RESUMO

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho descrever a experiência vivenciada por residentes da Medicina Veterinária (MV) durante pandemia da COVID-19. Trata-se de um relato de experiência sobre a inserção de residentes da MV no Programa de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Família e Comunidade (PRMSFC) na Atenção Básica (AB) do município de João Pessoa - PB, durante o período de março de 2021 a fevereiro de 2022. Os primeiros desafios encontrados foram atividades concentradas em consultas, testagens e vacinações, e a falta de informação sobre o trabalho da MV. Os territórios das Unidades de Saúde da Família (USF) caracterizaram-se por áreas com desmatamento, urbanização, falta de saneamento básico, acúmulo de lixo, presença de animais de rua, agrícolas, sinantrópicos e peçonhentos. Nas USF foram observados casos de diversas zoonoses, como esporotricose, toxoplasmose e acidentes com animais peçonhentos. Foram realizadas ações de educação em saúde e articulações com outros serviços. Alguns problemas que limitaram a inserção da MV foram ausência de médicos veterinários na AB, dificuldades com a preceptoria e AB centrada no atendimento ambulatorial. A presença da MV na AB mostrou-se importante para o diagnóstico, notificação, promoção e prevenção em saúde de doenças e agravos da interface ambiente-animal-ser humano.

RESUMO

Bovine brucellosis is an endemic disease in Brazil, and evidence-based assessments of the available literature on its seroprevalence and risk factors are limited. The aim of this study was to systematically review and summarize studies related to seroprevalence and risk factors of bovine brucellosis in the entire Brazil, in addition to comparing published data with the most recent official reports. Articles available in scientific databases and published between October 2006 and October 2021 were evaluated. Forty-five publications were included in the meta-analysis on the seroprevalence of brucellosis and 29 publications in the review on risk factors. The largest number of publications was found for the State of Mato Grosso do Sul (n=4), and the highest and lowest seroprevalences were observed in Acre (11%; 95% CI: 8.0-14.0%) and in the Federal District (0.4%; 95% CI: 0.2-0.7%). The main risk factors were the purchase of animals for breeding, vaccination, the number of heifers (female ≥2 years), the presence of calving paddocks and the occurrence of abortions. The need for new official studies has been suggested to determine the true prevalence of bovine brucellosis in Brazil, supported by the National Program for the Control and Eradication of Animal Brucellosis and Tuberculosis.

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Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by pathogenic Sporothrix species. Among them, Sporothrix brasiliensis is the main species associated with endemic regions in South America, especially Brazil. It is highly virulent and can be spread through zoonotic transmission. Molecular epidemiological surveys are needed to determine the extent of genetic variation, to investigate outbreaks, and to identify genotypes associated with antifungal resistance and susceptibility. This study investigated the sequence variation of different constitutive genes and established a novel multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for S. brasiliensis. Specific primers were designed for 16 genes using Primer-BLAST software based on the genome sequences of three S. brasiliensis strains (ATCC MYA-4823, A001 and A005). Ninety-one human, animal, and environmental S. brasiliensis isolates from different Brazilian geographic regions (South, Southeast, Midwest and Northeast) andtwo isolates from Paraguay were sequenced. The loci that presented the highest nucleotide diversity (π) were selected for the MLST scheme. Among the 16 studied genetic loci, four presented increased π value and were able to distinguish all S. brasiliensis isolates into seven distinct haplotypes. The PCR conditions were standardized for four loci. Some of the obtained haplotypes were associated with the geographic origin of the strains. This study presents an important advance in the understanding of this important agent of sporotrichosis in Brazil. It significantly increased the discriminatory power for genotyping of S. brasiliensis isolates, and enabled new contributions to the epidemiological studies of this human and animal pathogen in Brazil and in other countries.

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We aimed to determine the herd and animal levels seroprevalence and associated factors for Toxoplasma gondii infections in cattle from the state of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. Herds (n = 434) and cows aged ≥ 24 months (n = 1,895) were randomly selected, and serum samples were tested with the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) using as cutoff of 64. Of the 434 farms investigated, 197 had at least one seropositive cow (prevalence of 49.0%; 95% CI = 44.3%-53.8%), and the prevalence at animal level was 18.0% (95% CI = 5.3%-21.1%). The antibody titers ranged from 64 to 1024, with the most frequent titers being 64 (10.8%) and 128 (3.7%). The risk factors identified were property located in Sertão region (odds ratio [OR] = 3.07), property located in Agreste/Zona da Mata regions (OR = 2.00), animal purchasing (OR = 2.68), herd size of 34-111 animals (OR = 2.91) and herd size > 111 animals (OR = 6.97). The results suggest the wide distribution of T. gondii infections in cattle throughout the state of Paraíba, and the risk factors identified are not possible to correct.

