RESUMO

Parasitic diseases caused by gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are responsible for a major impact on ruminant welfare. Although the available anthelmintics have a safe margin of toxicity to the animals, their indiscriminate use has increased the selection of resistant parasite populations. In this scenario, essential oils (EO) stand out as a promising ecofriendly therapeutic alternative against GIN. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of the EO of Mentha villosa Hubs (MVEO) collected in 2017 and 2018, M. x piperita (MPEO) and their main components, carvone and limonene, against the third stage larvae (L3) of Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. The solutions, including in nanoemulsion preparations, were tested in a range of concentrations using the larval migration inhibition test (LMIT). The EO and carvone were also tested in combination with nitroxynil (NTX) to determine their effect as drug enhancers (additive or synergy). MVEO/2017, MVEO/2018, MPEO and carvone showed 70.6 (73.4 mg/mL), 86.3 (74.9 mL/mL), 95.5 (143.6 mg/mL), and 88.2 % (38.3 mg/mL) efficacy against L3, respectively. Carvone alone had approximately a 3-fold higher efficacy when compared to its concentration in each EO: 68.8 % in MVEO/2017 and 83.9 % in MVEO/2018. Limonene did not show any significant effect on inhibiting L3 migration. The combination of MPEO and NTX, and carvone and NTX showed a statistically significantly (P <  0.05) synergic and additive effect, respectively, when compared to the isolated treatment. The nanoemulsion of MVEO/2017 at 0.367 mg/mL, inhibited L3 migration by 83.1 %, demonstrating to be highly effective (concentration ratio of 1:0.004), when compared to the MVEO/2017 (70.6 % at 73.4 mg/mL) extraction. The in vitro data from the combination of MPEO or carvone plus NTX suggest that these products can be considered for in vivo experiments against the most important GIN of ruminants as drug enhancers, possibly reducing the final concentration of NTX`. The efficacy of carvone was higher (EC50 = 1.96 mg/mL) than its expected efficacy, based on its concentrations on both EO. Therefore, this component does not need the entire EO composition to exert its L3 motility action. The remarkable efficacy demonstrated by the MVEO/2017/nanoemulsion (EC50 = 0.10 mg/mL), supports its potential to be a candidate to the next-generation therapy to alleviate clinical parasite infections and combat GIN resistant populations.

Assuntos

Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Mentha/química , Nematoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagem , Anti-Helmínticos/química , Monoterpenos Cicloexânicos/administração & dosagem , Monoterpenos Cicloexânicos/química , Monoterpenos Cicloexânicos/farmacologia , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Limoneno/administração & dosagem , Limoneno/química , Limoneno/farmacologia , Infecções por Nematoides/parasitologia , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Nitroxinila/administração & dosagem , Nitroxinila/química , Nitroxinila/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Óleos de Plantas/química , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia

RESUMO

This paper o evaluated different concentrations and exposure times of Mentha × villosa hydrolate for the control of monogeneans in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Mentha × villosa leaves (150 g) were homogenized and the hydrolate was obtained by hydrodistillation for 4 h in a Clevenger apparatus. Fifty tilapia were then divided into ten groups (five fish each) and subjected to therapeutic baths for 15 minutes in five different hydrolate concentrations (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 ml.L-¹;× 2 replicates). After a suitable hydrolate concentration was identified, another 50 tilapia were divided into ten groups (five fish each) and subjected to therapeutic baths at the identified hydrolate concentration for five different durations (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes;× 2 replicates). In both steps, the mucus and gills were analyzed to determine parasitological indices. The hydrolate concentration of 20 ml.L-¹ showed an efficacy of 59.9% and the biggest decrease in pathogen prevalence, average abundance, and average infection compared to the control and the lowest concentration (10 ml.L-¹). For duration, the best antiparasitic effects were achieved with the 60-minute therapeutic bath, as it resulted in 89.28% antiparasitic efficacy. Therefore, it was concluded that therapeutic baths of M. × villosa hydrolate at a concentration of 20 ml.L-¹ for 60 minutes have satisfactory antiparasitic effects and could be used to control monogenetic infestations in the gills and mucus of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus).

