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Microbial biodiversity of an environment can contribute to plant growth and increase crop yield. Plant extracts from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) were investigated on soybean plants grown after inoculation with these extracts. Soil samples were collected from two important Brazilian soybean-growing regions to produce the extracts used in the experiments. The extracts were produced with material collected from aboveground biomass and rhizosphere of soybean plants cultivated in a controlled greenhouse (phase 1). The extracts produced in phase 1 were applied in a sequential experiment (phase 2). Phase 2 was conducted to examine the plant microbiome after the microbial alteration process in the greenhouse through seed inoculation with the extracts produced previously. Samples of aboveground biomass were collected to determine root dry matter and crop yield. Bacterial 16S rRNA sequences were processed to determine the final microbial content of soybean. The inoculated treatments had lower species diversity; however, the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were more abundant in the treatments than in the non-inoculated treatment. The soybean plant stem in the inoculated treatment also had a positive response to enrichment of the bacterial classes Betaproteobacteria, Bacilli and Flavobacteria. Inoculation affected the microbial composition of soybean plants. The alteration of microbiome changes revealed differences for crop yield between the inoculated and non-inoculated treatments, with up to 93.5 % higher crop yields per plant according to the extract applied.
Assuntos
Glycine max/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/análise , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Agricultura Sustentável/economiaRESUMO
This work presents the association of cloud point extraction (CPE) and electroanalysis for the selective and sensitive determination of methyl parathion (MP) in honey. The CPE step provided the pre-concentration of MP from a complex sample, in which the optimized extraction parameters (Triton X-100 concentration of 0.75% w/v, NaCl concentration of 1.0% w/v and heating time of 30 min) were investigated using a factorial design (23). The detection of MP was performed using a cathodically pre-treated boron-doped diamond (BDD) working electrode and square wave voltammetry (SWV), after a suitable dilution of the CPE extract in Britton-Robinson buffer pH 6.0 as the supporting electrolyte. MP presented three electrochemical processes over the BDD surface, but only the reduction peak at around -0.7 V was monitored for the MP determination (higher detectability). Improved reproducibility was reached by applying an in situ cleaning step (+2.0 V for 15 s) followed by a re-activation process (-2.0 V for 15 s) between measurements. Using the optimized variables, a linear range between 0.1 and 2.0 µmol L-1 was obtained for MP with a limit of detection of 0.006 µmol L-1, a 6-fold lower value when compared with the value attained without the CPE step. The experimental enrichment factor of MP was 6.1. Also, the optimized CPE allowed the determination of MP in honey samples with good accuracy (recovery between 94 and 106%), which was not possible using direct detection (without CPE) due to the matrix interference. This is the first paper that demonstrates the combination of CPE and electroanalysis for the determination of an organic compound.
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PURPOSE: The goal of this paper is to describe the green conversion of agricultural waste products, such as molasses and corn steep liquor, into large amounts of D(-) lactic acid using a facilitated multipulse fed-batch strategy and affordable pH neutralizer. This is a very low-cost process because there is no need for hydrolysis of the waste products. The fed-batch strategy increases lactic acid productivity by avoiding inhibition caused by a high initial substrate concentration, and the selected controlling agent prevents cell stress that could be caused by high osmotic pressure of the culture media. METHODS: The effects of different carbon and nitrogen sources on lactic acid production were investigated, and the best concentrations of the medium components were determined. To optimize the culture conditions of the Lactobacillus delbrueckii strain, the effects of pH control, temperature, neutralizing agent, agitation, and inoculum size in batch cultures were investigated. Fed-batch strategies were also studied to improve production and productivity. RESULT: A high titer of D(-) lactic acid (162g/liter) was achieved after 48 hours of fermentation. Productivity at this point was 3.37 g/L·h. The optimum conditions were a temperature of 39°C, pH 5.5 controlled by the addition of Ca(OH)2, agitation at 150 rpm, and inoculum size of 25% (v/v). CONCLUSION: The production of high optical purity D(-) lactic acid through L. delbrueckii fermentation with molasses and corn steep liquor is a promising economical alternative process that can be performed on the industrial scale.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Cultura Celular por Lotes , Ácido Láctico/biossíntese , Lactobacillus delbrueckii/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Melaço , Resíduos , Concentração de Íons de HidrogênioRESUMO
