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BACKGROUND: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is one of the leading cause of child blindness. Preterm newborns of very low gestational age (GA) and very low birth weight are at the greatest risk. Our objective was to evaluate the role of genetic variants associated with ROP risk and its comorbidities in an Argentinian sample of premature infants. METHODS: A sample of 437 preterm infants <33 weeks GA, born at a maternity hospital in Tucumán, Argentina, 2005-2010, was analyzed. Environmental factors, perinatal outcomes, and fourteen single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with ROP were evaluated, comparing ROP with non-ROP newborns. A lasso logistic regression was performed to select variables; then, a conditional logistic regression was used to identify ROP maternal and perinatal risk factors adjusting by maternal and gestational ages, respectively. RESULTS: ROP maternal risk factors were alcohol intake, periodontal infections, and severe stress. Respiratory distress, sepsis, and intracranial hemorrhage were the ROP perinatal risk factors. Markers rs186085 of EPAS1 and rs427832 of AGTR1 were significantly associated with ROP newborns. CONCLUSION: We identified three maternal and three perinatal risk factors associated with ROP. Genes EPAS1 and AGTR1, involved in angiogenesis and vascularization, were identified to be of risk for ROP. IMPACT: Genetic and environmental risk factors associated with ROP and its comorbidities are evaluated in a Latin American population. Genes EPAS1 and AGTR1, involved in angiogenesis and vascularization, were identified to be of risk for ROP. Three maternal and three perinatal risk factors associated with ROP were also identified. A matrix of significant relationships among genetic markers and comorbidities is presented. Reported data may help develop more effective preventive measures for ROP in the Latin American region.

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The aim of this work is to produce bioactive films suitable for aerobic packaging applications by combining the bioactivity of Spirulina platensis protein concentrate (PC; 1% and 2% w/w), the sustainable nature of bovine gelatin (Ge), and sodium alginate dialdehyde (ADA, 5% w/w) as Schiff base crosslinking agent. PC was obtained by an optimized acid-base extraction process and characterized. PC showed a dose-dependent radical scavenging activity (RSA; IC50  = 24.3 mg/L) related to its high content of C-phycocyanin and total phenolic compounds (32.44 ± 1.37 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of PC). As a general trend, crosslinking decreased the water solubility, improved mechanical properties, and helped improve RSA of Ge-ADA-PC films. Ge-5ADA-2PC film recorded best compromise between solubility (only 33.6%), high UV barrier (0.134% transmittance at 400 nm), reasonable extensibility (217.00 ± 2.34%), tensile strength (3.50 ± 0.43 MPa), water vapor permeability (2.00 ± 0.17 × 10-12  kg·m/m2 ·Pa·s), and RSA (44.70 ± 2.19%). Wrapping hake fillets in this filmdelayed lipid oxidation during storage under refrigerated conditions for 11 days, maintaining the thiobarbituric acid index below 0.5 mg malonaldehyde/kg muscle. Results suggest that Ge-ADA-PC films have potential as aerobic packaging materials for oxidation-sensitive food. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The combination of gelatin, alginate dialdehyde and Spirulina platensis protein concentrate gave rise to fully biobased films with reduced water solubility and enhanced antioxidant activity, which were able to delay the secondary lipid oxidation of refrigerated seafood. This study also shows the potential of cyanobacteria as renewable resources of high-value ingredients for the design of active and intelligent aerobic packaging solutions.

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Introducción. Diferentes trabajos han relacionando condiciones sociales adversas a nivel familiar y regional con resultados perinatales (mortalidad neonatal, bajo peso y prematuridad), sin embargo, pocos estudiaron el efecto de la pobreza sobre anomalías congénitas. Objetivo. Evaluar el riesgo de ocurrencia de 25 anomalías congénitas y determinantes sociales adversos según el nivel socioeconómico de la familia y de la región. Población y métodos. Estudio caso-control exploratorio, en el que se utilizaron datos del Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano de Malformaciones Congénitas (ECLAMC). La muestra consistió en 3786 recién nacidos vivos con una única malformación y 13 344 controles, seleccionados entre 546 129 nacimientos, ocurridos en 39 hospitales de Argentina durante el período 1992-2001. Se estimaron los riesgos (OR) directos, indirectos (a través de la región de residencia) y la interacción entre el nivel socioeconómico individual y residencial para cada uno de los 25 defectos congénitos. Resultados. Los defectos labio leporino con/sin paladar hendido (OR= 1,43) y comunicación interventricular (OR= 1,38) mostraron un riesgo significativamente mayor en el nivel socioeconómico más bajo. Los niveles socioeconómicos bajos se asociaron de manera significativa con una mayor frecuencia de consanguinidad parental, ancestros nativos, edad materna menor de 19 años, más de 4 embarazos, bajo número de visitas prenatales y residencia en regiones desfavorables. Conclusión. La fisura labial con o sin paladar hendido y los defectos del tabique interventricular estuvieron asociados significativamente con un nivel socioeconómico más bajo. La falta de planificación familiar, de control prenatal y la exposición a agentes ambientales o teratógenos pueden explicar estos hallazgos.

