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Aging is a physiological decline process. The number of older adults is growing around the world; therefore, the incidence of cognitive impairment, dementia, and other diseases related to aging increases. The main cellular factors that converge in the aging process are mitochondrial dysfunction, antioxidant impairment, inflammation, and immune response decline, among others. In this context, these cellular changes have an influence on the kynurenine pathway (KP), the main route of tryptophan (Trp) catabolism. KP metabolites have been involved in the aging process and neurodegenerative diseases. Although there are changes in the metabolite levels with age, at this time, there is no study that has evaluated cognitive decline as a consequence of Trp catabolism fluctuation in aging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between the changes in Trp catabolism and cognitive impairment associated with age through KP metabolites level alterations in women over 50 years of age. Seventy-seven nondemented women over 50 years old were examined with a standardized cognitive screening evaluation in Spanish language (Neuropsi), Beck anxiety inventory (BAI), and the geriatric depression scale (GDS). Also, serum levels of Trp, kynurenine (Kyn), kynurenic acid (KYNA), and 3-hydroykynurenine (3-HK) and the glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG) were measured. Results showed a negative correlation between age and Trp levels and a positive correlation between age and KYNA/Trp and 3-HK/Trp ratios. The level of cognitive impairment showed a significant positive association with age and with kynurenine pathway activation and a significant negative correlation with Trp levels. The GSH/GSSG ratio correlated positively with Trp levels and negatively with Kyn/Trp and 3-HK/Trp ratios. The depression score correlated negatively with Trp and positively with the 3-HK/Trp ratio. We concluded that KP activation increases with age and it is strongly associated with the level of cognition performance in nondemented women over 50 years of age.

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The catabolism of tryptophan has gained great importance in recent years due to the fact that the metabolites produced during this process, with neuroactive and redox properties, are involved in physiological and pathological events. One of these metabolites is kynurenic acid (KYNA), which is considered as a neuromodulator since it can interact with NMDA, nicotinic, and GPR35 receptors among others, modulating the release of neurotransmitters as glutamate, dopamine, and acetylcholine. Kynureninate production is attributed to kynurenine aminotransferases. However, in some physiological and pathological conditions, its high production cannot be explained just with kynurenine aminotransferases. This review focuses on the alternative mechanism whereby KYNA can be produced, either from D-amino acids or by means of other enzymes as D-amino acid oxidase or by the participation of free radicals. It is important to mention that an increase in KYNA levels in processes as brain development, aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychiatric disorders, which share common factors as oxidative stress, inflammation, immune response activation, and participation of gut microbiota that can also be related with the alternative routes of KYNA production, has been observed.

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Organisms have metabolic pathways that are responsible for removing toxic agents. We always associate the liver as the major organ responsible for detoxification of the body; however this process occurs in many tissues. In the same way, as in the liver, the brain expresses metabolic pathways associated with the elimination of xenobiotics. Besides the detoxifying role of CYP2E1 for compounds such as electrophilic agents, reactive oxygen species, free radical products, and the bioactivation of xenobiotics, CYP2E1 is also related in several diseases and pathophysiological conditions. In this review, we describe the presence of phase I monooxygenase CYP2E1 in regions of the brain. We also explore the conditions where protein, mRNA, and the activity of CYP2E1 are induced. Finally, we describe the relation of CYP2E1 in brain disorders, including the behavioral relations for alcohol consumption via CYP2E1 metabolism.

