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1.
J Toxicol Environ Health A ; 77(17): 993-1003, 2014.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25072821

RESUMO

Concentrations of lead (Pb) in breast milk (PbM) and blood (PbB) were measured in a current cohort of lactating mothers living in Andean communities where women of childbearing age engage in the occupational use of Pb, and compared to results obtained in earlier studies. Mean PbM concentration in the current group of breastfeeding mothers tested in 2012/2013 was 3.73 µg/L (SD: 7.3; range: 0.049-28.04), and significantly lower than the 9.83 µg/L (SD: 12.75; range: 0.2-49) previously observed in breastfeeding mothers in the study area from 1999 to 2007. Breastfeeding women in the current cohort showed an average PbM/PbB ratio of 3.6%, which is in agreement with other studies. The mean PbB level obtained for the current cohort was 7.8 µg/dl (SD: 5.2; range: 1.4-21), and significantly lower than the mean PbB level of 20.8 µg/dl (SD: 16.4; range: 4-73) obtained for the comparison group of breastfeeding mothers tested between 1999 and 2007. A correlation of .687 between paired PbM and maternal PbB was found, indicating that maternal PbB level is a significant predictor of PbM. Current PbM levels remain higher than international averages, but indicate that maternal Pb exposure has declined over time in the environmentally Pb-contaminated study area. The current reduction in Pb in milk and blood of breastfeeding mothers may be due to adherence to a Pb-exposure education and prevention program initiated by the authors in the study area years earlier, as well as recent improvements in local health care delivery.


Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental/análise , Chumbo/sangue , Chumbo/química , Leite Humano/química , Adolescente , Adulto , Arsênio/análise , Cádmio/análise , Estudos de Coortes , Equador , Feminino , Humanos , Lactação , Mercúrio/análise , Mães , Protoporfirinas/sangue , Protoporfirinas/química , Adulto Jovem
2.
J Toxicol Environ Health A ; 76(19): 1111-20, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24274152

RESUMO

The purpose of this study was to investigate current blood lead (PbB) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels in adults presently living in environmentally Pb-contaminated Andean communities, and to compare the findings with the PbB and ZPP levels of Pb-exposed adult cohorts from the same study area tested between 1996 and 2007. Blood samples from 39 adults were measured for PbB and ZPP concentrations. The current mean PbB level (22.7 µg/dl) was significantly lower than the mean (37.9 µg/dl) of the initial 1996 cohort. PbB levels for the 1997, 1998, 2003, and 2006 cohorts were also significantly lower than the levels for the 1996 group. Elevated ZPP/heme ratios of 103.3, 128.4, and 134.2 µmol/mol were not significantly different for the 2006, 2007, and 2012 groups, indicating chronic Pb exposure. While ZPP levels of Andean Ecuadorian Pb-glazing workers have remained elevated, PbB levels declined. Lead exposure of the workers needs to be continually monitored.


Assuntos
Chumbo/sangue , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Protoporfirinas/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Intoxicação por Chumbo/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , América do Sul , Adulto Jovem
3.
Clin Biochem ; 46(13-14): 1233-8, 2013 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23684775

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To investigate current lead (Pb) exposure in children living in Andean Ecuadorian communities. Blood Pb (PbB) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels were used respectively as biomarkers of acute and chronic Pb poisoning. The current PbB-ZPP levels were compared with previous pediatric PbB-ZPP levels recorded over years in the study area. DESIGN AND METHODS: Samples of whole blood were collected from 22 Andean children of Quechua and Mestizo backgrounds and measured for PbB concentrations by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. ZPP/heme ratio and ZPP whole blood (ZPP WB) levels were measured with a hematofluorometer. RESULTS: The mean PbB level for children in the current study group was 14.5 µg/dL, which was significantly lower than the mean PbB level of 41.1 µg/dL found in the same study area in the 1996-2000 test period, and lower than the 22.2 µg/dL mean level found in the 2003-2007 period. The current mean ZPP/heme ratio was 102.1 µmol/mol, and the mean ZPP WB level was 46.3 µg/dL, both lower than values previously found in children in the study area. CONCLUSION: While the current pediatric PbB-ZPP levels in the study area remain elevated in some children, the overall levels indicate a decline relative to levels observed in the same Pb-contaminated area in the period between 1996 and 2007. The elevated ZPP levels suggest a history of chronic Pb exposure, and potential iron deficiency in some children. The overall reduction in PbB-ZPP levels suggests a positive outcome of a Pb-exposure education and prevention program, and the therapeutic intervention of succimer chelation therapy.


Assuntos
Intoxicação por Chumbo/sangue , Chumbo/sangue , Protoporfirinas/sangue , Criança , Equador , Feminino , Heme/metabolismo , Humanos , Chumbo/toxicidade , Masculino , Exposição Ocupacional
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