RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Smoking during pregnancy may negatively impact newborn birth weight. This study investigates the relationship between maternal active smoking during pregnancy and low birth weight in the Americas through systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: A literature search was conducted through indexed databases and the grey literature. Case-control and cohort studies published between 1984 and 2016 conducted within the Americas were included without restriction regarding publication language. The article selection process and data extraction were performed by two independent investigators. A meta-analysis of random effects was conducted, and possible causes of between-study heterogeneity were evaluated by meta-regressions and subgroup analyses. Publication bias was assessed by visual inspection of Begg's funnel plot and by Egger's regression test. RESULTS: The literature search yielded 848 articles from which 34 studies were selected for systematic review and 30 for meta-analysis. Active maternal smoking was associated with low birth weight, OR = 2.00 (95% CI: 1.77-2.26; I2 = 66.3%). The funnel plot and Egger's test (p = .14) indicated no publication bias. Meta-regression revealed that sample size, study quality, and the number of confounders in the original studies did not account for the between-study heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis indicated no significant differences when studies were compared by design, sample size, and regions of the Americas. CONCLUSION: Low birth weight is associated with maternal active smoking during pregnancy regardless of the region in the Americas or the studies' methodological aspects. IMPLICATIONS: A previous search of the major electronic databases revealed that no studies appear to have been conducted to summarize the association between maternal active smoking during pregnancy and low birth weight within the Americas. Therefore, this systematic review may help to fill the information gap. The region of the Americas contains some of the most populous countries in the world; therefore, this study may provide useful data from this massive segment of the world's population.
Assuntos
Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Gestantes , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Fumar/epidemiologia , América/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Gestantes/etnologia , Gestantes/psicologia , Fumar/etnologiaRESUMO
En la actualidad, la periodoncia no solo se encarga de resolver los procesos infecciosos que afectan al periodonto, sino que también es responsable de la preservación de la función, del confort y de la estética de los tejidos periodontales. Es por eso que hoy en día las técnicas de cirugía plástica periodontal son una herramienta esencial para la resolución de defectos mucogingivales en donde el tejido conectivo subepitelial, debido a su biología, se ha convertido en la mejor alternativa para resolver las secuelas derivadas de trauma maxilofacial, tratamientos de ortodoncia en biotipos finos, trauma dentoalveolar, resección de tumores, tratamiento de las secuelas de la periodontitis, en donde al restaurar la pérdida de tejido existente y modificar el biotipo periodontal mejora el pronóstico dentario. En Chile, el tratamiento periodontal realizado en la atención secundaria se ha centrado históricamente en el control de infecciones. Sin embargo, debido a la gran demanda de casos relacionados con los tejidos periodontales sin periodontitis, hoy enfrentamos una nueva realidad clínica asistencial que amerita el empleo de nuevas técnicas y procedimientos quirúrgicos tendentes a la restauración de los tejidos periodontales perdidos o mutilados. En este reporte de casos se expone la labor realizada en el servicio dental del Hospital El Salvador, dependiente del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Oriente, en donde desde el año 2006 se realizan intervenciones quirúrgicas con técnicas de cirugía plástica periodontal para resolver casos complejos.
Periodontics is not only charged with resolving infectious processes that affect the periodontium, but is also responsible for preservation of function, comfort and aesthetics of the periodontal tissues. For this reason current plastic periodontal surgery techniques are an essential tool for the resolution of mucogingival defects, where the subepithelial connective tissues, due to their biology, have become the best alternative to resolve the sequelae of maxillo-facial trauma (TMF), fine biotype orthodontic treatment, dentoalveolar trauma (TDA), tumor resection, and treatment of the sequelae of periodontitis. In all of these conditions, the restoration of lost tissue and the modification of existing periodontal biotype dental improves their prognosis. In Chile, the periodontal treatment performed in secondary care has historically focused on infection control. However, due to the high demand for cases involving periodontal tissues without periodontitis, there is now a new reality that must focus clinical attention on the use of new techniques and surgical procedures designed to restore lost or mutilated periodontal tissues. This case report presents the work of the El Salvador Hospital Dental Department of East Metropolitan Health Service (SSMO), where periodontal plastic surgery techniques to treat complex cases have been performed since 2006.