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Bovine neosporosis is a globally important disease, causing abortions and significant economic losses. In Brazil, studies on neosporosis in cattle are few and based on limited samples and/or from limited areas. We aimed to determine the herd and animal levels seroprevalence and associated factors for Neospora caninum infections in cattle from the state of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil, using a planned sampling. Herds (n = 434) and cows aged ≥24 months (n = 1891) were randomly selected, and serum samples were tested with the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) using as cut-off point the antibody titer 200. Herd-level and animal-level seroprevalences were 17.8% (95% CI = 14.3%-21.8%) and 18.1% (95% CI = 14.7%-22.1%), respectively. The factors associated with N. caninum infection were farm located in the Sertão mesoregion (Prevalence ratio [PR] = 2.37), mixed production (PR = 1.64), herd size of 34-111 animals (PR = 3.50) and herd size >111 animals (PR = 6.14). The results indicate high N. caninum circulation in the bovine population of the state of Paraíba, semiarid of Brazil, mainly in the Sertão mesoregion, where the highest apparent herd and animal-level prevalences of positive herds were identified. Control strategies should be adopted to mitigate the impact of disease on cattle production, as well as it's suggested the encouragement of conducting surveys in wildlife from Caatinga biome, mainly canids, to provide information on the importance of these animals on the epidemiology of bovine neosporosis.

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Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by fungus of the Sporothrix complex, and in Brazil the main species reported is Sporothrix brasiliensis, of which the diseased cat is the transmitter. Although, its occurrence has increased in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, since 2016, data on the disease in this state are limited. Therefore, this research aimed to identify molecularly isolates of Sporothrix spp. from domestic cats from cities in Paraíba, and in this way to expand the understanding of the disease in the state. Thirty-nine samples were analyzed, obtained from skin lesions of domestic felines, from the following cities in Paraíba: João Pessoa, Pilões, Patos, Areia, Bananeiras and Guarabira. Cytological analysis was performed to screen the samples, followed by fungal culture, and the molecular characterization of the isolates was performed, using the species-specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) or partial sequencing of the calmodulin gene. All isolates were identified as S. brasiliensis. The sequencing showed 100% similarity to the S. brasiliensis CBS 120339 strain. In view of this, it is concluded that in the study areas the species involved in cases of feline sporotrichosis is S. brasiliensis, its presence in Paraíba demonstrated the spread of the agent in regions distant from the epicenters in Brazil, alerting to the possible occurrence of zoonotic outbreaks similar to those found in the South and Southeast regions of the country. In addition, it highlights the emerging role of felines in the transmission of sporotrichosis in new endemic areas of Brazil.

A esporotricose é uma micose subcutânea causada por fungos do complexo Sporothrix, e no Brasil a principal espécie relatada é Sporothrix brasiliensis da qual o transmissor é o gato doente. Embora sua ocorrência tenha aumentado no estado da Paraíba, Brasil, desde 2016, os dados sobre a doença neste estado são limitados. Diante disso, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo identificar, molecularmente, isolados de Sporothrix spp. procedentes de felinos domésticos de cidades da Paraíba, e dessa maneira expandir a compreensão da enfermidade no estado. Foram analisadas 39 amostras, obtidas de lesões cutâneas de felinos domésticos, oriundos das seguintes cidades paraibanas: João Pessoa, Pilões, Patos, Areia, Bananeiras e Guarabira. Realizou-se análise citológica, para triagem das amostras, a seguir cultura fúngica, e posteriormente a caracterização molecular dos isolados, utilizando a Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR), espécie-específica ou sequenciamento parcial do gene calmodulina. Todos os isolados foram identificados molecularmente como S. brasiliensis. O sequenciamento demonstrou 100% de similaridade com a cepa S. brasiliensis CBS 120339. Contudo, conclui-se que nas áreas do estudo a espécie envolvida em casos de esporotricose felina é S. brasiliensis, sua presença na Paraíba demonstra a disseminação do agente em regiões distantes dos epicentros no Brasil, alertando para a possível ocorrência de surtos zoonóticos, semelhantes aos encontrados nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do país. Além disso, destaca o papel emergente dos felinos na transmissão da esporotricose em novas áreas endêmicas do Brasil.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by fungus of the Sporothrix complex, and in Brazil the main species reported is Sporothrix brasiliensis, of which the diseased cat is the transmitter. Although, its occurrence has increased in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, since 2016, data on the disease in this state are limited. Therefore, this research aimed to identify molecularly isolates of Sporothrix spp. from domestic cats from cities in Paraíba, and in this way to expand the understanding of the disease in the state. Thirty-nine samples were analyzed, obtained from skin lesions of domestic felines, from the following cities in Paraíba: João Pessoa, Pilões, Patos, Areia, Bananeiras and Guarabira. Cytological analysis was performed to screen the samples, followed by fungal culture, and the molecular characterization of the isolates was performed, using the species-specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) or partial sequencing of the calmodulin gene. All isolates were identified as S. brasiliensis. The sequencing showed 100% similarity to the S. brasiliensis CBS 120339 strain. In view of this, it is concluded that in the study areas the species involved in cases of feline sporotrichosis is S. brasiliensis, its presence in Paraíba demonstrated the spread of the agent in regions distant from the epicenters in Brazil, alerting to the possible occurrence of zoonotic outbreaks similar to those found in the South and Southeast regions of the country. In addition, it highlights the emerging role of felines in the transmission of sporotrichosis in new endemic areas of Brazil.

