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Complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS-I) is a condition that responds poorly to treatments. The role of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of inflammatory disorders is well described in the literature; however, few studies have evaluated its therapeutic benefits in different types of pain. We evaluated the potential antihyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of preventive omega-3 supplementation in an animal model of CRPS-I. In experiment 1, Swiss female mice were supplemented for 30 days with omega-3 before the induction of the CRPS-I model and 14 days after. Mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated at baseline and from the 4th to the 14th day after CPRS-I induction along with open field locomotor activity after 30 days of supplementation. In experiment 2, Swiss female mice were supplemented for 30 days with omega-3 and then subjected to the CRPS-I model. Twenty-four hours later the animals were euthanized, and tissue samples of the spinal cord and right posterior paw muscle were taken to measure pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF and IL-1ß concentrations. Omega-3 supplementation produced antihyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations, without altering the animals' locomotion. No open field locomotor changes were found. The 30-day supplementation at the tested dose was effective in the CRPS-I model.
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BACKGROUND: Muscle pain syndromes (MPS) are one of the main causes of functional, structural and metabolic problems, being associated with tissue oxidative damage. Although dry needling is widely used in the treatment of MPS, there is little scientific evidence of its efficacy and underlying mechanisms of action. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of different dry needling techniques on thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, locomotor and functional activity, and oxidative stress markers in a rat model of muscle pain. METHODS: A total of 48 male Wistar rats underwent injection of the gastrocnemius muscle with control neutral saline (pH 7) and remained untreated (Saline group), or acidic saline (pH 4) and remained untreated (ASA group) or received pregabalin (PG group), deep needling (DN group), superficial needling (SN group) or twitch needling (TN group) with n = 8 rats per group. Mechanical (von Frey test) and thermal hyperalgesia (acetone test), muscle edema (assessed with a caliper), strength and muscle function (grip force evaluation), surface thermography and locomotor and exploratory activities (open field test) were evaluated. The animals were then euthanized, and the gastrocnemius muscle was excised for assessment of oxidative analyses of lipid peroxidation with thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBA-RS) and total glutathione (GSH) levels. RESULTS: All treatments significantly improved muscle strength and function when compared to the AS group (p < 0.05). Pregabalin reduced locomotor and exploratory activities, while the TN intervention increased the antioxidant response (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Dry needling improved strength, functionality and locomotor activity in a rat model of muscle pain. Twitch needling induced an antioxidant effect.
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Agulhamento Seco , Animais , Antioxidantes , Feminino , Força da Mão , Hiperalgesia/terapia , Masculino , Mialgia , Pregabalina , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Pontos-GatilhoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Warm water immersion therapy (WWIT) has been widely used in the treatment of various clinical conditions, with analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, its mechanism of action has not been fully investigated. The present study analyzed the role of spinal inhibitory neuroreceptors in the antihyperalgesic effect of WWIT in an experimental model of inflammatory pain. METHODS: Mice were injected with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA; intraplantar [i.pl.]). Paw withdrawal frequency to mechanical stimuli (von Frey test) was used to determine: (1) the effect of intrathecal (i.t.) preadministration of naloxone (a non-selective opioid receptor antagonist; 5⯵g/5⯵l), (2); AM281 (a selective cannabinoid receptor type 1 [CB1] antagonist; 2⯵g/5⯵l), (3); and 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX; a selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; 10â¯nmol/5⯵l), on the antihyperalgesic (pain-relieving) effect of WWIT against CFA-induced hyperalgesia. RESULTS: Intrathecal naloxone, AM281, and DPCPX significantly prevented the antihyperalgesic effect of WWIT. This study suggests the involvement of spinal (central) receptors in the antihyperalgesic effect of WWIT in a model of inflammatory pain. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these results suggest that opioid, CB1, and A1 spinal receptors might contribute to the pain-relieving effect of WWIT.