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar diferentes concentrações e tempos de exposição do hidrolato de Mentha × villosa para o controle de monogenéticos em Tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Folhas de Mentha × villosa (150 g) foram homogeneizadas e o hidrolato foi obtido por hidrodestilação por 4 h em aparelho de Clevenger. Em seguida, 50 tilápias foram divididas em dez grupos (cinco peixes cada) e submetidas a banhos terapêuticos por 15 minutos em cinco diferentes concentrações de hidrolato (0, 10, 20, 40 e 80 ml.L-¹; × 2 repetições). Após a identificação de uma concentração de hidrolato adequada, outras 50 tilápias foram divididas em dez grupos (cinco peixes cada) e submetidas a banhos terapêuticos na concentração de hidrolato identificada por cinco durações diferentes (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos; × 2 repetições). Em ambas as etapas, o muco e as guelras foram analisados para determinar os índices parasitológicos. A concentração de hidrolato de 20 ml.L-¹ apresentou eficácia de 59,9% e a maior redução na prevalência do patógeno, abundância média e infecção média em relação ao controle e a menor concentração (10 ml.L-¹). Para a duração, os melhores efeitos antiparasitários foram alcançados com o banho terapêutico de 60 minutos, uma vez que resultou em 89,28% de eficácia antiparasitária. Portanto, concluiu-se que banhos terapêuticos de hidrolato de M. × villosa na concentração de 20 ml.L-¹ por 60 minutos têm efeitos antiparasitários satisfatórios e podem ser usados para controlar infestações monogenéticas nas brânquias e muco da Tilápia-do-nilo (O. niloticus).

Assuntos

Animais , Ciclídeos/parasitologia , Fitoterapia/veterinária , Mentha/parasitologia , Preparações de Plantas/administração & dosagem

RESUMO

This paper o evaluated different concentrations and exposure times of Mentha × villosa hydrolate for the control of monogeneans in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Mentha × villosa leaves (150 g) were homogenized and the hydrolate was obtained by hydrodistillation for 4 h in a Clevenger apparatus. Fifty tilapia were then divided into ten groups (five fish each) and subjected to therapeutic baths for 15 minutes in five different hydrolate concentrations (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 ml.L-¹;× 2 replicates). After a suitable hydrolate concentration was identified, another 50 tilapia were divided into ten groups (five fish each) and subjected to therapeutic baths at the identified hydrolate concentration for five different durations (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes;× 2 replicates). In both steps, the mucus and gills were analyzed to determine parasitological indices. The hydrolate concentration of 20 ml.L-¹ showed an efficacy of 59.9% and the biggest decrease in pathogen prevalence, average abundance, and average infection compared to the control and the lowest concentration (10 ml.L-¹). For duration, the best antiparasitic effects were achieved with the 60-minute therapeutic bath, as it resulted in 89.28% antiparasitic efficacy. Therefore, it was concluded that therapeutic baths of M. × villosa hydrolate at a concentration of 20 ml.L-¹ for 60 minutes have satisfactory antiparasitic effects and could be used to control monogenetic infestations in the gills and mucus of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus).(AU)

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar diferentes concentrações e tempos de exposição do hidrolato de Mentha × villosa para o controle de monogenéticos em Tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Folhas de Mentha × villosa (150 g) foram homogeneizadas e o hidrolato foi obtido por hidrodestilação por 4 h em aparelho de Clevenger. Em seguida, 50 tilápias foram divididas em dez grupos (cinco peixes cada) e submetidas a banhos terapêuticos por 15 minutos em cinco diferentes concentrações de hidrolato (0, 10, 20, 40 e 80 ml.L-¹; × 2 repetições). Após a identificação de uma concentração de hidrolato adequada, outras 50 tilápias foram divididas em dez grupos (cinco peixes cada) e submetidas a banhos terapêuticos na concentração de hidrolato identificada por cinco durações diferentes (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos; × 2 repetições). Em ambas as etapas, o muco e as guelras foram analisados para determinar os índices parasitológicos. A concentração de hidrolato de 20 ml.L-¹ apresentou eficácia de 59,9% e a maior redução na prevalência do patógeno, abundância média e infecção média em relação ao controle e a menor concentração (10 ml.L-¹). Para a duração, os melhores efeitos antiparasitários foram alcançados com o banho terapêutico de 60 minutos, uma vez que resultou em 89,28% de eficácia antiparasitária. Portanto, concluiu-se que banhos terapêuticos de hidrolato de M. × villosa na concentração de 20 ml.L-¹ por 60 minutos têm efeitos antiparasitários satisfatórios e podem ser usados para controlar infestações monogenéticas nas brânquias e muco da Tilápia-do-nilo (O. niloticus).(AU)