RESUMO: A esporotricose é uma micose subcutânea causada por fungos do complexo Sporothrix, e no Brasil a principal espécie relatada é Sporothrix brasiliensis da qual o transmissor é o gato doente. Embora sua ocorrência tenha aumentado no estado da Paraíba, Brasil, desde 2016, os dados sobre a doença neste estado são limitados. Diante disso, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo identificar, molecularmente, isolados de Sporothrix spp. procedentes de felinos domésticos de cidades da Paraíba, e dessa maneira expandir a compreensão da enfermidade no estado. Foram analisadas 39 amostras, obtidas de lesões cutâneas de felinos domésticos, oriundos das seguintes cidades paraibanas: João Pessoa, Pilões, Patos, Areia, Bananeiras e Guarabira. Realizou-se análise citológica, para triagem das amostras, a seguir cultura fúngica, e posteriormente a caracterização molecular dos isolados, utilizando a Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR), espécie-específica ou sequenciamento parcial do gene calmodulina. Todos os isolados foram identificados molecularmente como S. brasiliensis. O sequenciamento demonstrou 100% de similaridade com a cepa S. brasiliensis CBS 120339. Contudo, conclui-se que nas áreas do estudo a espécie envolvida em casos de esporotricose felina é S. brasiliensis, sua presença na Paraíba demonstra a disseminação do agente em regiões distantes dos epicentros no Brasil, alertando para a possível ocorrência de surtos zoonóticos, semelhantes aos encontrados nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do país. Além disso, destaca o papel emergente dos felinos na transmissão da esporotricose em novas áreas endêmicas do Brasil.

RESUMO

We aimed to determine the herd and animal levels seroprevalence and associated factors for Toxoplasma gondii infections in cattle from the state of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. Herds (n = 434) and cows aged ≥ 24 months (n = 1,895) were randomly selected, and serum samples were tested with the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) using as cutoff of 64. Of the 434 farms investigated, 197 had at least one seropositive cow (prevalence of 49.0%; 95% CI = 44.3%-53.8%), and the prevalence at animal level was 18.0% (95% CI = 5.3%-21.1%). The antibody titers ranged from 64 to 1024, with the most frequent titers being 64 (10.8%) and 128 (3.7%). The risk factors identified were property located in Sertão region (odds ratio [OR] = 3.07), property located in Agreste/Zona da Mata regions (OR = 2.00), animal purchasing (OR = 2.68), herd size of 34-111 animals (OR = 2.91) and herd size > 111 animals (OR = 6.97). The results suggest the wide distribution of T. gondii infections in cattle throughout the state of Paraíba, and the risk factors identified are not possible to correct.(AU)

Objetivou-se determinar a soroprevalência do rebanhos e de animais e os fatores associados à infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em bovinos do estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. Rebanhos (n = 434) e vacas com idade ≥ 24 meses (n = 1.895) foram selecionados aleatoriamente, e as amostras de soro foram testadas com o teste de imunofluorescência (RIFI), usando-se como ponto de corte 64. Das 434 fazendas investigadas, 197 tiveram pelo menos uma vaca soropositiva (prevalência de 49%; IC 95% = 44,3%-53,8%), e a prevalência em nível de animais foi de 18% (IC 95% = 5,3%-21,1%). Os títulos de anticorpos variaram de 64 a 1024, sendo os títulos mais frequentes 64 (10,8%) e 128 (3,7%). Os fatores de risco identificados foram na propriedade localizada na região do Sertão ("odds ratio" [OR] = 3,07), na propriedade localizada na região do Agreste/Zona da Mata (OR = 2,00), na compra de animais (OR = 2,68), no tamanho do rebanho de 34-111 animais (OR = 2,91) e no tamanho do rebanho > 111 animais (OR = 6,97). Os resultados sugerem a ampla distribuição de infecções por T. gondii em bovinos em todo o estado da Paraíba, e os fatores de risco identificados não são passíveis de correção.(AU)