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Naloxona/efeitos adversos , Células Receptoras Sensoriais/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Adjuvante de Freund/efeitos adversos , Hiperalgesia/fisiopatologia , Imersão , Inflamação , Camundongos , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/efeitos adversos , Manejo da Dor , Água , Xantinas/química , Xantinas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Currently, photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is gaining space in the scientific and clinical environment. To help elucidate the importance of irradiance, this study evaluated the effect of two different PBMT irradiances (3.5 and 90 mW/cm2), given a fixed wavelength of 630 nm and a dose of 2 J/cm2, on mechanical hyperalgesia following Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) intraplantar (i.pl.) injection in mice. Additionally, we investigated the role of peripheral opioid and endothelin-B receptors (ETB-R), as well as sex differences in treatment outcome. Different groups of male or female mice were evaluated 6 and 96 h after CFA. Mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated 30 min after treatments. Naloxone or Bq-788 administration, fifteen minutes before PBMT or Sarafotoxin S6c, helped determine the involvement of peripheral opioid and ETB-Rs on PBMT. Lastly, ETB-Rs skin immunocontent in both sexes was quantified after PBMT consecutive daily treatments. PBMT at an irradiance of 90 mW/cm2, was more effective than 3.5 mW/cm2. Bq-788 and naloxone administration prevented the effects of PBMT and SRTX S6c; however, PBMT did not influence peripheral ETB-Rs immunocontent. The results suggest that irradiance influences PMBT effect; and that activation of ETB-R play a role in peripheral PBMT opioid induced analgesia. Lastly, PMBT effects do not appear to be sex-dependent.
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Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos da radiação , Hiperalgesia/radioterapia , Terapia com Luz de Baixa Intensidade/métodos , Receptor de Endotelina B/efeitos da radiação , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Naloxona/farmacologia , Oligopeptídeos/farmacologia , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Exposição à Radiação , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores de Tempo , Venenos de Víboras/metabolismoRESUMO
In the last decades, balneotherapy or thermalism has been used for health promotion and in the treatment of inflammatory and chronic processes. We found that balneotherapy reduced mechanical hyperalgesia, as well the increase of BDNF and NOS2 levels in the spinal cord, while increased BDNF and NOS1 in the paw. The data presented herein demonstrated for the first time in a murine model of neuropathic pain, the analgesic effect of balneotherapy with the water from the natural springs of Santo Amaro da Imperatriz-Brazil. Nevertheless, future clinical trials should be conducted to test the effectiveness of balneotherapy in neuropathic pain patients.
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Balneologia/métodos , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/metabolismo , Hiperalgesia/metabolismo , Neuralgia , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/metabolismo , Medula Espinal/metabolismo , Animais , Masculino , CamundongosRESUMO
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, as well as a major financial burden for health care systems. CVA rodent models provide experimental support to determine possible in vivo therapies to reduce brain injury and consequent sequelae. This study analyzed nociceptive, motor, cognitive and mood functions in mice submitted to distal middle cerebral artery (DMCA) occlusion. Male C57BL mice (n = 8) were randomly allocated to control or DMCA groups. Motor function was evaluated with the tests: grip force, rotarod and open field; and nociceptive threshold with von Frey and hot plate assessments. Cognitive function was evaluated with the inhibitory avoidance test, and mood with the tail suspension test. Evaluations were conducted on the seventh- and twenty-eighth-day post DMCA occlusion to assess medium- and long-term effects of the injury, respectively. DMCA occlusion significantly decreases muscle strength and spontaneous locomotion (p < 0.05) both medium- and long term; as well as increases immobility in the tail-suspension test (p < 0.05), suggesting a depressive-type behavior. However, DMCA occlusion did not affect nociceptive threshold nor cognitive functions (p > 0.05). These results suggest that, medium- and long-term effects of DMCA occlusion include motor function impairments, but no sensory dysfunction. Additionally, the injury affected mood but did not hinder cognitive function.