Assuntos

Animais , Ciclídeos/parasitologia , Mentha/parasitologia , Fitoterapia/veterinária , Preparações de Plantas/administração & dosagem

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: This paper o evaluated different concentrations and exposure times of Mentha × villosa hydrolate for the control of monogeneans in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Mentha × villosa leaves (150 g) were homogenized and the hydrolate was obtained by hydrodistillation for 4 h in a Clevenger apparatus. Fifty tilapia were then divided into ten groups (five fish each) and subjected to therapeutic baths for 15 minutes in five different hydrolate concentrations (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 ml.L-1;× 2 replicates). After a suitable hydrolate concentration was identified, another 50 tilapia were divided into ten groups (five fish each) and subjected to therapeutic baths at the identified hydrolate concentration for five different durations (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes;× 2 replicates). In both steps, the mucus and gills were analyzed to determine parasitological indices. The hydrolate concentration of 20 ml.L-1 showed an efficacy of 59.9% and the biggest decrease in pathogen prevalence, average abundance, and average infection compared to the control and the lowest concentration (10 ml.L-1). For duration, the best antiparasitic effects were achieved with the 60-minute therapeutic bath, as it resulted in 89.28% antiparasitic efficacy. Therefore, it was concluded that therapeutic baths of M. × villosa hydrolate at a concentration of 20 ml.L-1 for 60 minutes have satisfactory antiparasitic effects and could be used to control monogenetic infestations in the gills and mucus of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus).

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RESUMO: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar diferentes concentrações e tempos de exposição do hidrolato de Mentha × villosa para o controle de monogenéticos em Tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Folhas de Mentha × villosa (150 g) foram homogeneizadas e o hidrolato foi obtido por hidrodestilação por 4 h em aparelho de Clevenger. Em seguida, 50 tilápias foram divididas em dez grupos (cinco peixes cada) e submetidas a banhos terapêuticos por 15 minutos em cinco diferentes concentrações de hidrolato (0, 10, 20, 40 e 80 ml.L-1; × 2 repetições). Após a identificação de uma concentração de hidrolato adequada, outras 50 tilápias foram divididas em dez grupos (cinco peixes cada) e submetidas a banhos terapêuticos na concentração de hidrolato identificada por cinco durações diferentes (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos; × 2 repetições). Em ambas as etapas, o muco e as guelras foram analisados para determinar os índices parasitológicos. A concentração de hidrolato de 20 ml.L-1 apresentou eficácia de 59,9% e a maior redução na prevalência do patógeno, abundância média e infecção média em relação ao controle e a menor concentração (10 ml.L-1). Para a duração, os melhores efeitos antiparasitários foram alcançados com o banho terapêutico de 60 minutos, uma vez que resultou em 89,28% de eficácia antiparasitária. Portanto, concluiu-se que banhos terapêuticos de hidrolato de M. × villosa na concentração de 20 ml.L-1 por 60 minutos têm efeitos antiparasitários satisfatórios e podem ser usados para controlar infestações monogenéticas nas brânquias e muco da Tilápia-do-nilo (O. niloticus).