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RESUMO

Epidemiological surveys that investigate infectious diseases such as enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) are important. Furthermore, estimating the prevalence of such infectious diseases and associated factors is key to assess the disease impact and design control programs. In this study, we identified a high herd-level seroprevalence of EBL in cattle from the semi-arid Paraíba state, Northeast Region of Brazil, using a planned cross-sectional survey. Herd-level and animal-level prevalence were estimated using a two-stage random sampling survey. In total, 2067 cows aged ≥24 months from 400 herds were sampled. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect specific antibodies directed to the bovine leukosis virus gp51 antigen in both individual and pooled sera. The herd-level and animal-level prevalence was 23.4 % (95 % CI = 19.2-28.1 %) and 10.8 % (95 % CI = 7.5 %-15.3 %), respectively. There were no significant clusters of positive herds (within a radius of 2 km). The factors associated with herd-level prevalence were the exclusive use of hand milking (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.88), herd size (PR = 1.005), artificial insemination (PR = 2.03), purchase of animals in the previous year (PR = 1.87), and peri-urban farms (PR = 2.09). Prevention measures should be applied at the herd-level, particularly for farms located in peri-urban areas, focusing on good hygiene in hand milking, robust practices and standards for artificial insemination, and serological testing of animals prior to purchase.

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The aim of this survey was to estimate the apparent herd-level and animal-level prevalences, as well as to identify risk factors and spatial clustering of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) positive herds in the state of Paraíba, semiarid of Brazil. The state was divided into three sampling strata: Sertão, Borborema and Zona da Mata/Agreste. For each sampling stratum, herd-level and animal-level prevalences were estimated by a two-stage sampling survey. First, a pre-established number of herds (primary sampling units) were randomly selected; second, within each herd, a pre-established number of cows aged ≥ 24 months were systematically selected (secondary sampling units). In total, 2279 animals were sampled from 468 herds. Serum samples were submitted to virus neutralization (VN) test for detection of antibodies to VSV using three viral strains: VSIV-3 2013SaoBento/Paraiba E, strain Indiana (VSIV-1) and VSNJV. A herd was considered positive for VSV if it included at least one positive animal in herds of up to 10 females, two positive animals in herds of 11-99 females, and three positive in herds with more than 99 females. The spatial clustering was assessed using the Cuzick-Edwards' k-nearest neighbor method and spatial scan statistics. The apparent herd-level prevalence in the state of Paraíba was 38.5% (95% CI = 35.5-41.6%), 80.6% (95% CI = 73.6-86.2%) in the region of Sertão, 7.0% (95% CI = 3.9-12.2%) in Borborema, and 2.6% (95% CI = 1.0-6.7%) in Agreste/Zona da Mata. The apparent animal-level prevalence was 26.2% (95% CI = 20.6-32.8%) in the state of Paraíba, 48.2% (95% CI = 41.5-54.9%) in Sertão, 6.3% (95% CI = 2.7-14%) in Borborema, and 3.2% 1.9% (95% CI = 0.4-8.4%) in Agreste/Zona da Mata. The risk factors identified were as follows: mixed production (milk/beef) (OR = 4.54), herd size > 23 animals (OR = 3.57), presence of cervids (OR = 15.24), rental of pastures (OR = 3.02), sharing of water sources (OR = 2.57) and presence of horses (OR = 1.69). Two significant clusters of positive herds were detected: the primary cluster covered the Sertão region and the secondary cluster covered part of the Sertão and Borborema regions. Our results suggest high VSV circulation in the bovine population of the state of Paraíba, semiarid region of Brazil, mainly in the Sertão mesoregion, and based on risk factor analysis it was possible to identify important associations that deserve more investigation on causal factors.

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BACKGROUND: Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) and Bovine Herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) cause reproductive problems in cattle and restrictions on international trade in animals worldwide. Both infections were detected in cattle herds in the Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil, however, the spatial distribution and geographic identification of positive herds for these viruses has never been examined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the spatial pattern of apparent prevalence estimate and to identify spatial clustering of positive herds of BVDV and BoHV-1 infections in cattle herds from the state of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. RESULTS: The herd-level prevalence for BVDV and BoHV-1 infections in Paraíba were, respectively, 65.5% (95% CI: 61.1-69.7) and 87.8% (95% CI: 84.5-90.5). The average apparent within-herd prevalence of BVDV was 31.8% and of BoHV-1 was 62.4%. The predicted prevalence was highest (0.42-0.75) for BVDV in the west, north and eastern part of Sertão and in the central and eastern part of Agreste/Zona da Mata. For BoHV-1, the highest predicted prevalence (0.74-0.97) was in some local areas across Sertão and throughout the eastern part of Agreste/Zona da Mata. Six significant clusters were detected for BVDV, a primary cluster covering the eastern Sertão region, with 11 herds, radius of 24.10 km and risk relative (RR) of 2.21 (P <  0.001) and five smaller significant clusters, involving one or two herds in Agreste/Zona da Mata region with a high RR. A significant clustering of BoHV-1 positive herds (P <  0.001) was detected in Agreste/Zona da Mata region with a radius of 77.17 km and a RR of 1.27, with 103 cases. Consistency was found between kriging and SatScan results for identification of risk areas for BVDV and BoHV-1 infections. CONCLUSIONS: The clusters detected contemplated different areas of the state, with BVDV cluster located in the Sertão and BoHV-1 in Agreste/Zona da Mata stratum. Through the risk mapping, it was possible to identify the areas in which the risk is significantly elevated, coincided with areas where there are borders with other states and in which there is a high movement of animals.