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To verify the influence of ozone (O3) therapy on an experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 30 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to 2 groups, control (C) and treatment (T), and subdivided into control (C12, C48, C72) and treatment (T12, T48, T72) groups. RA was induced by administration of collagenase plus complete Freud's adjuvant in the knee joint region. The animals were treated with ozone therapy (1 ml O3 injection in the knee i.a.) according to group assignment: T12, 2 h; T48, 2 and 24 h; and T72, 2, 24, and 48 h post-RA induction. The different animal groups were euthanized 12, 24, or 72 h post-RA induction, respectively. Synovial exudate levels of IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-α, INF-γ, and MCP-1 were assessed by flow cytometry, and histopathological analysis of the knee cartilage was conducted. Ozone therapy effectively decreases inflammation, reducing IL-12 and TNF-α, and increasing IL10. O3 did not statistically affect INF-γ or MCP-1 levels. More expressive results were obtained with group T72, i.e., treated 2, 24, and 48 h post-RA induction, which indicates that longer-term ozone treatment is more effective than a single acute application. Ozone therapy effectively reduced inflammation with effects, at least in part, mediated through reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokine.
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Anti-Inflamatórios/administração & dosagem , Artrite Experimental/metabolismo , Artrite Experimental/terapia , Mediadores da Inflamação/antagonistas & inibidores , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Ozônio/administração & dosagem , Animais , Artrite Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Adjuvante de Freund/toxicidade , Masculino , Oxidantes Fotoquímicos/administração & dosagem , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
As exercise intervention solely for pain reduction is relatively new, the available research still leaves an incomplete picture of responsible mechanisms and pathways. Nonetheless, evidence indicates that exercise-induced analgesia involves activation of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system. The present study investigated the role of the eCB system on the antihyperalgesic effect of high-intensity swimming exercise (HISE) in an animal model of peripheral persistent inflammation. Male Swiss mice were allocated to non-exercised and exercised groups and subjected to subcutaneous intraplantar injection (i.pl.) of a single dose of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) to induce inflammatory pain. Cumulative HISE was performed once a day, and mechanical hyperalgesia and edema were evaluated 0.5 hour after HISE for seven consecutive days. To investigate the role of the eCB system on the antihyperalgesic effect of HISE, non-exercised and exercised mice received intraperitoneal (ip), intrathecal (i.t.) or i.pl. injections of vehicle, AM281 (a CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist) or AM630 (a CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonist) from the 3rd to 5th day after CFA injection. Mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated 0.5 hour after HISE. In addition, the effect of the fatty acid amide hydrolase [FAAH] inhibitor or monoacylglycerol lipase [MAGL] inhibitor on the antihyperalgesic action of HISE was investigated. HISE reduced mechanical hyperalgesia with effects prevented by AM281 or AM630 pretreatment in all delivery routes tested. The inhibition of FAAH and MAGL prolonged the antihyperalgesic effect of HISE. These data demonstrate evidence for the role of the eCB system upon exercise-induced analgesia in a murine model of inflammatory pain.
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Antagonistas de Receptores de Canabinoides/farmacologia , Endocanabinoides/metabolismo , Manejo da Dor/métodos , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Natação/fisiologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Masculino , CamundongosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Venous ulcer represents the most advanced stage of chronic venous insufficiency. It is an important public health problem and has a significant impact on patients' quality of life due to chronic pain, inability to work, need for hospitalization and frequent outpatient follow-up. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the treatment benefits of far-infrared ceramic (cFIR), in a 90-day study of lower limb venous ulcers and looked at ulcer healing scores, quality of life, serum bio-markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense enzymes. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS: This is a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study conducted in the Vascular Surgery Service of a hospital located in the northwest region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We included patients with lower limb venous ulcers who were randomized to use either a bioceramics wrap or a placebo wrap for 90 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The following evaluations were conducted at baseline and after 15, 30, 60 and 90 days: ulcer healing score, quality of life, and serum markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity. RESULTS: Patients (n = 24) with lower limb venous ulcers were randomized into two treatment groups. cFIR decreased the ulcer size on day 30 (P = 0.042) and 90 (P = 0.034) and the total ulcer healing scale scores on day 30 (P = 0.049) and 90 (P = 0.02) of the treatment, when compared to baseline. Additionally, cFIR improved tissue type (epithelial tissue) on day 60 (P = 0.022) when compared to baseline evaluation. CONCLUSION: cFIR clinically improved ulcer healing in patients with lower limb venous ulcers. TRIAL REGISTRATION: RBR-8c7xzn on ReBEC.