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) bioplastic was synthesized by Burkholderia glumae MA13 from carbon sources and industrial byproducts related to sugarcane biorefineries: sucrose, xylose, molasses, vinasse, bagasse hydrolysate, yeast extract, yeast autolysate, and inactivated dry yeast besides different inorganic nitrogen sources. Sugarcane molasses free of pre-treatment was the best carbon source, even compared to pure sucrose, with intracellular polymer accumulation values of 41.1-46.6% cell dry weight. Whereas, xylose and bagasse hydrolysate were poor inducers of microbial growth and polymer synthesis, the addition of 25% (v/v) sugarcane vinasse to the culture media containing molasses was not deleterious and resulted in a statistically similar maximum polymer content of 44.8% and a maximum PHA yield of 0.18 g/g, at 34°C and initial pH of 6.5, which is economic and ecologically interesting to save water required for the industrial processes and especially to offer a fermentative recycling for this final byproduct from bioethanol industry, as an alternative to its inappropriate disposal in water bodies and soil contamination. Ammonium sulfate was better even than tested organic nitrogen sources to trigger the PHA synthesis with polymer content ranging from 29.7 to 44.8%. GC-MS analysis showed a biopolymer constituted mainly of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) although low fractions of 3-hydroxyvalerate monomer were achieved, which were not higher than 1.5 mol% free of copolymer precursors. B. glumae MA13 has been demonstrated to be adapted to synthesize bioplastics from different sugarcane feedstocks and corroborates to support a biorefinery concept with value-added green chemicals for the sugarcane productive chain with additional ecologic benefits into a sustainable model.
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The interest in the production of lactic acid has increased due to its wide range of applications. In the present study, the variables that affect fermentative D(-) lactic acid production were investigated: neutralizing agents, pH, temperature, inoculum percentage, agitation, and concentration of the medium components. An experimental design was applied to determine the optimal concentrations of the medium components and fermentation was studied using different feeding strategies. High production (122.41 g/L) and productivity (3.65 g/L·h) were efficiently achieved by Sporolactobacillus nakayamae in 54 h using a multipulse fed-batch technique with an initial medium containing 35 g/L of yeast extract (byproduct of alcohol production), 60 g/L of crystallized sugar, and 7.5 mL/L of salts. The fermentation process was conducted at 35°C and pH 6.0 controlled by NaOH with a 20% volume of inoculum and agitation at 125 rpm. The production of a high optically pure concentration of D(-) lactic acid combined with an environmentally friendly NaOH-based process demonstrates that S. nakayamae is a promising strain for D(-) lactic acid production.
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Sem se configurar como um fenômeno novo, a violência permanece um tema amplamente discutido na atualidade, trazendo desafios nada desprezíveis para diversos campos do saber. Ao considerar as ferramentas conceituais oferecidas pela psicanálise como particularmente relevantes para um debate sobre o assunto, o presente artigo detém como principal objetivo pesquisar os modos como a violência aparece abordada no pensamento de Freud, mais especificamente nas suas articulações suplementares com a cultura. Em termos metodológicos, trata-se de um estudo de natureza conceitual e histórica que, pela via de um levantamento bibliográfico, destaca em um primeiro momento certo otimismo freudiano quanto a uma possível mediação dos laços sociais e o afastamento da violência. Em seguida, são brevemente pontuadas importantes mudanças realizadas ao longo do percurso teórico de Freud, de modo que a hipótese inicialmente apresentada é recusada. Tal linha de investigação conduz à conclusão de que o discurso freudiano detém algo de singular a dizer sobre a questão da violência, destacando-o assim como alternativa frente aos discursos dominantes sobre o tema. (AU)
Without being a new phenomenon, the violence remains a widely discussed topic in the present days and it brings challenges for various fields of knowledge. Considering the tools of psychoanalysis as particularly relevant to a debate about the subject, this article aims to research how the violence is addressed in Freud´s reflections, more specifically in its supplementary joints with culture. In methodological terms, it is a study of conceptual and historical nature that highlight in a first moment a Freudian optimism about a possible regulation of social bonds and the removal of violence. Then, it is introduced important changes made along the theoretical trajectory of Freud and it is demonstrated that the initial hypothesis is rejected. This line of research leads to the conclusion that the Freudian theory has something unique to say about the issue of violence and it stands out as an alternative front to the dominant discourse on the subjected. (AU)