RESUMO

Morphological biomarkers can be used to establish a diagnosis of fly larvae structural damage and toxicity to target cells by biopesticide candidates. Insecticide activity of natural compounds such as Curcuma longa essential oil (CLLEO) extracted from leaves, and its major constituent α-phellandrene have proven to be a novel biopesticide candidate against third instar larvae (L3) of Cochliomyia macellaria. In this way, groups of 20 L3 were placed on filter paper impregnated with different concentrations of CLLEO, from 0.31 to 2.86 µL/cm2 and α-phellandrene, from 0.29 to 1.47 µL/cm2. The extracts were solubilized in ethanol. Data shown in this article is related to the research article "Can an overlooked by-product from turmeric industry be effective for myiasis control?" Chaaban et al., 2019. Data on L3 toxicity was observed after 6 and 24h of contact with both extracts, as well as a marked reduction of L3 movement, color changes in the cuticle and progressive darkening in their body. Major cuticle damage and L3 mortality were reported.

RESUMO

The activity of Tagetes minuta essential oil (TMEO) was tested against third instar larvae (L3) of the Australian blowfly Lucilia cuprina. We have determined the potential of the T. minuta EO as a new biopesticide candidate. To test this, groups of 20 L3 were placed on filter paper impregnated with ranging concentrations (from 0.19 to 6.36 µL/cm2) of TMEO, solubilized in acetone. Data show in this article is related to research article "Tissue damage and cytotoxic effects of Tagetes minuta essential oil against Lucilia cuprina" Chaaban et al., 2019. Thus, data of cuticle damage, color changes in L3 body and decrease in L3 motility were recorded 24 and 48 h after TMEO contact.

RESUMO

Morphological biomarkers as the histopathological assessment and scanning electron microscopy can be used to establish a diagnosis of structure damage and intoxication of target cells by new biopesticide candidate. In this sense, cuticle damage caused by active substances in larvae exposed to biopesticides can help to elucidate the mode action. Thus, insecticide activity analysis of essential oil of Curcuma longa leaves and its major compound α-phellandrene have proven to be a new biopesticide candidate against third instar larvae (L3) of the Australian blowfly Lucilia cuprina. In this way, groups of 20 L3 were placed on filter paper, impregnated with ranging concentrations (from 0.15 to 2.86 µL/cm2) of C. longa leaves EO and (0.29-1.47 µL/cm2) to α-phellandrene. The extracts were solubilized in ethanol. Progressive darkening in the body of L3, marked reduction of movement, color changes in larval cuticle and dead were observed 6 and 24 h after contact with both extracts.

RESUMO

The ethnobotanical uses of Brazilian plants for different injuries and diseases conjoined with local rich biodiversity represent an important resource for research and development. This study aimed to characterise BDEO and its in vitro activity on the third instar larvae (L3) of Cochliomyia macellaria. Groups of 20 L3 were placed on filter paper impregnated with increasing concentrations of 5-30% (v/v), equivalent to 0.79-4.77 µL/cm2, solubilised in ethanol or acetone. The major constituents of BDEO were ß-pinene (9.94%), D-limonene (9.59%), ß-nerolidol (7.93%), caryophyllene (7.69%), spathulenol (6.69), α-muurolene (6.74%) and α-pinene (5.31%). Lethal concentrations of 50% for BDEO on C. macellaria (LC50) after 24 and 48 h of exposure were 2.63 and 2.47 µL/cm2 for ethanol and 9.58 and 8.11 µL/cm2 for acetone, respectively. Furthermore, larvae cuticle abnormalities and adult deformity were observed. Our data confirm the effectiveness of BDEO as an ecofriendly product against blowflies.

Assuntos

Baccharis/química , Dípteros/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Animais , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos , Brasil , Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/isolamento & purificação , Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/farmacologia , Inseticidas/química , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Limoneno/isolamento & purificação , Limoneno/farmacologia , Monoterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos Voláteis/isolamento & purificação , Sesquiterpenos Policíclicos , Sesquiterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologia

RESUMO

A series of new compounds, N,N'-bis(dialkylphosphoryl)diamines and S,S'-bis(dialkylphosphoryl)-1,3-propanedithiols were prepared by a Todd-Atherton like reaction of dialkylphosphites with symmetrical diamines and 1,3-propanedithiols in a biphasic system [F.R. Athertoon, H.T. Howard, A.R. Todd, J. Chem. Soc. (1948) 1106-1111; F.R. Athertoon, H.T. Openshaw, A.R. Todd, J. Chem. Soc. (1945) 660-663]. The structures were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectrometry. Compounds with butoxy, isobutoxy and isopropoxy groups linked in the phosphorus atom showed the lowest LD50 values when tested against Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans. The pharmacological and toxicological evaluation of N,N'-bis(diisobutylphosphoryl)-1,3-propylenediamine and S,S'-bis(diisobutylphosphoryl)-1,3-propanedithiol, which were very active against M. domestica and S. calcitrans, demonstrated that these compounds present no toxicological effects against mice in a concentration of 200mg/kg. An explanation for the observed activity profile is presented based on results obtained in a molecular modeling study with insect and mammalian acetylcholinesterase models.

