RESUMO
Monte Carlo simulations and finite-size scaling theory have been carried out to study the critical behavior and universality for the isotropic-nematic (IN) phase transition in a system of straight rigid pentamers adsorbed on a triangular lattice with polarized nonhomogeneous intermolecular interactions. The model was inspired by the deposition of 2-thiophene molecules over the Au(111) surface, which was previously characterized by experimental techniques and density functional theory. A nematic phase, observed experimentally by the formation of a self-assembled monolayer of parallel molecules, is separated from the isotropic state by a continuous transition occurring at a finite density. The precise determination of the critical exponents indicates that the transition belongs to the three-state Potts universality class. The finite-size scaling analysis includes the study of mutability and diversity. These two quantities are derived from information theory and they have not previously been considered as part of the conventional treatment of critical phenomena for the determination of critical exponents. The results obtained here contribute to the understanding of formation processes of self-assembled monolayers, phase transitions, and critical phenomena from novel compression algorithms for studying mutual information in sequences of data.
RESUMO
El desarrollo de la resonancia magnética ha producido nuevos tipos de imágenes que pueden ser de utilidad en pacientes con manifestaciones visuales. Las imágenes estructurales potenciadas en T1 pueden ser procesadas, mediante diferentes tipos de software, para la obtención de nuevas imágenes que permiten separar distintas estructuras (segmentación), realizar estudios volumétricos cerebrales (volumetría) y medir el grosor de la corteza en distintas áreas, independiente de la complejidad de la superficie cerebral (espesor cortical). Además es posible "deformar" los cerebros para realizar estudios comparativos con poblaciones normales (normalización). Las imágenes de difusión muestran la movilidad de las molé- culas de agua al interior del cerebro, información que utilizamos para reconstruir los tractos neuronales principales (tractografía) y para dimensionar indirectamente la conectividad de distintas áreas (difusión multidireccional). Mediante resonancia magnética funcional es posible localizar las áreas elocuentes cerebrales (resonancia magnética funcional convencional) o representar la conexión funcional de un área cerebral específica (resonancia magnética resting state)
The development of MRI has led new types of images that can be useful in patients with visual manifestations. T1 structural images can be processed by different software to obtain new images for partitioning different neurological structures (segmentation), to do brain volumetric studies (volumetry) and to measure the cortical thickness in an independent way of the complexity of the brain surface (cortical thickness). It is also possible to "warp" the brains for comparative studies with normal populations (normalization). Diffusion images shows the mobility of water molecules in the brain that is used to reconstruct the main neural tracts (tractography) and to measure indirectly the connectivity of different areas (multidirectional diffusion). Functional magnetic resonance imaging can identify eloquent brain areas (tipical functional magnetic resonance) or represent the intrinsic connectivity of specific brain areas (resting state fMRI)
Assuntos
Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Córtex Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico , Neuroimagem/métodos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Imagem de Difusão por Ressonância Magnética , Imagem de Tensor de DifusãoRESUMO
Diffusion weighted MRI can measure the random motion of water molecules in biological tissue. These motions are captured using magnetic gradients that dephase the precession of water molecules that move along the direction of the gradient. Dephasings show up as small attenuations in signal intensity. This information can be used in tissues such as muscles, spine, medulla and white matter to measure the ani-sotropy and assess fiber integrity. In this work, a new software for the post-processing of diffusion weighted MRI is presented. The software can read dataseis from a variety of scanners. Diffusion is modeled using ellipsoids that are represented mathematically by means of a tensor, estimated from entry dataset. Various indices such as diffusion tensor eigenvalues, fractional anisotropy, types of anisotropy, mean diffusivity, and principal directions are computed. Results are interactively visualized by using axial planes or a three-dimensional approach. The software includes a nerve fiber tracing module. This tool works on PC-based workstations through a graphical user interface or by using the command line.