Sin configurarse como un fenómeno nuevo, la violencia sigue siendo un tema ampliamente discutido hoy en día, trayendo desafíos nada despreciables a varios campos del saber. Al considerar las herramientas conceptuales proporcionadas por la psicoanálisis como particularmente pertinente para un debate sobre el tema, este artículo tiene como meta principal investigar las formas en que la violencia se aborda en el pensamiento de Freud, específicamente en sus vínculos complementarios con la cultura. En términos metodológicos, se trata de un estudio de naturaleza conceptual e histórica que, vía literatura, destaca en un principio cierto optimismo freudiano acerca de una posible mediación de las relaciones sociales y la expulsión de la violencia. En seguida son puntuados importantes cambios realizados a lo largo de la trayectoria teórica de Freud, por lo que la hipótesis planteada inicialmente se negó. Esta línea de investigación conduce a la conclusión de que el discurso de Freud tiene algo único que decir sobre el tema de la violencia, destacando como una alternativa frente al discurso dominante sobre el tema. (AU)
Assuntos
Violência/psicologia , Cultura , Teoria Freudiana , Psicanálise , Teoria FreudianaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Lactic acid, which can be obtained through fermentation, is an interesting compound because it can be utilized in different fields, such as in the food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries as a bio-based molecule for bio-refinery. In addition, lactic acid has recently gained more interest due to the possibility of manufacturing poly(lactic acid), a green polymer that can replace petroleum-derived plastics and be applied in medicine for the regeneration of tissues and in sutures, repairs and implants. One of the great advantages of fermentation is the possibility of using agribusiness wastes to obtain optically pure lactic acid. The conventional batch process of fermentation has some disadvantages such as inhibition by the substrate or the final product. To avoid these problems, this study was focused on improving the production of lactic acid through different feeding strategies using whey, a residue of agribusiness. The downstream process is a significant bottleneck because cost-effective methods of producing high-purity lactic acid are lacking. Thus, the investigation of different methods for the purification of lactic acid was one of the aims of this work. The pH-stat strategy showed the maximum production of lactic acid of 143.7 g/L. Following purification of the lactic acid sample, recovery of reducing sugars and protein and color removal were 0.28%, 100% and 100%, respectively.
Assuntos
Ácido Láctico/biossíntese , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/metabolismo , Resíduos Industriais , Temperatura , Biodegradação Ambiental , Biotransformação , Adsorção , Fermentação , Técnicas de Cultura Celular por Lotes , Concentração de Íons de HidrogênioRESUMO
Lactic acid, which can be obtained through fermentation, is an interesting compound because it can be utilized in different fields, such as in the food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries as a bio-based molecule for bio-refinery. In addition, lactic acid has recently gained more interest due to the possibility of manufacturing poly(lactic acid), a green polymer that can replace petroleum-derived plastics and be applied in medicine for the regeneration of tissues and in sutures, repairs and implants. One of the great advantages of fermentation is the possibility of using agribusiness wastes to obtain optically pure lactic acid. The conventional batch process of fermentation has some disadvantages such as inhibition by the substrate or the final product. To avoid these problems, this study was focused on improving the production of lactic acid through different feeding strategies using whey, a residue of agribusiness. The downstream process is a significant bottleneck because cost-effective methods of producing high-purity lactic acid are lacking. Thus, the investigation of different methods for the purification of lactic acid was one of the aims of this work. The pH-stat strategy showed the maximum production of lactic acid of 143.7 g/L. Following purification of the lactic acid sample, recovery of reducing sugars and protein and color removal were 0.28%, 100% and 100%, respectively.(AU)
Assuntos
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/química , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/enzimologia , Ácido LácticoRESUMO
Lactic acid, which can be obtained through fermentation, is an interesting compound because it can be utilized in different fields, such as in the food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries as a bio-based molecule for bio-refinery. In addition, lactic acid has recently gained more interest due to the possibility of manufacturing poly(lactic acid), a green polymer that can replace petroleum-derived plastics and be applied in medicine for the regeneration of tissues and in sutures, repairs and implants. One of the great advantages of fermentation is the possibility of using agribusiness wastes to obtain optically pure lactic acid. The conventional batch process of fermentation has some disadvantages such as inhibition by the substrate or the final product. To avoid these problems, this study was focused on improving the production of lactic acid through different feeding strategies using whey, a residue of agribusiness. The downstream process is a significant bottleneck because cost-effective methods of producing high-purity lactic acid are lacking. Thus, the investigation of different methods for the purification of lactic acid was one of the aims of this work. The pH-stat strategy showed the maximum production of lactic acid of 143.7g/L. Following purification of the lactic acid sample, recovery of reducing sugars and protein and color removal were 0.28%, 100% and 100%, respectively.
