosen using experimental evidence from 1H and 13C NMR [Contreras et al. (2001). J. Heterocycl. Chem. 38, 1223-1225] in combination with semi-empirical AM1 calculations. In the refined structure the two spiran rings have the chair conformation, while both of the fused rings in the octahydroquinazoline system have half-chair conformations compared with in-vacuum density-functional theory (DFT) B3LYP/6-311G*, DFTB (density-functional tight-binding) theoretical calculations in the solid state and other related structures from X-ray diffraction data. Compound (I) presents weak intramolecular hydrogen bonds of the type N-H...S and C-H...S, which produce delocalization of the electron density in the generated rings described by graph symbols S(6) and S(5). Packing of the molecules is dominated by van der Waals interactions.
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Cicloexanos/química , Quinazolinas/química , Compostos de Espiro/química , Cristalografia por Raios X , Eletroquímica , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Ligantes , Conformação Molecular , Difração de Pó , SíncrotronsRESUMO
A series of bidentate nitrogen-sulfur pro-ligands has been designed and synthesized with the purpose of introducing a structural modification that favours the tetrahedral site distortions of metalloprotein systems with metallic centers surrounded by ligands containing two N atoms and two S atoms as donor groups. Some of these new pro-ligands were obtained only as powders. Here we present the molecular and crystalline structure of cycloheptanespiro-3'(4'H)-6',7',8',9'-tetrahydrocyclohexa[b][1,4]thiazole-2'(5'H)-thione (I) solved and refined from powder synchrotron X-ray diffraction data. Two independent molecules comprising a total of 36 non-H atoms were obtained from the direct-methods solution and refined against the powder X-ray diffraction data using the Rietveld method. The molecular conformations of the heterocyclic benzothiazine ring, the fused heptenyl ring and the heptanyl spiro ring are thoroughly discussed and compared with VASP theoretical calculations and other related structures. The packing of molecules in (I) is based on hydrogen bonds of the type N-H...S and hydrophobic C-H interactions.
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Tiazóis/química , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Conformação Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Difração de Pó , SíncrotronsRESUMO
Granite rocks is a very abundant material in Mexico because they are used habitually as borders for fields. The current work established the significance of this ecotype as a colonization site for triatomines of the Phyllosoma complex. Seven sites, arbitrary selected, in San Martin de Hidalgo municipality (Mexico) were investigated in April 2002 by using 210 mouse bait-traps left during the night in wall hollows. One hundred and seventy-two triatomines of all life stages were collected from the seven sites. Triatomines adhered to the tape that covered the traps or were found near them, and 36.6% of the traps collected triatomines. The principal species was Triatomia longipennis Usinger (1939) and low numbers of Triatoma picturata Usinger (1939) were found. The nymphal population was very young, probably corresponding to the reproductive period in April (end of the dry season). The infection rate of the triatomines for Trypanosoma cruzi was 49%. Because collecting triatomines in the field is laborious and time-consuming, the mouse bait-trap method found to be practical to assess the population of triatomines within a sylvatic habitat.
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Triatominae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Meio Ambiente , Geografia , Fenômenos Geológicos , Geologia , México , CamundongosRESUMO
El Síndrome de Peutz-Jeghers (SPJ) es una entidad rara autosómica dominante, caracterizada por lesiones hiperpigmentadas en boca, manos y pies; con presencia de pólipos gastrointestinales que ocasionan cuadros de anemia aguda o crónica, obstrucción intestinal y dolor abdominal. Histológicamente, estos pólipos son hamartomas en los que, estudios recientes establecen hoy un riesgo real para transformación neoplásica maligna. Las endoscopías altas y bajas y la enteroscopía intraoperatoria con polipectomía respectiva, constituye el tratamiento de elección, mejorando cualitativamente el pronóstico en estos pacientes. Describimos en esta oportunidad un caso familiar de una paciente, mujer de 24 años con cuadro suboclusivo a repetición, asi mismo el de su hermano, con similar clínica; además el de su madre fallecida de carcinoma de colon presentando ella también el mismo síndrome; y finalmente el hijo de la paciente, de un año y medio de edad que presenta lesiones hiperpigmentadas en los labios