Assuntos

Acetilcolinesterase/química , Inibidores da Colinesterase/química , Inseticidas/química , Compostos Organofosforados/química , Animais , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Inibidores da Colinesterase/toxicidade , Biologia Computacional , Feminino , Moscas Domésticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Insetos/efeitos dos fármacos , Insetos/enzimologia , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Dose Letal Mediana , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Muscidae/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Organofosforados/farmacologia , Compostos Organofosforados/toxicidade , Termodinâmica , Testes de Toxicidade/métodos

RESUMO

Stomoxys calcitrans is one of the most important ectoparasites of the livestock in Brazil. This dipteran transmits many pathogenic agents to domestic animals, and in Latin America the stable fly is a common vector of Dermatobia hominis eggs. The insecticidal effect of feces from treated bovines with different avermectins was tested against larvae and pupae of S. calcitrans and was studied at the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. Groups of bovines were, treated with eprinornectin, abamectin, ivermectin and doramectin, and one group was left untreated. Approximatly 100 g of feces was colleted frorn the recturri of each animal at 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-treatment. The animal feces were mixtured with basic diet 1:1 and inoculated with first instar larvae of S. calcitrans. The results of this trial showed that percentage of viability of S calcitrans, from larvae to adult, was reduced by 85,00; 84,00; 91,00 and 92,00 per cent for eprinornectin, abamectin, ivermectin, and doramectin, respectively after 14 days post-treatment.

Assuntos

Muscidae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Inseticidas , Ivermectina/análogos & derivados , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Esterco , Pupa/efeitos dos fármacos

RESUMO

Musca domestica (L., 1758) presents great medical, veterinary and public health importance. Aiming to avoid the accelerated development of insect resistance to insecticides, it is highly advisible to rotate insecticides. For this reason, the organophosphates continue to be a group of insecticides of importance, presenting low toxicity for animals and environment, associated to a low cost, mainly if applied in a rational rotation strategy. The current experiment aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of adults of M. domestica, using a composed 0,0-dimethyl-Sphthalimidomethyl phosphorodithioate. The tests were accomplished bytopical application of 1?l of the insecticide (diluted in organic solvent) on the prothoraxic of the insects. Five concentrations of the insecticide were evaluated, consisting of four repetitions, by the use of 20 flies per repetition. The LD50 found for the insecticide, after 24 and 48 hours of exposure were: 0,00273 mol/l and 0,00234 mol/l, respectively. The tested insecticideshowed toxicity to adults of M. domestica, what signals the possible application of this insecticide in the control of this insect.

RESUMO

Musca domestica (L., 1758) presents great medical, veterinary and public health importance. Aiming to avoid the accelerated development of insect resistance to insecticides, it is highly advisible to rotate insecticides. For this reason, the organophosphates continue to be a group of insecticides of importance, presenting low toxicity for animals and environment, associated to a low cost, mainly if applied in a rational rotation strategy. The current experiment aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of adults of M. domestica, using a composed 0,0-dimethyl-Sphthalimidomethyl phosphorodithioate. The tests were accomplished bytopical application of 1?l of the insecticide (diluted in organic solvent) on the prothoraxic of the insects. Five concentrations of the insecticide were evaluated, consisting of four repetitions, by the use of 20 flies per repetition. The LD50 found for the insecticide, after 24 and 48 hours of exposure were: 0,00273 mol/l and 0,00234 mol/l, respectively. The tested insecticideshowed toxicity to adults of M. domestica, what signals the possible application of this insecticide in the control of this insect.