Assuntos
Resíduos Industriais , Ácido Láctico/biossíntese , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/metabolismo , Adsorção , Técnicas de Cultura Celular por Lotes , Biodegradação Ambiental , Biotransformação , Fermentação , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , TemperaturaRESUMO
A highly sensitive and selective procedure for the determination of arsenate and total arsenic in food by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry after cloud point extraction (ETAAS/CPE) was developed. The procedure is based on the formation of a complex of As(V) ions with molybdate in the presence of 50.0 mmol L(-1) sulfuric acid. The complex was extracted into the surfactant-rich phase of 0.06% (w/v) Triton X-114. The variables affecting the complex formation, extraction and phase separation were optimized using factorial designs. Under the optimal conditions, the calibration graph was linear in the range of 0.05-10.0 µg L(-1). The detection and quantification limits were 10 and 33 ng L(-1), respectively and the corresponding value for the relative standard deviation for 10 replicates was below 5%. Recovery values of between 90.8% and 113.1% were obtained for spiked samples. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by comparison with the results obtained for the analysis of a rice flour sample (certified material IRMM-804) and no significant difference at the 95% confidence level was observed. The method was successfully applied to the determination of As(V) and total arsenic in rice samples.
Assuntos
Arsênio/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Oryza/química , Espectrofotometria Atômica/métodos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Tensoativos/químicaRESUMO
Previous studies have described the antispasmodic effect of mangiferin, a natural glucoside xanthone (2-C-ß-Dgluco-pyranosyl-1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone) that is present in mango trees and other plants, but its mechanism of action remains unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the potential contribution of the nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway to the antispasmodic effect of mangiferin on isolated tracheal rings preparations. The functional effect of mangiferin on allergic and non-allergic contraction of guinea pig tracheal rings was assessed in conventional organ baths. Cultured tracheal rings were exposed to mangiferin or vehicle, and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) 3 and cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels were quantified using western blotting and enzyme immunoassays, respectively. Mangiferin (0.1-10 µM) inhibited tracheal contractions induced by distinct stimuli, such as allergen, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine or carbachol, in a concentration-dependent manner. Mangiferin also caused marked relaxation of tracheal rings that were precontracted by carbachol, suggesting that it has both anti-contraction and relaxant properties that are prevented by removing the epithelium. The effect of mangiferin was inhibited by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (100 µM), and the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) (10 µM), but not the adenylate cyclase inhibitor, 9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)adenine (SQ22536) (100 µM). The antispasmodic effect of mangiferin was also sensitive to K⺠channel blockers, such as tetraethylammonium (TEA), glibenclamide and apamin. Furthermore, mangiferin inhibited Ca²âº-induced contractions in K⺠(60 mM)-depolarised tracheal rings preparations. In addition, mangiferin increased NOS3 protein levels and cGMP intracellular levels in cultured tracheal rings. Finally, mangiferin-induced increase in cGMP levels was abrogated by co-incubation with either ODQ or L-NAME. These data suggest that the antispasmodic effect of mangiferin is mediated by epithelium-nitric oxide- and cGMP-dependent mechanisms.