Las imágenes de resonancia magnética sensibilizadas a difusión son capaces de medir el movimiento aleatorio de las moléculas de agua dentROI de los tejidos biológicos. Estos movimientos son capturados usando gradientes en el campo magnético que introducen desfases entre moléculas que se mueven a lo largo de la dirección del gradiente. Estos desfases aparecen como pequeñas atenuaciones en la señal. Esta información puede ser usada en tejidos como músculos, médula o sustancia blanca para medir la anisotropía y tener una medida de la integridad de las fibras nerviosas. En este trabajo mostraremos un nuevo software de postproceso de las ID. Este programa es capaz de leer datos de varios resonadores. Se modela la difusión usando elipsoides que a su vez se representan con un tensor, estimado a partir de los datos de entrada. Varios índices tales como valores propios del tensor, anisotropía fraccional, tipo de anisotropía, difusión media y direcciones principales pueden ser calculados. Los resultados son visualizados interactivamente en cortes axiales y de forma tridimensional. El software incluye un módulo de trazado de fibras nerviosas. Esta herramienta funciona en computadores de escritorio y puede ser utilizada interactivamente a través de una interfaz gráfica o bien usando la línea de comando.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Cérebro/anatomia & histologia , Interpretação de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Imagem de Difusão por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Algoritmos , Anisotropia , Imageamento Tridimensional/métodos , Mapeamento Encefálico/métodos , Fibras Nervosas , SoftwareRESUMO
Tractography is a magnetic resonance imaging post processing technique, that reveals white matter tracts. The selection of specific tracts is a current research topic in medical imaging. Fibers of a male patient were chosen by using a ROÍ selection generated by activation of the primary motor cortex area (SM1) of the left hand (fMRI), and fiber tracts related to that cortex area (efferent fibers) were obtained. Fibers obtained through this procedure present the typical arrangement of the corticospinal tract motor fibers: originated from the motor cortex, they descend through the posterior limb ofthe internal capsule to converge to the cerebral peduncle until the pons. We have concluded that it is possible to select the corticospinal tract by using a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to generate ROÍ selection.
La tractografía es una técnica de postprocesamiento de imágenes de resonancia magnética, que permite visualizar tractos de sustancia blanca. La selección de tractos específicos es un tema actual de investigación a nivel mundial. En un paciente se seleccionaron las fibras utilizando ROÍ generada mediante activación del área motora primaria de la mano izquierda (fMRI), obteniéndose asilas fibras del tracto motor específicas de esta área (fibras eferentes). Las fibras obtenidas presentan la disposición clásica de las fibras motoras en el tracto corticoespinal: se inician en la corteza motora, descienden por el brazo posterior de la cápsula interna integrándose al pedúnculo cerebral y visualizándose hasta la parte del tronco cerebral. Se concluye que es posible seleccionar el tracto corticoespinal mediante ROÍ generado con resonancia magnética funcional.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Córtex Motor/fisiologia , Imagem de Difusão por Ressonância Magnética , Mãos/inervação , Neurônios Eferentes/fisiologia , Técnica de SubtraçãoRESUMO
1. Two pepsins, designated Pepsin I and Pepsin II, were isolated and partially characterized from the stomach of the adult stage salmon Oncorhynchus keta. This stage is developed in a marine environment. 2. One pepsin, designated Pepsin II, was isolated from the stomach of the juvenile stage salmon Oncorhynchus keta. This stage is developed in an estuarine environment. 3. The enzymes were partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. 4. Pepsins I and II from adults and Pepsin II from juvenile showed proteolytic activity on acid-denatured hemoglobin with a pH optimum of 3. 5. The mol. wt determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 of Pepsin I from juvenile species was found to be 32,000 whereas a value of 27,000 was determined for Pepsin II from juvenile and adult fish. 6. In contrast with Pepsin II, Pepsin I was activated by NaCl. It is suggested that the appearance of NaCl-activated pepsin would represent and adaptive response of the organism to the change from a low to a high salinity environment.