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Cerâmica , Bandagens Compressivas , Raios Infravermelhos/uso terapêutico , Úlcera Varicosa/terapia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Extremidade Inferior/irrigação sanguínea , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Qualidade de VidaRESUMO
Fibromyalgia (FM) has an inflammatory component, as elevated serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers are associated with its diagnosis. Treatments decreased pain, body temperature, improved quality of life and reduced serum levels of IL-6 in both groups; however, these beneficial effects were more pronounced in aquatic exercise (AE)â¯+â¯Far-Infrared (FIR) group. The findings of the present study suggest that the association of AE to FIR increases the benefits of aquatic exercise in patients with FM.
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Citocinas/sangue , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Fibromialgia/sangue , Fibromialgia/terapia , Raios Infravermelhos/uso terapêutico , Manejo da Dor/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Cerâmica , Método Duplo-Cego , Exercício Físico/psicologia , Feminino , Fibromialgia/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dor/sangue , Dor/psicologia , Projetos Piloto , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , PiscinasRESUMO
Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs), commonly known as strokes, can damage the brain through vascular injuries caused by either blood vessel blockages (ischemic stroke) or ruptures (hemorrhagic stroke) which disrupt regular brain blood supply and can cause severe damage to the individual. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation with a light-emitting diode (LED) device (904 nm, 110 mW, 7 J/cm2) on neurogenesis, muscle resistance, and motor behavior in animals submitted to an experimental model of hemiplegia. The sample consisted of 30 Wistar rats, divided into two groups: control group (GC) and 904-nm LED-treated group (TG). All animals underwent stereotactic surgery for electrode implant and subsequent electrolytic injury to induce an ischemic stroke. TG was subjected to daily LED irradiation (904 nm, 110 mW, 7 J/cm2) for 63 s. Suspension test results indicate an improvement of TG muscle resistance when compared with baseline evaluation (BLT); a reduction in open-field freezing time and the number of fecal bolus pellets suggest diminished anxiety induced by 904-nm LED treatment on treatment days 7 and 21 (TG7 and TG21) compared with the baseline results; and lastly, histological analysis showed important signs of neurogenesis in TG in comparison to CG, especially on treatment days 7 and 21 (TG7 and TG21). In conclusion, the present study suggests that 904-nm LED irradiation may beneficially affect neurogenesis, muscle resistance, and animal motor behavior following ischemic CVA.
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Encéfalo/patologia , Encéfalo/efeitos da radiação , Terapia com Luz de Baixa Intensidade , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/radioterapia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Elevação dos Membros Posteriores , Masculino , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The original version of this article contains an error. The Author Francisco José Cidral-Filho incorrectly listed as Francisco José Cidra-Filho. The correct spelling is presented above. The original article has been corrected.
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Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a disorder that involves abnormal inflammation and nerve dysfunction frequently resistant to a broad range of treatments. Peripheral nerve stimulation with electroacupuncture (EA) has been widely used in different clinical conditions to control pain and inflammation; however, the use of EA in the treatment of CRPS is under investigation. In this study, we explore the effects of EA on hyperalgesia and edema induced in an animal model of chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP model) and the possible involvement of endothelin receptor type B (ETB) in this effect. Female Swiss mice were subjected to 3 h hind paw ischemia/reperfusion CPIP model. EA treatment produced time-dependent inhibition of mechanical and cold hyperalgesia, as well as edema in CPIP mice. Peripheral administration (i.pl.) of BQ-788 (10 nmol), an ETB antagonist, prevented EA-induced antihyperalgesia while intrathecal administration prolonged EA's effect. Additionally, peripheral pre-treatment with sarafotoxin (SRTX S6c, 30 pmol, ETB agonist) increased EA anti-hyperalgesic effect. Furthermore, the expression of peripheral ETB receptors was increased after EA treatments, as measured by western blot. These results may suggest that EA's analgesic effect is synergic with ETB receptor activation in the periphery, as well as central (spinal cord) ETB receptor blockade. These data support the use of EA as a nonpharmacological approach for the management of CRPS-I, in an adjuvant manner to ETB receptor targeting drugs.
