RESUMO
Phylogenetic relationships among swifts of the morphologically conservative genus Chaetura were studied using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Taxon sampling included all species and 21 of 30 taxa (species and subspecies) within Chaetura. Our results indicate that Chaetura is monophyletic and support the division of the genus into the two subgenera previously identified using plumage characters. However, our genetic data, when considered in combination with phenotypic data, appear to be at odds with the current classification of some species of Chaetura. We recommend that C. viridipennis, currently generally treated as specifically distinct from C. chapmani, be returned to its former status as C. chapmani viridipennis, and that C. andrei, now generally regarded as synonymous with C. vauxi aphanes, again be recognized as a valid species. Widespread Neotropical species C. spinicaudus is paraphyletic with respect to more range-restricted species C. fumosa, C. egregia, and C. martinica. Geographically structured genetic variation within some other species of Chaetura, especially notable in C. cinereiventris, suggests that future study may lead to recognition of additional species in this genus. Biogeographic analysis indicated that Chaetura originated in South America and identified several dispersal events to Middle and North America following the formation of the Isthmus of Panama.
Assuntos
Aves/classificação , Animais , Núcleo Celular/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Mitocôndrias/genética , América do Norte , Panamá , Filogenia , Estações do Ano , América do Sul , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
The national HIV/AIDS prevention program, the Diffusion of Effective Behavioral Interventions (DEBI), is described in the context of addressing Hispanics/Latinos at risk for HIV/AIDS in the United States and Puerto Rico. The eight-step DEBI model is referenced in terms of the interventions and Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention/Capacity Building Branch (DHAP/CBB) Latino Diffusion Team activities. A summary of activities and examples addressing diffusion needs for the diverse Hispanic/Latino populations is discussed. Challenges and successes in diffusion and partner collaborations are also presented, with comment on future directions such as translations and trainings to serve the needs of the Hispanic/Latino-serving community-based organizations and their communities.
Assuntos
Difusão de Inovações , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Promoção da Saúde , Hispânico ou Latino , Disseminação de Informação , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Promoção da Saúde/organização & administração , Humanos , Estudos de Casos Organizacionais , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Porto Rico , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Several national health systems in Latin America initiated health reforms to counter widespread criticisms of low equity and efficiency. For public purchasing agencies, these reforms often consisted in contracting external providers for primary care provision. This paper intends to clarify both the complex and intertwined issues characterizing such contracting as well as health system performances within the context of four Central American countries. It results from a European Commission financed project lead between 2002 and 2005, involving participants from Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Salvador, United Kingdom, Netherlands and Belgium, whose aim was to promote exchanges between these participants. The findings presented in this paper are the results of a two stage process: (a) the design of an initial analytical framework, built upon findings from the literature, interlinking characteristics of contractual relation with health systems performances criteria and (b) the use of that framework in four case studies to identify cross-cutting issues. This paper reinforces two pivotal findings: (a) contracting requires not only technical, but also political choices and (b) it cannot be considered as a mechanical process. The unpredictability of its evolution requires a flexible and reactive approach. This should be better assimilated by national and international organizations involved in health services provision, so as to progressively come out of dogmatic approaches in deciding to initiate contractual relation with external providers for primary care provision.