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The aim of this survey was to identify spatial clustering of bovine paratuberculosis positive herds in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. The state was divided into three sampling groups: sampling stratum 1 (mesoregion of Sertão), sampling stratum 2 (mesoregion of Borborema), and sampling stratum 3 (mesoregions of Zona da Mata and Agreste). Ten animals were sampled in herds with up to 99 cows aged over 24 months; 15 animals were sampled in herds with 100 or more cows aged over 24 months; and all animals were sampled in those with up to 10 cows aged over 24 months. In total, 2504 cows aged ≥ 24 months were sampled from 480 herds. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) test kits were used for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) antibody detection. A herd was deemed positive for paratuberculosis if it included at least one positive animal in herds of up to 24 females, and two positive animals in herds with more than 24 females. Spatial clustering was assessed using the Cuzick-Edwards' k-nearest neighbor method and spatial scan statistics. Two significant clustering of positive herds were detected in Northern part of Borborema mesoregion, a border region with the State of Rio Grande do Norte, in which there is a large animal movement from different locations without knowing the sanitary condition of animals. As serological tests for MAP diagnosis are not widely available and are very expensive, as well as replacement or maintenance of livestock by animal purchasing is common in the region, it is concluded that prevention measures should be applied at herd level.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar agrupamentos espaciais de rebanhos positivos para paratuberculose bovina no Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. O estado foi dividido em três grupos amostrais: estrato amostral 1 (mesorregião do Sertão), estrato amostral 2 (mesorregião da Borborema), e estrato amostral 3 (mesorregiões da Zona da Mata e Agreste). Dez animais foram amostrados em rebanhos com até 99 vacas com idade maior ou igual a 24 meses; 15 animais foram amostrados em rebanhos com 100 ou mais vacas com idade maior ou igual a 24 meses; e todos os animais foram amostrados naqueles rebanhos com até 10 vacas. No total, foram amostradas 2504 vacas com idade ≥24 meses de 480 rebanhos. Para a detecção de anticorpos anti-Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) foram utilizados kits do teste imunoenzimático indireto (ELISA). Um rebanho foi considerado positivo para paratuberculose se apresentasse pelo menos um animal positivo em rebanhos de até 24 fêmeas, e dois animais positivos em rebanhos com mais de 24 fêmeas. Os agrupamentos espaciais foram avaliados com o uso da metodologia k-vizinhos mais próximos de Cuzick-Edwards e estatística espacial de varredura. Dois agrupamentos significativos de rebanhos positivos foram detectados na parte norte da mesorregião da Borborema, uma região de fronteira com o Estado do Rio Grande do Norte onde há intenso movimento de animais de diferentes locais sem o conhecimento do estado sanitário desses animais. Tendo em vista que os testes sorológicos para diagnóstico de MAP não são amplamente disponíveis e muito caros, bem como é comum na região a reposição e manutenção dos rebanhos por compra de animais, conclui-se que medidas de prevenção devem ser aplicadas em nível de rebanho.(AU)