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Síndromes da Dor Regional Complexa/terapia , Eletroacupuntura/métodos , Hiperalgesia/terapia , Receptor de Endotelina B/metabolismo , Animais , Síndromes da Dor Regional Complexa/metabolismo , Antagonistas do Receptor de Endotelina B/administração & dosagem , Antagonistas do Receptor de Endotelina B/farmacologia , Feminino , Hiperalgesia/metabolismo , Camundongos , Oligopeptídeos/administração & dosagem , Oligopeptídeos/farmacologia , Nervos Periféricos/efeitos dos fármacos , Piperidinas/administração & dosagem , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Receptor de Endotelina B/agonistas , Medula Espinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Venenos de Víboras/administração & dosagem , Venenos de Víboras/farmacologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of far infrared-emitting ceramics (cFIRs) in a model of persistent inflammatory hyperalgesia and to elucidate the possible mechanisms of these effects. METHODS: Mice were injected with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and treated with cFIRs via placement on a pad impregnated with cFIRs on the bottom of the housing unit for different periods of time. Mice underwent mechanical hyperalgesia and edema assessments, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and IL-10 levels were measured. Twenty-four hours after CFA injection and 30â¯min before cFIR treatment, mice were pretreated with a nonselective adenosinergic antagonist, caffeine, the selective adenosine receptor A1 antagonist, 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX), the selective cannabinoid receptor type 1 antagonist, AM281, the selective cannabinoid receptor type 2 antagonist, AM630, or the nonselective opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone, and mechanical hyperalgesia was assessed. RESULTS: cFIRs statistically (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) decreased CFA-induced mechanical hyperalgesia ((82.86⯱â¯5.21)% in control group vs (56.67⯱â¯9.54)% in cFIR group) and edema ((1699.0⯱â¯77.8) µm in control group vs (988.7⯱â¯107.6)⯵m in cFIR group). cFIRs statistically (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) reduced TNF-α ((0.478⯱â¯0.072)â¯pg/mg of protein in control group vs (0.273⯱â¯0.055)â¯pg/mg of protein in cFIR group) and IL-1ß ((95.81⯱â¯3.95)â¯pg/mg of protein in control group vs (80.61⯱â¯4.71)â¯pg/mg of protein in cFIR group) levels and statistically (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) increased IL-10 ((18.32⯱â¯0.78)â¯pg/mg of protein in control group vs (25.89⯱â¯1.23)â¯pg/mg of protein in cFIR group) levels in post-CFA-injected paws. Peripheral pre-administration of inhibitory neuroreceptor antagonists (caffeine, DPCPX, AM281, AM630 and naloxone) prevented the analgesic effects of cFIRs (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). CONCLUSION: These data provide additional support for the use of cFIRs in the treatment of painful inflammatory conditions and contribute to our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms of the therapeutic effects of cFIRs.
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Cerâmica/química , Citocinas/imunologia , Adjuvante de Freund/efeitos adversos , Hiperalgesia/imunologia , Hiperalgesia/terapia , Células Receptoras Sensoriais/imunologia , Animais , Cerâmica/efeitos da radiação , Citocinas/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Hiperalgesia/induzido quimicamente , Raios Infravermelhos , Interleucina-10/genética , Interleucina-10/imunologia , Interleucina-1beta/genética , Interleucina-1beta/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Manejo da Dor , Nervos Periféricos/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The mechanisms underlying the use of yoga in pain relief are still unclear. This study reviewed literature reports on encephalic activity related to analgesia induced by yoga meditation practice. METHODS: This integrative review examined studies published in the Pubmed, LILACS and MEDLINE databases without restriction of the year of publication. The research involved 16 descriptors related to the words: yoga, pain and neuroimaging methods. Inclusion criteria involved only the publications available online, with free access and written in English. RESULTS: 2 case studies and 1 pilot study met the criteria. Yoga meditation practice induces analgesia primarily through attenuation of the medial pain perception system including the Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Insula regions, as well as the lateral system including the Secondary Sensory Cortex and Thalamus. CONCLUSION: Yoga induced analgesia is a potentially important adjunct to current pain management. This integrative review revealed that there is a need for further research that analyzes the encephalic regions related to analgesia induced by yoga practice.