Assuntos
GMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Parassimpatolíticos/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Traqueia/efeitos dos fármacos , Xantonas/farmacologia , Animais , Cálcio/metabolismo , Guanilato Ciclase/antagonistas & inibidores , Guanilato Ciclase/metabolismo , Cobaias , Masculino , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/antagonistas & inibidores , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Potássio/farmacologia , Traqueia/fisiologiaRESUMO
Metal contaminants are generally removed from effluents by chemical and physical processes which are often associated with disadvantages such as the use of toxic reagents, generation of toxic waste and high costs. Hence, new techniques have been developed, among them the study of natural adsorbents, for instance, the use of Moringa oleifera seeds. The potential of M. oleifera seeds for nickel removal in aqueous systems was investigated. The seeds utilized were obtained from plants grown in Uberlândia/Brazil. After being dried and pulverized, the seeds were treated with 0.1 mol/L NaOH. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analyses were used for the characterization of the material. Using the optimized methodology (50 mL of 4.0 mg/L Ni(II), pH range of 4.0-6.0, agitation time of 5 min and adsorption mass of 2.0 g) more than 90% of Ni(II) could be removed from water samples. The sorption data were fitted satisfactorily by the Langmuir adsorption model. Evaluation applying the Langmuir equation gave the monolayer sorption capacity as 29.6 mg/g. The results indicate that this material could be employed in the extraction of nickel, considering its ease of use, low cost and environmental viability, which make it highly attractive for application in developing countries.
Assuntos
Moringa oleifera/química , Níquel/isolamento & purificação , Sementes/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/isolamento & purificação , Adsorção , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , TermodinâmicaRESUMO
Inhalation of JMF2-1, an analog of lidocaine with reduced anesthetic activity, prevents airway contraction and lung inflammation in experimental asthma models. We sought to test if the JMF2-1 effects are a consequence of increased intracellular cAMP levels in asthma cell targets, such as smooth muscle cells and T cells. Functional effect of JMF2-1 on carbachol-induced contraction of intact or epithelial-denuded rat trachea was assessed in conventional organ baths. cAMP was quantified by radioimmunoassay in cultured guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle cells, as well as lymph node cells from BALB/c mice, exposed to JMF2-1. We found that JMF2-1 (0.1-1mM) concentration-dependently inhibited epithelium-intact tracheal ring contraction induced by carbachol challenge. The antispasmodic effect remained unaltered following epithelium removal or pretreatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (100µM), but it was clearly sensitive to 9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl) adenine (SQ22,536, 100µM), an adenylate cyclase inhibitor. JMF2-1 (300 and 600µM) also dose-dependently increased cAMP intracellular levels of both cultured airway smooth muscle cells and T lymphocytes. This effect was consistently abrogated by SQ22,536 and reproduced by forskolin in both systems. JMF2-1 induced apoptosis of anti-CD3 activated T cells in a mechanism sensitive to zIETD, indicating that JMF2-1 mediates caspase-8-dependent apoptosis. Furthermore, forskolin also inhibited anti-CD3 induced T cell proliferation and survival. Our results suggest that JMF2-1 inhibits respiratory smooth muscle contraction as well as T cell proliferation and survival through enhancement of intracellular cAMP levels. These findings may help to explain the anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic effects of JMF2-1 observed in previous studies.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Lidocaína/análogos & derivados , Parassimpatolíticos/farmacologia , Adenilil Ciclases/metabolismo , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Asma/metabolismo , Carbacol/farmacologia , Caspase 8/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Colforsina/farmacologia , Epitélio/efeitos dos fármacos , Epitélio/metabolismo , Cobaias , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Lidocaína/farmacologia , Linfonodos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfonodos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Contração Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/efeitos dos fármacos , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/metabolismo , NG-Nitroarginina Metil Éster/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sistema Respiratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Respiratório/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Traqueia/efeitos dos fármacos , Traqueia/metabolismoRESUMO
Sugar concentration from sugarcane juice and yeast autolysate increased lactic acid production more than the other agro-industrial substrates tested. The concentrations of these two components were further optimized using the Plackett-Burman design and response surface method. A second-order polynomial regression model estimated that a maximal lactic acid production of 66.11 g/L would be obtained when the optimal values of sugar and yeast autolysate were 116.9 and 44.25 g/L, respectively. To validate the optimization of the medium composition, studies were carried out using the optimized conditions to confirm the result of the response surface analysis. After 48 h, lactic acid production using the shake-flask method was at 60.2 g/L.
