RESUMO
The human microbiome has a crucial role in the homeostasis and health of the host. These microorganisms along with their genes are involved in various processes, among these are neurological signaling, the maturation of the immune system, and the inhibition of opportunistic pathogens. In this sense, it has been shown that a healthy ocular microbiota acts as a barrier against the entry of pathogens, contributing to the prevention of infections. In recent years, a relationship has been suggested between microbiota dysbiosis and the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In patients with glaucoma, it has been observed that the microbiota of the ocular surface, intraocular cavity, oral cavity, stomach, and gut differ from those observed in healthy patients, which may suggest a role in pathology development, although the evidence remains limited. The mechanisms involved in the relationship of the human microbiome and this neurodegenerative disease remain largely unknown. For this reason, the present review aims to show a broad overview of the influence of the structure and composition of the human oral and gut microbiota and relate its dysbiosis to neurodegenerative diseases, especially glaucoma.
Assuntos
Disbiose , Glaucoma , Microbiota , Humanos , Glaucoma/microbiologia , Microbiota/fisiologia , Disbiose/complicações , Disbiose/imunologia , Boca/microbiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Olho/microbiologia , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/microbiologiaRESUMO
Regenerative medicine (RM) has emerged as a promising and revolutionary solution to address a range of unmet needs in healthcare, including ophthalmology. Moreover, RM takes advantage of the body's innate ability to repair and replace pathologically affected tissues. On the other hand, despite its immense promise, RM faces challenges such as ethical concerns, host-related immune responses, and the need for additional scientific validation, among others. The primary aim of this review is to present a high-level overview of current strategies in the domain of RM (cell therapy, exosomes, scaffolds, in vivo reprogramming, organoids, and interspecies chimerism), centering around the field of ophthalmology. A search conducted on clinicaltrials.gov unveiled a total of at least 209 interventional trials related to RM within the ophthalmological field. Among these trials, there were numerous early-phase studies, including phase I, I/II, II, II/III, and III trials. Many of these studies demonstrate potential in addressing previously challenging and degenerative eye conditions, spanning from posterior segment pathologies like Age-related Macular Degeneration and Retinitis Pigmentosa to anterior structure diseases such as Dry Eye Disease and Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency. Notably, these therapeutic approaches offer tailored solutions specific to the underlying causes of each pathology, thus allowing for the hopeful possibility of bringing forth a treatment for ocular diseases that previously seemed incurable and significantly enhancing patients' quality of life. As advancements in research and technology continue to unfold, future objectives should focus on ensuring the safety and prolonged viability of transplanted cells, devising efficient delivery techniques, etc.
Assuntos
Oftalmologia , Humanos , Medicina Regenerativa , Qualidade de Vida , Olho , Terapia Baseada em Transplante de Células e TecidosRESUMO
La fiebre Mayaro es una arbovirosis aguda que ocasiona un compromiso articular incapacitante. Se identificó por primera vez en Venezuela en un brote epidémico familiar de la región de Barlovento en el edo. Miranda en el año 2000. Los estudios clínicoepidemiológicos y la determinación etiológica identificaron al alfavirus Mayaro como responsable de la enfermedad. Se ha identificado en varias naciones del continente americano, resaltándose su aparición en casos esporádicos y brotes epidémicos, siendo su presentación selvática y rural. Los vectores responsables de la infección son los mosquitos del género Haemagogus. Mayaro es la cuarta arbovirosis de importancia médica descrita en Venezuela, la primera identificada fue la fiebre amarilla, seguida de la encefalitis equina venezolana, el dengue y la quinta el chikungunya, ya que recorrió la geografía nacional como epidemia en 2014. Mediante una revisión de la bibliografía médica disponible y la colaboración de estudiantes del curso regular de Medicina Tropical, siguiendo el programa Docencia en Medicina Tropical centrada en el estudiante se actualizaron los aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos, etiopatogénicos, diagnósticos, terapéuticos y preventivos de esta enfermedad infecciosa viral. Como su aparición es esporádica y de predominio selvático, debe ser considerada cuando se atienden pacientes con síndrome febril agudo con compromiso articular, sean residentes o viajeros procedentes de áreas endémicas. Por considerar que se mantiene en un ciclo enzoótico en la naturaleza, su prevención debe ser claramente definida.
Mayaro fever is an acute mosquito-borne viral infectious disease that produces disabling joint involvement. It was identified for the first time in Venezuela the year 2000 in a family outbreak in the region of Barlovento of the Miranda State. Clinical and epidemiological studies permitted to identify the Mayaro Alphavirus as responsible for the disease. The virus has been identified in several countries of the American continent, the clinical presentation being as sporadic cases, clusters and outbreaks in the rural and forest areas. Being a mosquito-borne zoonosis, the vectors responsible for the infection are mosquitoes of the Haemagogus genus. Mayaro is the fourth arbovirus infectious disease of medical importance described in Venezuela, being the first identified yellow fever, followed by the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, followed by dengue fever and the fifth is chikungunya that swept over the country as an epidemic in 2014. Through a review of the available medical literature and collaboration of students from the regular course of Tropical Medicine, as part of the Student-based Teaching Tropical Medicine Program, a revision of the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of this viral disease was updated. As it appears sporadically and occurs predominantly in the rural and forest areas, it should be considered when patients with acute febrile syndromes have also joint involvement, whether they are residents or travellers from endemic areas. Considering the enzootic cycle in nature, prevention must be clearly established.