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Meditação/métodos , Manejo da Dor/métodos , Yoga , Encéfalo , Humanos , Dor , Projetos PilotoRESUMO
AIM: To investigate the antinociceptive, antiedematogenic and chondroprotective effects of diacerein (DIA) in a model of joint inflammation induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), as well as to investigate the involvement of metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and glial cells in DIA's action mechanism. METHODS: Complete Freund's adjuvant was injected into the knee joint of male rats. We observed mechanical and cold hypersensitivity, vocalization and spontaneous pain-related behaviors, as well as edema of the knee. Tissue samples of the knee were stained with Cason`s technique and the thickness of the condilus cartilage was measured. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on the spinal cord using anti-GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein), anti-MMP and anti-TRPV1 antibodies. Sections of the dorsal horns of the spinal cord were captured and an optical density was obtained. RESULTS: Complete Freund's adjuvant induced mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, as well as joint edema and changes in the synovial membrane and cartilage. DIA (30 mg/kg, orally, daily) significantly inhibited mechanical (58 ± 10-87 ± 3%) and thermal (66 ± 12-87 ± 8%) hypersensitivity, vocalization (83 ± 5-41 ± 11%), spontaneous pain score, joint swelling (60 ± 6-40 ± 9%), as well as the histological changes induced by CFA. In addition, DIA inhibited astrocyte activation, and prevented the increase of MMP-9 and TRPV1 expression in the spinal cord of the animals subjected to CFA injections. CONCLUSIONS: In short, this study shows that DIA reduces joint damage and hypersensitivity associated with inflammation induced by CFA through the inhibition of astroglial activation and decreases the expression of TRPV1 and MMP-9 in the rat spinal cord.
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Analgésicos/farmacologia , Antraquinonas/farmacologia , Antirreumáticos/farmacologia , Artrite Experimental/prevenção & controle , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Articulações/efeitos dos fármacos , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/metabolismo , Inibidores de Metaloproteinases de Matriz/farmacologia , Neuroglia/efeitos dos fármacos , Medula Espinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Canais de Cátion TRPV/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Artrite Experimental/enzimologia , Artrite Experimental/patologia , Artrite Experimental/psicologia , Edema/enzimologia , Edema/patologia , Edema/prevenção & controle , Adjuvante de Freund , Articulações/patologia , Masculino , Neuroglia/enzimologia , Neuroglia/patologia , Dor Nociceptiva/induzido quimicamente , Dor Nociceptiva/enzimologia , Dor Nociceptiva/patologia , Dor Nociceptiva/psicologia , Ratos Wistar , Medula Espinal/enzimologia , Medula Espinal/patologia , Medula Espinal/fisiopatologia , Canais de Cátion TRPV/metabolismo , Sensação Térmica/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Tempo , Vocalização Animal/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the effects of foot reflexotherapy on pain and postural balance in elderly individuals with low back pain. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled pilot study. Participants (n = 20) were randomly assigned to 2 groups: individuals submitted to conventional foot massage (control group) or foot reflexotherapy (RT, intervention group) for a period of 5 weeks. Questionnaires on pain and disability (visual analogue scale [VAS] and Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire [RMDQ]), heart rate variability, and orthostatic balance and baropodometric analysis were assessed at two intervals: before and after intervention. RESULTS: RT group showed statistically significant differences when compared to control group in the following parameters: decrease in VAS scores for pain throughout the study, decrease in parasympathetic activity, and improvement in RMDQ scores. The two groups did not statistically differ in either orthostatic balance or baropodometric analyses. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that foot reflexotherapy induced analgesia but did not affect postural balance in elderly individuals with low back pain.