Assuntos
Carbono/metabolismo , Microbiologia Industrial/métodos , Ácido Láctico/biossíntese , Leuconostoc , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Algoritmos , Extratos Celulares , Meios de Cultura/química , Fermentação , Leuconostoc/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Leuconostoc/metabolismo , Modelos Estatísticos , Melaço , Saccharum/metabolismo , Leveduras/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: L(+)-Lactic acid is used in the pharmaceutical, textile and food industries as well as in the synthesis of biodegradable plastics. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different medium components added in cassava wastewater for the production of L(+)-lactic acid by Lactobacillus rhamnosus B 103. RESULTS: The use of cassava wastewater (50 g L(-1) of reducing sugar) with Tween 80 and corn steep liquor, at concentrations (v/v) of 1.27 mL L(-1) and 65.4 mL L(-1) respectively led to a lactic acid concentration of 41.65 g L(-1) after 48 h of fermentation. The maximum lactic acid concentration produced in the reactor after 36 h of fermentation was 39.00 g L(-1) using the same medium, but the pH was controlled by addition of 10 mol L(-1) NaOH. CONCLUSION: The use of cassava wastewater for cultivation of L. rhamnosus is feasible, with a considerable production of lactic acid. Furthermore, it is an innovative proposal, as no references were found in the scientific literature on the use of this substrate for lactic acid production.
Assuntos
Resíduos Industriais , Ácido Láctico/biossíntese , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/metabolismo , Manihot , Reciclagem , Fermentação , Indústria Alimentícia , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , ÁguaRESUMO
Pesquisa quantitativa com o objetivo de identificar os níveis e a percepção de qualidade de vida entre os idosos em uma comunidade de Florianópolis, em Santa Catarina. Foram entrevistados no domicílio 106 idosos entre 60 e 80 anos de idade, sendo coletadas informações sobre sexo, idade, nível de escolaridade, estado civil e auto-avaliação da saúde e utilizado o instrumento WHOQOL-OLD da Organização Mundial da Saúde para avaliar a qualidade de vida. Dos idosos entrevistados, 73,58% eram do sexo feminino. A média de idade foi de 69,25 anos. A auto-avaliação negativa da saúde foi referida por 14,15% dos entrevistados. A qualidade de vida entre a maioria dos idosos investigados apresenta um nível satisfatório. Contudo, em relação ao medo de sentir dor antes de morrer e de a perda dos sentidos afetar de algum modo a vida diária, uma parcela considerável relatou insatisfação, 50% e 71,7%, respectivamente.
The objective was to identify the levels and perceptions of quality of life among elderly people in a community from the city of Florianópolis in Santa Catarina. A number of 106 older adults between 60 and 80 years were interviewed at home. Information on sex, age, education level, marital status and self-rated health status were collected and the WHOQOLOLD instrument from World Health Organization was used to assess the quality of life. Among the elderly respondents, 73.58% were female. The average age was of 69.25 years. Poor self-rated health status was reported by 14.15% of the interviewees. The quality of life among the majority of elderly investigated presents a satisfactory level. However, for the fear pain before death and the impairment to senses affecting daily life, a considerable proportion reported dissatisfaction, 50% and 71.7%, respectively.
Investigación cualitativa con el objetivo de identificar los niveles y la percepción de la calidad de vida entre las personas de edad en una comunidad de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. Fueron entrevistados en domicilio 106 personas entre 60 y 80 años de edad, siendo recolectadas informaciones sobre sexo, edad, nivel de escolaridad, estado civil y autoevaluación de salud y utilizado el instrumento WHOQOL-OLD de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, para evaluar la calidad de vida. De los ancianos entrevistados, 73,58% eran de sexo femenino. El promedio de edad fue de 69,25 años. La autoevaluación negativa de la salud fue reportada por 14,15% de los entrevistados. La calidad de vida entre la mayoría de los ancianos investigados presenta un nivel satisfactorio. Sin embargo, en relación al miedo de sentir dolor antes de morir y la pérdida de los sentidos afectar, de alguna manera, la vida diaria, una proporción considerable relató insatisfacción, 50% y 71,7%, respectivamente.
Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Envelhecimento , Medo , Qualidade de Vida , Saúde do IdosoRESUMO
Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lung whose incidence and morbidity continues to rise in developed nations. Despite being a hallmark of asthma, the molecular mechanisms that determine airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) are not completely established. Transcription factors of the NFAT family are involved in the regulation of several asthma-related genes. It has been shown that the absence of NFAT1 leads to an increased pleural eosinophilic allergic response accompanied by an increased production of Th2 cytokines, suggesting a role for NFAT1 in the regulation of allergic diseases. Herein, we analyze NFAT1-/- mice to address the role of NFAT1 in a model of allergic airway inflammation and its influence in AHR. NFAT1-/- mice submitted to airway inflammation display a significant exacerbation of several features of the allergic disease, including lung inflammation, eosinophilia, and serum IgE levels, which were concomitant with elevated Th2 cytokine production. However, in spite of the increased allergic phenotype, NFAT1-/- mice failed to express AHR after methacholine aerosol. Refractoriness of NFAT1-/- mice to methacholine was confirmed in naïve mice, suggesting that this refractoriness occurs in an intrinsic way, independent of the lung inflammation. In addition, NFAT1-/- mice exhibit increased AHR in response to serotonin inhalation, suggesting a specific role for NFAT1 in the methacholine pathway of bronchoconstriction. Taken together, these data add support to the interpretation that NFAT1 acts as a counterregulatory mechanism to suppress allergic inflammation. Moreover, our findings suggest a novel role for NFAT1 protein in airway responsiveness mediated by the cholinergic pathway.
Assuntos
Asma/imunologia , Hiper-Reatividade Brônquica/imunologia , Fatores de Transcrição NFATC/imunologia , Pneumonia/imunologia , Animais , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/imunologia , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Contração Muscular/fisiologia , Músculo Liso/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição NFATC/genética , Receptores Muscarínicos/metabolismo , Hipersensibilidade Respiratória/imunologiaRESUMO
Doença inflamatória intestinal (DII) é uma doença crônica que tem como suas principais formas: a retocolite ulcerativa (RCU) e a doença de Crohn (DC). Esta doença é caracterizada por edema, ulceração e perda de função intestinal. Tem sido estudado, exaustivamente, se a amamentação pode influenciar o desenvolvimento destas doenças. O leite humano é recomendado como nutriente exclusivo para alimentação de recém-nascidos nos primeiros seis meses de vida, e sugerido sua manutenção, acrescido de alimentos sólidos, até dois anos de idade. É inquestionável seus benefícios nutricionais, imunológicos e psicossociais. O leite humano tem combinação única e específica de elementos tais como proteínas, lipídeos, carboidratos, vitaminas, enzimas, minerais e anticorpos que garantem o desenvolvimento normal dos recém-nascidos. Este estudo fez uma revisão de literatura no que diz respeito a relação entre amamentação e DII, especialmente DC e RCU. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de artigos nacionais e internacionais envolvendo o tema, e os artigos selecionados foram discutidos em nossa revisão. Encontrou-se que a amamentação protege o recém-nascido contra diversas doenças infecciosas, entretanto não há um consenso de que o aleitamento materno seja fator protetor contra as DIIs. Esses achados podem estar relacionados as diferentes metodologias utilizadas nos artigos avaliados.
The inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease in which the retocolitis ulcerativeand the Crohns disease represents its main forms. The disease is characterized by swelling, ulcerations, and loss of function of the intestines. It has been exausted studied if breastfeeding can influence the development of these diseases. The human milk is recommended as the exclusive nutrient source for feeding infants for the first six months of life and it should be continued with the addition of solid foods after six months of age until the second year of life. It has an unquestionable nutritional, immunological, psychological benefits. Human milk has an unique and specific combination of elements such proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, enzymes, mineral and antibodies that guarantees the normal development of the infants. This study tried to review the literature concerning the breastfeeding and the IBD, specially CD and URC. It was realized search for articles involving this subject and the selected articles were discussed in our review. We found that breastfeeding protects the newborn against several infectious diseases, but there is not a consensus that it may be a protective factor to the development the inflammatory bowel disease. This finding may be related to the differents methodologies utilized in the articles evaluated.