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The aim of this survey was to identify spatial clustering of bovine paratuberculosis positive herds in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. The state was divided into three sampling groups: sampling stratum 1 (mesoregion of Sertão), sampling stratum 2 (mesoregion of Borborema), and sampling stratum 3 (mesoregions of Zona da Mata and Agreste). Ten animals were sampled in herds with up to 99 cows aged over 24 months; 15 animals were sampled in herds with 100 or more cows aged over 24 months; and all animals were sampled in those with up to 10 cows aged over 24 months. In total, 2504 cows aged ≥ 24 months were sampled from 480 herds. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) test kits were used for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) antibody detection. A herd was deemed positive for paratuberculosis if it included at least one positive animal in herds of up to 24 females, and two positive animals in herds with more than 24 females. Spatial clustering was assessed using the Cuzick-Edwards' k-nearest neighbor method and spatial scan statistics. Two significant clustering of positive herds were detected in Northern part of Borborema mesoregion, a border region with the State of Rio Grande do Norte, in which there is a large animal movement from different locations without knowing the sanitary condition of animals. As serological tests for MAP diagnosis are not widely available and are very expensive, as well as replacement or maintenance of livestock by animal purchasing is common in the region, it is concluded that prevention measures should be applied at herd level.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar agrupamentos espaciais de rebanhos positivos para paratuberculose bovina no Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. O estado foi dividido em três grupos amostrais: estrato amostral 1 (mesorregião do Sertão), estrato amostral 2 (mesorregião da Borborema), e estrato amostral 3 (mesorregiões da Zona da Mata e Agreste). Dez animais foram amostrados em rebanhos com até 99 vacas com idade maior ou igual a 24 meses; 15 animais foram amostrados em rebanhos com 100 ou mais vacas com idade maior ou igual a 24 meses; e todos os animais foram amostrados naqueles rebanhos com até 10 vacas. No total, foram amostradas 2504 vacas com idade ≥24 meses de 480 rebanhos. Para a detecção de anticorpos anti-Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) foram utilizados kits do teste imunoenzimático indireto (ELISA). Um rebanho foi considerado positivo para paratuberculose se apresentasse pelo menos um animal positivo em rebanhos de até 24 fêmeas, e dois animais positivos em rebanhos com mais de 24 fêmeas. Os agrupamentos espaciais foram avaliados com o uso da metodologia k-vizinhos mais próximos de Cuzick-Edwards e estatística espacial de varredura. Dois agrupamentos significativos de rebanhos positivos foram detectados na parte norte da mesorregião da Borborema, uma região de fronteira com o Estado do Rio Grande do Norte onde há intenso movimento de animais de diferentes locais sem o conhecimento do estado sanitário desses animais. Tendo em vista que os testes sorológicos para diagnóstico de MAP não são amplamente disponíveis e muito caros, bem como é comum na região a reposição e manutenção dos rebanhos por compra de animais, conclui-se que medidas de prevenção devem ser aplicadas em nível de rebanho.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study focused on estimating the herd-level and animal-level prevalences, and identifying risk factors associated with bovine cysticercosis in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. The state was divided into three sampling strata: Sertao, Borborema and Zona da Mata/Agreste. For each sampling stratum, herd-level and animal-level prevalences were estimated by a two-stage sampling survey. First, a pre-established number of herds (primary sampling units) were randomly selected; second, within each herd a pre-established number of cows aged ≥24months were systematically selected (secondary sampling units). Ten animals were sampled in herds with up to 99 cows aged over 24 months; 15 animals were sampled in herds with 100 or more cows aged over 24 months; and all animals were sampled in those with up to 10 cows aged over 24 months. In total, 2382 animals were sampled from 474 herds. Serological diagnosis was initially performed by the indirect ELISA, and positive sera were confirmed by immunoblot. A herd was deemed positive if it included at least one positive animal in herds of up to 29 females, and two positive animals in herds with more than 29 females. The herd-level prevalence in the State of Paraíba was 10.8% (95% CI=8.1%-14.1%), 10.3% (95% CI=6.4%-16.1%) in the region of Sertão, 6.9% (95% CI=3.9%-12.1%) in Borborema, and 13.8% (95% CI=9.3%-20.2%) in Agreste/Zona da Mata. The animal-level prevalence was 2.3% (95% CI=1.6%-3.3%) in the State of Paraíba, 1.4% (95% CI=0.8%-2.5%) in Sertão, 3.6% (95% CI=1.7%-7.4%) in Borborema, and 3.2% (95% CI=1.9%-5.4%) in Agreste/Zona da Mata. The risk factors identified were as follows: animal purchasing (OR=2.19) and presence of flooded pastures (OR=1.99). Our findings suggest that bovine cysticercosis herd-level seroprevalence in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil, is high, and support the idea that prevention measures should be applied at herd level and farmers should restrict the access of their cattle to flooded pastures.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Serological surveys based on a planned sampling on bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in Brazilian cattle herds are scarce. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine herd- and animal-level seroprevalences and to identify risk factors associated with herd-level seroprevalence for BVDV infection in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil, from September 2012 to January 2013. The state was divided into three sampling strata, and for each stratum, the prevalence of herds infected with BVDV and the prevalence of seropositive animals was estimated by a two-stage sampling survey. In total, 2443 animals were sampled from 478 herds. A virus-neutralization test was used for BVDV antibody detection. A herd was considered positive when at least one seropositive animal was detected. The herd- and animal-level prevalences in the State of Paraíba were 65.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 61.1-69.7%) and 39.1% (95% CI = 33.1-45.6%), respectively. The frequency of seropositive animals per herd ranged from 10 to 100% (median of 50%). The risk factors identified were as follows: more than six calves aged ≤12 months (odds ratio (OR) = 3.72; 95% CI = 2.08-6.66), animal purchasing (OR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.08-2.55), pasture rental (OR = 2.15; 95% CI = 1.35-3.55), and presence of veterinary assistance (OR = 2.04; 95% CI = 1.10-3.79). Our findings suggest that the implementation of control and prevention measures among farmers, with the aim of preventing dissemination of the agent in the herds, is necessary. Special attention should be given to addressing the identified risk factors, such as sanitary control prior to animal purchasing and to discourage the pasture rental, as well as to encourage the vaccination in the herds.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Bovine brucellosis caused by Brucella abortus is present throughout Brazil, whose prevalence distribution shows variations among states and within the productive areas of the states, causing serious losses to cattle production and public health due to risk of transmission to humans. Therefore, since 2001, the National Program for the Control and Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (PNCEBT) is being implemented in all Federative Units of Brazil, based on the compulsory vaccination of bovine females, control of animal movement and certification of brucellosis-free herds. This review covers the current epidemiological situation of bovine brucellosis in Brazil, issues related to public health and economic importance, as well as Brazilian initiatives to control the disease.