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El consumo de probióticos se ha asociado con mejoras en algunos parámetros productivos como la conversión alimenticia y la ganancia de peso vivo, lo que se ve reflejado en el desarrollo y salud de las aves. el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la influencia de la inclusión de cepas probióticas en la alimentación de pollos de engorde sobre parámetros productivos de importancia económica. se utilizaron 180 pollos machos (Cobb) de un día de edad, alimentados con cinco dietas: dieta comercial con y sin la adición de antibióticos, y a esta última se le adicionó una de tres diferentes cepas probióticas (Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus o Enterococcus faecium) en el agua de bebida (10(8) UFC/ml) durante 42 días. se evaluaron parámetros zootécnicos: consumo de alimento, peso corporal, conversón alimenticia (CA) y ganancia de peso (GDP); e indicadores productivos: supervivencia, factor de eficiencia americana (Fea), índice productivo (IP), eficiencia europea (EE) y eficiencia alimenticia (EA). El diseño estadístico utilizado fue de bloques al azar. La inclusión de probióticos, específicamente E. faecium, mejoró parámetros productivos (P < 0,05) como peso (2.730 g), conversión (1,55), GDP (53,59 g/día), FEA (172), iP (393), EE (400) y EA (63,11%). Por todo lo anterior, la utilización de probióticos, especialmente E. faecium, puede ser considerada como factor promotor de crecimiento durante todo el ciclo de producción del ave debido a que demostró tener efectos positivos, tanto en el desempeño productivo, como en el rendimiento económico del lote.

The intake of probiotics has been associated with improvements in production parameters such as feed conversion and body weight gain, which is reflected in the development and health of broilers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of probiotic strains in broiler feed on growth performance of economic importance. 180 one-day-old male chicks (Cobb) were used and fed with five diets: Commercial diet with and without the addition of antibiotic, to which was added one of three different probiotic strains (Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus or Enterococcus faecium) in the drinking water (108 CFU/ml) of animals over 42 days. Were evaluated zootechnical parameters: Feed intake, body weight, feed conversion (FC), weight gain (WG); and productive indicators: mortality, american efficiency factor (AFE), production index (PI), european efficiency (EE) y feed efficiency (FE). The statistical design used was a randomized blok. The inclusion of probiotics, specifically E. faecium, improved production parameters (P < 0.05) like: weight (2730 g), conversion (1.55), WG (53.59 g/day), AFE (172), PI (393), EE (400) and AE (63.11%). Therefore, the use of probiotics, especially E. faecium, can be considered as growth promoters throughout the production cycle because the bird proved to have positive effects on productive performance and economic performance of the batch.

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Fundamento y objetivo. Comparar la eficacia y seguridad de ebastina 20 mg, ebastina 10 mg y loratadina 10 mg en monoterapia o en terapia combinada con fluticasona en el tratamiento de la rinitis persistente. Pacientes y método. Estudio prospectivo, comparativo, al azar, abierto, con grupos paralelos, en 36 pacientes con diagnóstico de rinitis alérgica persistente que fueron asignados primero a tres grupos: ebastina 20 mg (n=12), ebastina 10 mg + pseudoefedrina 120 mg (n=12), y loratadina 10 mg + pseudoefedrina 120 mg; posteriormente se reasignaron a 6 grupos en los que se trataron con ebastina 20 mg, ebastina 10 mg o loratadina 10 mg en monoterapia o terapia combinada con fluticasona nasal. Al término de cada fase se calificaron los síntomas de rinitis, y para evaluar la seguridad se practicaron biometría hemática, pruebas de funcionamiento hepático y ELISA para IL-4, IL-5 e IL-13. Resultados. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre los diferentes grupos de estudio en las pruebas realizadas para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de los tratamientos. Se observó al final del estudio una disminución significativa (p=0,003) en los niveles de IL-5 en el lavado nasal de los pacientes de todos los grupos de estudio. Conclusiones. Duplicar la dosis de ebastina a 20 mg fue tan seguro y eficaz como la combinación de la mitad de la dosis de esta (10 mg, con descongestionante nasal). La co-administración con fluticasona no mejoró la eficacia del tratamiento de la rinitis alérgica con antihistamínicos y se sugiere valorar como segunda opción en pacientes con pobre respuesta. Los tratamientos con ebastina 20 mg, ebastina 10 mg y loratadina 10 mg mostraron similar perfil de seguridad y eficacia.(AU)

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The incidence of skin test positively for 48 allergens have been evaluated in children with bronchial asthma. We studied the 347 cards of clinical file the allergic children a course 32 months. The most frequent allergens is Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, cat and the other 24 allergens were less 10%. This allergen appears to present in Mexico Valley, the incidence to this allergen might be considered must frequent in allergic children who do reducing skin test for diagnostic allergic diseases.

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