Introduction. Different studies have related familiar and regional adverse social conditions to perinatal outcome (neonatal mortality, low birth weight and prematurity); however, few studies have studied the effect of poverty on congenital anomalies. Objective. To assess the hazard ratio of 25 congenital anomalies and adverse social determinants as per the socioeconomic level of families and regions. Population and methods. Exploratory, case-control study using data from the Latin-American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano deMalformaciones Congenitas, ECLAMC). The sample consisted of 3786live newborninfantswitha singlemalformation and 13 344 controls selected among 546 129 births occurred in 39 hospitals from Argentina in the 19922001 period. Both direct and indirect (residence) risks (OR) were estimated, together with the interaction between the individual and residential socioeconomic levels for each of the 25 congenital anomalies. Results.Cleft lip with/without cleft palate (OR= 1.43) and ventricular septal defect (OR= 1.38) showed a significantly higher risk in the lower socioeconomic level. Low socioeconomic levels were significantly associated with a higher frequency of parental sibship (blood relationship); native descent; maternal age younger than 19 years old; more than four pregnancies; a low number of antenatal care visits; and residence in deprived regions. Conclusion. Cleft lip with/without cleft palate and ventricular septal defects were significantly associated with a lower socioeconomic level. Lack of family planning and antenatal care; and exposure to environmental or teratogenic agents may account for these findings.

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Introducción. Diferentes trabajos han relacionando condiciones sociales adversas a nivel familiar y regional con resultados perinatales (mortalidad neonatal, bajo peso y prematuridad), sin embargo, pocos estudiaron el efecto de la pobreza sobre anomalías congénitas. Objetivo. Evaluar el riesgo de ocurrencia de 25 anomalías congénitas y determinantes sociales adversos según el nivel socioeconómico de la familia y de la región. Población y métodos. Estudio caso-control exploratorio, en el que se utilizaron datos del Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano de Malformaciones Congénitas (ECLAMC). La muestra consistió en 3786 recién nacidos vivos con una única malformación y 13 344 controles, seleccionados entre 546 129 nacimientos, ocurridos en 39 hospitales de Argentina durante el período 1992-2001. Se estimaron los riesgos (OR) directos, indirectos (a través de la región de residencia) y la interacción entre el nivel socioeconómico individual y residencial para cada uno de los 25 defectos congénitos. Resultados. Los defectos labio leporino con/sin paladar hendido (OR= 1,43) y comunicación interventricular (OR= 1,38) mostraron un riesgo significativamente mayor en el nivel socioeconómico más bajo. Los niveles socioeconómicos bajos se asociaron de manera significativa con una mayor frecuencia de consanguinidad parental, ancestros nativos, edad materna menor de 19 años, más de 4 embarazos, bajo número de visitas prenatales y residencia en regiones desfavorables. Conclusión. La fisura labial con o sin paladar hendido y los defectos del tabique interventricular estuvieron asociados significativamente con un nivel socioeconómico más bajo. La falta de planificación familiar, de control prenatal y la exposición a agentes ambientales o teratógenos pueden explicar estos hallazgos.(AU)

Introduction. Different studies have related familiar and regional adverse social conditions to perinatal outcome (neonatal mortality, low birth weight and prematurity); however, few studies have studied the effect of poverty on congenital anomalies. Objective. To assess the hazard ratio of 25 congenital anomalies and adverse social determinants as per the socioeconomic level of families and regions. Population and methods. Exploratory, case-control study using data from the Latin-American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano deMalformaciones Congenitas, ECLAMC). The sample consisted of 3786live newborninfantswitha singlemalformation and 13 344 controls selected among 546 129 births occurred in 39 hospitals from Argentina in the 19922001 period. Both direct and indirect (residence) risks (OR) were estimated, together with the interaction between the individual and residential socioeconomic levels for each of the 25 congenital anomalies. Results.Cleft lip with/without cleft palate (OR= 1.43) and ventricular septal defect (OR= 1.38) showed a significantly higher risk in the lower socioeconomic level. Low socioeconomic levels were significantly associated with a higher frequency of parental sibship (blood relationship); native descent; maternal age younger than 19 years old; more than four pregnancies; a low number of antenatal care visits; and residence in deprived regions. Conclusion. Cleft lip with/without cleft palate and ventricular septal defects were significantly associated with a lower socioeconomic level. Lack of family planning and antenatal care; and exposure to environmental or teratogenic agents may account for these findings.(AU)

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INTRODUCTION: Different studies have related familiar and regional adverse social conditions to perinatal outcome (neonatal mortality, low birth weight and prematurity); however, few studies have studied the effect of poverty on congenital anomalies. OBJECTIVE: To assess the hazard ratio of 25 congenital anomalies and adverse social determinants as per the socioeconomic level of families and regions. POPULATION AND METHODS: Exploratory, case-control study using data from the Latin-American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano de Malformaciones Congenitas, ECLAMC). The sample consisted of 3786 live newborn infants with a single malformation and 13,344 controls selected among 546,129 births occurred in 39 hospitals from Argentina in the 1992-2001 period. Both direct and indirect (residence) risks (OR) were estimated, together with the interaction between the individual and residential socioeconomic levels for each of the 25 congenital anomalies. RESULTS: Cleft lip with/without cleft palate (OR= 1.43) and ventricular septal defect (OR= 1.38) showed a significantly higher risk in the lower socioeconomic level. Low socioeconomic levels were significantly associated with a higher frequency of parental sibship (blood relationship); native descent; maternal age younger than 19 years old; more than four pregnancies; a low number of antenatal care visits; and residence in deprived regions. CONCLUSION: Cleft lip with/without cleft palate and ventricular septal defects were significantly associated with a lower socioeconomic level. Lack of family planning and antenatal care; and exposure to environmental or teratogenic agents may account for these findings.