A brucelose bovina causada pela Brucella abortus está presente em todo o território brasileiro, cuja distribuição das prevalências apresenta variações entre os estados e dentro das regiões produtivas dos estados, causando sérios prejuízos à bovinocultura e à saúde pública devido ao risco de transmissão ao homem. Por isso, desde o ano de 2001, está sendo implantado, em todas as Unidades Federativas do Brasil, o Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose (PNCEBT), baseado na vacinação obrigatória das fêmeas, controle do trânsito de animais e certificação de propriedades como livres da doença. Esta revisão aborda a situação epidemiológica atual da brucelose bovina no Brasil, aspectos relacionados à importância econômica e saúde pública, bem como as iniciativas brasileiras para controle da doença.

RESUMO

This study was performed to characterize the epidemiological status of brucellosis in the State of Paraíba, Brazil. The State was divided into three regions. Herds were randomly sampled in each region and a pre-established number of animals were sampled in each of these herds. A total of 3,489 serum samples from 674 herds were collected. In each herd, an epidemiological questionnaire was conducted. This questionnaire focused on herd traits, as well as husbandry and sanitary practices that could be associated with the risk of infection. The serum samples were screened for antibodies against Brucella spp. by the Rose-Bengal Test (RBT), and all positive sera were confirmed by the 2-mercaptoethanol test (2-ME). The herd was considered positive if at least one animal had positive results for both the RBT and the 2-ME test. The prevalence rates of infected herds and animals in the State were 4.6% [3.2-6.5%] and 2.5% [1.1-3.9%], respectively. The prevalence rates of infected herds and animals in the regions were, respectively: region 1, 3.2% [1.5-6.6%] and 1.7% [0.5-5.7%]; region 2, 2.2% [0.9-5.2%] and 0.7% [0.3-1.7%]; and region 3, 7.9% [5.0-12.2%] and 3.2% [1.6-6.3%]. The risk factor (odds ratio, OR) associated with the presence of the infection was Zebuine as the predominant breed (OR=12.30 [1.32-114.64]).(AU)

Realizou-se um estudo para caracterizar a situação epidemiológica da brucelose bovina no Estado da Paraíba. O Estado foi dividido em três regiões. Em cada região foram amostradas aleatoriamente propriedades e, dentro dessas, foi escolhido de forma aleatória um número pré-estabelecido de animais. No total, foram amostrados 3.489 animais, provenientes de 674 propriedades. Em cada propriedade amostrada foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico para verificar o tipo de exploração e as práticas de criação e sanitárias que poderiam estar associadas ao risco de infecção pela doença. O protocolo de testes utilizado foi o da triagem com o teste do antígeno acidificado tamponado (AAT) e confirmação dos positivos com o teste do 2-mercaptoetanol (2-ME). O rebanho foi considerado positivo quando pelo menos um animal foi reagente às duas provas sorológicas. Para o Estado, as prevalências de focos e de animais infectados foram, respectivamente, de 4,6% [3,2-6,5%] e 2,5% [1,1-3,9%]. Para as regiões, as prevalências de focos variaram entre 2,2% e 7,9% e 3,2%. O fator de risco associado à condição de foco foi ter a raça Zebu como predominante (OR=12,30 [1,32-114,64]). Concluindo, o estado da paraíba deve concentrar esforços para vacinar, todos os anos, um mínimo de 80% das bezerras com a amostra B19 e estimular a utilização da vacina RB51 em fêmeas não vacinadas com idade superior a 8 meses. A Além disso, deve-se estimular a realização de testes sorológicos para brucelose nos bovinos de reprodução antes de introduzi-los nas propriedades.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Bovine brucellosis caused by Brucella abortus is present throughout Brazil, whose prevalence distribution shows variations among states and within the productive areas of the states, causing serious losses to cattle production and public health due to risk of transmission to humans. Therefore, since 2001, the National Program for the Control and Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (PNCEBT) is being implemented in all Federative Units of Brazil, based on the compulsory vaccination of bovine females, control of animal movement and certification of brucellosis-free herds. This review covers the current epidemiological situation of bovine brucellosis in Brazil, issues related to public health and economic importance, as well as Brazilian initiatives to control the disease.