Assuntos
Humanos , Aleitamento Materno/efeitos adversos , Doença de Crohn/etiologia , Proctocolite/etiologiaRESUMO
This study was undertaken to investigate the putative mechanism(s) underlying the antispasmodic effect of 7-epiclusianone, a naturally occurring compound isolated from the plant Garcinia brasiliensis. Guinea pig tracheal rings were mounted in tissue baths filled with Krebs' solution, and the contractile response to distinct stimuli was measured in the presence or absence of 7-epiclusianone. We also tested the effect of 7-epiclusianone on methacholine-evoked airways obstruction in BALB/c mice using barometric plethysmography. 7-Epiclusianone (10 microM) inhibited epithelium-intact tracheal ring contraction induced by allergen, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, or carbachol challenge. The relaxation effect was abrogated by epithelium removal, the presence of nitric-oxide synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (100 microM), or soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) (10 microM). 7-Epiclusianone (1-100 microM) induced a dose-dependent increase in the intracellular cGMP levels of cultured tracheal rings. The relaxation effect of 7-epiclusianone was also inhibited by K(+) channel blockers tetraethylammonium (10 microM), glibenclamide (1 microM), or apamin (1 microM), but not by 9-(tetrahydro-2'-furyl)adenine (SQ22,536) (100 microM), an adenylate cyclase inhibitor. In epithelium-intact tracheal rings, 7-epiclusianone also inhibited Ca(2+)-induced contractions in K(+) (60 mM)-depolarized preparations, but it seemed ineffective in assays in which epithelium-denuded tracheal ring preparations were used. Oral administration of 7-epiclusinone (25-100 mg/kg) dose-dependently inhibited airway obstruction triggered by aerosolized methacholine (6-25 mg/ml), in a mechanism sensitive to L-NAME (20 mg/kg). In conclusion, the relaxation effect of 7-epiclusinone seems to be mediated by epithelium-, nitric oxide-, and cGMP-dependent mechanisms. Furthermore, oral administration of 7-epiclusianone reduces episodes of bronchial obstruction, warranting further research on this compound regarding a putative application in asthma therapy.
Assuntos
Benzofenonas/farmacologia , Benzoquinonas/farmacologia , GMP Cíclico/fisiologia , Relaxamento Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Liso/efeitos dos fármacos , Óxido Nítrico/fisiologia , Parassimpatolíticos/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais , Traqueia/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Canais de Cálcio/efeitos dos fármacos , Canais de Cálcio/fisiologia , Carbacol/farmacologia , Cricetinae , GMP Cíclico/análise , Epitélio/fisiologia , Feminino , Histamina/farmacologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Canais KATP/fisiologia , Masculino , Cloreto de Metacolina/farmacologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Músculo Liso/fisiologia , Canais de Potássio Cálcio-Ativados/fisiologia , Traqueia/fisiologiaRESUMO
Prior studies have emphasized the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivatives, but their putative effect on allergic conditions has not yet been addressed. In the current study, the naturally occurring 7-epiclusianone, isolated from Garcinia brasiliensis, was investigated to check its effectiveness on allergen-evoked intestinal spasm. The standard antiallergic azelastine was used for comparison. We found that 7-epiclusianone and azelastine inhibited antigen-induced contractions of guinea pig ileum with similar IC (50) values (2.3 +/- 1.1 microM and 3.3 +/- 1.2 microM, respectively). A similar blockade of anaphylactic histamine release from the ileum was also noted. In contrast, azelastine was more potent than 7-epiclusianone to prevent spasms induced by histamine (IC (50) = 6.3 +/- 0.2 nM and 3.7 +/- 0.1 microM, respectively). These findings reveal that 7-epiclusianone is clearly active against the anaphylactic response and should be considered as a molecular template in drug discovery for allergic syndromes.