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INTRODUCTION: Different studies have related familiar and regional adverse social conditions to perinatal outcome (neonatal mortality, low birth weight and prematurity); however, few studies have studied the effect of poverty on congenital anomalies. OBJECTIVE: To assess the hazard ratio of 25 congenital anomalies and adverse social determinants as per the socioeconomic level of families and regions. POPULATION AND METHODS: Exploratory, case-control study using data from the Latin-American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano de Malformaciones Congenitas, ECLAMC). The sample consisted of 3786 live newborn infants with a single malformation and 13,344 controls selected among 546,129 births occurred in 39 hospitals from Argentina in the 1992-2001 period. Both direct and indirect (residence) risks (OR) were estimated, together with the interaction between the individual and residential socioeconomic levels for each of the 25 congenital anomalies. RESULTS: Cleft lip with/without cleft palate (OR= 1.43) and ventricular septal defect (OR= 1.38) showed a significantly higher risk in the lower socioeconomic level. Low socioeconomic levels were significantly associated with a higher frequency of parental sibship (blood relationship); native descent; maternal age younger than 19 years old; more than four pregnancies; a low number of antenatal care visits; and residence in deprived regions. CONCLUSION: Cleft lip with/without cleft palate and ventricular septal defects were significantly associated with a lower socioeconomic level. Lack of family planning and antenatal care; and exposure to environmental or teratogenic agents may account for these findings.

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OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the role of environmental risk factors, sociodemographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, and reproductive history in preterm births and their associated perinatal outcomes in families classified according to their histories of preterm recurrence among siblings. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study was conducted at Nuestra Señora de la Merced Maternity Hospital in the city of Tucumán, Argentina. A total of 348 preterm, non-malformed, singleton children born to multipara women were reviewed. The family history score described by Khoury was applied, and families were classified as having no, medium, or high genetic aggregation. RESULTS: Families with no familial aggregation showed a higher rate of short length of cohabitation, maternal urinary tract infections during the current pregnancy, and maternal history of miscarriage during the previous pregnancy. Families with a high level of aggregation had a significantly higher incidence of pregnancy complications, such as diabetes, hypertension, and immunologic disorders. CONCLUSION: Reproductive histories clearly differed between the groups, suggesting both a different response to environmental challenges based on genetic susceptibility and the activation of different pathophysiological pathways to determine the duration of pregnancy in each woman.

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OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between rs9883204 in ADCY5 and rs900400 near LEKR1 and CCNL1 with birth weight in a preterm population. Both markers were associated with birth weight in a term population in a recent genome-wide association study of Freathy et al. STUDY DESIGN: A meta-analysis of mother and infant samples was performed for associations of rs900400 and rs9883204 with birth weight in 393 families from the US, 265 families from Argentina, and 735 mother-infant pairs from Denmark. Z-scores adjusted for infant sex and gestational age were generated for each population separately and regressed on allele counts. Association evidence was combined across sites by inverse-variance weighted meta-analysis. RESULTS: Each additional C allele of rs900400 (LEKR1/CCNL1) in infants was marginally associated with a 0.069 SD lower birth weight (95% CI, -0.159 to 0.022; P = .068). This result was slightly more pronounced after adjusting for smoking (P = .036). No significant associations were identified with rs9883204 or in maternal samples. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate the potential importance of this marker on birth weight regardless of gestational age.

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We analyzed the molecular divergence of 2 separate populations of Cebus apella paraguayanus, recently considered a junior synonym of Cebus cay, and estimated its time of separation from C. apella. Cytochrome b DNA from 23 C. cay from Brazil and 9 from Paraguay showed 24 haplotypes (20 and 4, respectively), accounting for 29 variable sites (19 transitions and 10 transversions), with 40.0%, 26.7%, and 33.0% replacements at first, second, and third codon positions, respectively. Genetic distance between haplotypes averaged 0.5%, with 1.1% between C. cay populations. Phylogenetic reconstructions and median joining separated C. cay from Brazil and Paraguay. Neighbor joining showed C. cay and C. apella as sister groups, although C. cay and C. apella collapsed in maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood topologies. Analysis of molecular variance showed the highest variance component between C. cay populations, and mismatch distribution indicated that this species suffered a recent demographic expansion. Divergence time estimates suggested that the 2 populations of C. cay split in the Pleistocene, a period of repeated glaciation events leading to drastic changes in the vegetation composition of different biomes.

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