A brucelose bovina causada pela Brucella abortus está presente em todo o território brasileiro, cuja distribuição das prevalências apresenta variações entre os estados e dentro das regiões produtivas dos estados, causando sérios prejuízos à bovinocultura e à saúde pública devido ao risco de transmissão ao homem. Por isso, desde o ano de 2001, está sendo implantado, em todas as Unidades Federativas do Brasil, o Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose (PNCEBT), baseado na vacinação obrigatória das fêmeas, controle do trânsito de animais e certificação de propriedades como livres da doença. Esta revisão aborda a situação epidemiológica atual da brucelose bovina no Brasil, aspectos relacionados à importância econômica e saúde pública, bem como as iniciativas brasileiras para controle da doença.

RESUMO

This study was performed to characterize the epidemiological status of brucellosis in the State of Paraíba, Brazil. The State was divided into three regions. Herds were randomly sampled in each region and a pre-established number of animals were sampled in each of these herds. A total of 3,489 serum samples from 674 herds were collected. In each herd, an epidemiological questionnaire was conducted. This questionnaire focused on herd traits, as well as husbandry and sanitary practices that could be associated with the risk of infection. The serum samples were screened for antibodies against Brucella spp. by the Rose-Bengal Test (RBT), and all positive sera were confirmed by the 2-mercaptoethanol test (2-ME). The herd was considered positive if at least one animal had positive results for both the RBT and the 2-ME test. The prevalence rates of infected herds and animals in the State were 4.6% [3.2-6.5%] and 2.5% [1.1-3.9%], respectively. The prevalence rates of infected herds and animals in the regions were, respectively: region 1, 3.2% [1.5-6.6%] and 1.7% [0.5-5.7%]; region 2, 2.2% [0.9-5.2%] and 0.7% [0.3-1.7%]; and region 3, 7.9% [5.0-12.2%] and 3.2% [1.6-6.3%]. The risk factor (odds ratio, OR) associated with the presence of the infection was Zebuine as the predominant breed (OR=12.30 [1.32-114.64]).

Realizou-se um estudo para caracterizar a situação epidemiológica da brucelose bovina no Estado da Paraíba. O Estado foi dividido em três regiões. Em cada região foram amostradas aleatoriamente propriedades e, dentro dessas, foi escolhido de forma aleatória um número pré-estabelecido de animais. No total, foram amostrados 3.489 animais, provenientes de 674 propriedades. Em cada propriedade amostrada foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico para verificar o tipo de exploração e as práticas de criação e sanitárias que poderiam estar associadas ao risco de infecção pela doença. O protocolo de testes utilizado foi o da triagem com o teste do antígeno acidificado tamponado (AAT) e confirmação dos positivos com o teste do 2-mercaptoetanol (2-ME). O rebanho foi considerado positivo quando pelo menos um animal foi reagente às duas provas sorológicas. Para o Estado, as prevalências de focos e de animais infectados foram, respectivamente, de 4,6% [3,2-6,5%] e 2,5% [1,1-3,9%]. Para as regiões, as prevalências de focos variaram entre 2,2% e 7,9% e 3,2%. O fator de risco associado à condição de foco foi ter a raça Zebu como predominante (OR=12,30 [1,32-114,64]). Concluindo, o estado da paraíba deve concentrar esforços para vacinar, todos os anos, um mínimo de 80% das bezerras com a amostra B19 e estimular a utilização da vacina RB51 em fêmeas não vacinadas com idade superior a 8 meses. A Além disso, deve-se estimular a realização de testes sorológicos para brucelose nos bovinos de reprodução antes de introduzi-los nas propriedades.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Bovine brucellosis caused by Brucella abortus is present throughout Brazil, whose prevalence distribution shows variations among states and within the productive areas of the states, causing serious losses to cattle production and public health due to risk of transmission to humans. Therefore, since 2001, the National Program for the Control and Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (PNCEBT) is being implemented in all Federative Units of Brazil, based on the compulsory vaccination of bovine females, control of animal movement and certification of brucellosis-free herds. This review covers the current epidemiological situation of bovine brucellosis in Brazil, issues related to public health and economic importance, as well as Brazilian initiatives to control the disease.

A brucelose bovina causada pela Brucella abortus está presente em todo o território brasileiro, cuja distribuição das prevalências apresenta variações entre os estados e dentro das regiões produtivas dos estados, causando sérios prejuízos à bovinocultura e à saúde pública devido ao risco de transmissão ao homem. Por isso, desde o ano de 2001, está sendo implantado, em todas as Unidades Federativas do Brasil, o Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose (PNCEBT), baseado na vacinação obrigatória das fêmeas, controle do trânsito de animais e certificação de propriedades como livres da doença. Esta revisão aborda a situação epidemiológica atual da brucelose bovina no Brasil, aspectos relacionados à importância econômica e saúde pública, bem como as iniciativas brasileiras para controle da doença.