RESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Plants have been used in folk medicine by Mayan ancient people from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, to treat some diseases considered as cancer diseases such as chronic wounds or tumors. AIM OF THE STUDY: We collected a selection of nine plants in order to investigate their cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Methanolic extracts were tested for their cytotoxicity using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on four cancer cell lines; nasopharynx carcinoma (KB), laryngeal carcinoma (Hep-2), cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa), and cervix squamous carcinoma cells (SiHa) and one normal cell line; canine kidney (MDCK). RESULTS: All species exhibited some degree of cytotoxic activity. The root bark extract of Hamelia patens exhibited the highest cytotoxic activity on HeLa cells with a CC50 of 13 microg/mL and selectivity index of 13.3, higher than docetaxel. Gossypium schottii and Dioon spinulosum showed similar good cytotoxic activity and selectivity index on HeLa and Hep-2 cells, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Hamelia patens, Dioon spinulosum and Gossypium schottii demonstrated promising cytotoxic activity and have been selected for future bio-guided fractionation and isolation of active cytotoxic compounds.
Assuntos
Citotoxinas/uso terapêutico , Magnoliopsida , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Citotoxinas/efeitos adversos , Citotoxinas/farmacologia , Cães , Feminino , Humanos , Indígenas Norte-Americanos , Medicina Tradicional , México , Extratos Vegetais/efeitos adversos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Plantas MedicinaisRESUMO
Two new additional A-type proanthocyanidins have been isolated from Geranium niveum. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic, chemical and chiroptical methods as epi-afzelechin-(4beta-->8,2beta-->O-->7)-gallocatechin (1) and epi-afzelechin-(4beta-->8,2beta-->O-->7)-afzelechin-(4beta-->8,2beta-->O-->7)-afzelechin (2). Proanthocyanidins 1 and 2 were given the trivial names of geranins C and D, respectively. Compound 2 showed moderate antiprotozoal activity against Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia, whereas 1 exhibited weak activity toward E. histolytica.
Assuntos
Antocianinas/farmacologia , Antiprotozoários/isolamento & purificação , Entamoeba histolytica/efeitos dos fármacos , Giardia lamblia/efeitos dos fármacos , Magnoliopsida/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Proantocianidinas , Animais , Antocianinas/química , Antiprotozoários/química , Antiprotozoários/farmacologia , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , México , Extratos Vegetais/química , Plantas MedicinaisRESUMO
No information about the levels of pro-inflammatory interleukins has been described in children with neurocysticercosis (NCC). The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-5, IL-6, and IL-12 in the cerebrospinal fluid from children with NCC were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Twelve children with NCC, six with active and six with inactive disease, and six children without NCC were studied. TNF-alpha was undetectable in CSF from controls and five children with inactive NCC, whereas the levels were significantly higher (median 22.1 pg/ml; P = 0.008) in all children with active NCC. Levels of IL-6 were low in active and inactive NCC patients but two subjects with active subarachnoid disease had high levels. IL-5 and IL-12 were not detected. This study shows that high levels of TNF-alpha are present in CSF from children with active NCC. IL-6 levels are higher when infection occurs in the subarachnoid space.
Assuntos
Interleucinas/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Neurocisticercose/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Adolescente , Western Blotting , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , México , Neurocisticercose/patologiaRESUMO
Bioassay-guided fractionation of the antiprotozoal extract of Conyza filaginoides led to the isolation of three new flavonol caffeoyl glycosides, namely, kaempferol 3-O-(6' '-O-E-caffeoyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside (1), isorhamnetin 3-O-(6' '-O-E-caffeoyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside (2), and quercetin 3-O-(6' '-O-E-caffeoyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3). In addition, seven known compounds, erythrodiol (4), beta-caryophyllene-4,5-alpha-oxide (5), astragalin (6), isoquercitrin (7), nicotiflorin (8), narcissin (9), and rutin (10), were obtained. The structures of the new isolates were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Compounds were also assessed for antiamoebic and antigiardial activities, but none was significantly active compared to the standard drugs evaluated.
Assuntos
Antiprotozoários/química , Antiprotozoários/farmacologia , Asteraceae/química , Plantas Medicinais/química , Animais , Entamoeba histolytica/efeitos dos fármacos , Giardia lamblia/efeitos dos fármacos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , México , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Espectrometria de Massas de Bombardeamento Rápido de ÁtomosRESUMO
The crude ethanol extract from the leaves of Zanthoxylum liebmannianum exhibited inhibitory effect on the reproduction of trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica (IC(50)=3.48 microg/ml) and Giardia lamblia (IC(50)=58.00 microg/ml). From this extract, asarinin, hyperin, beta-sitosterol, and beta-sitosterol glucoside were isolated. Among them, asarinin was the most active with IC(50) values of 19.86 microg/ml for E. histolytica and 35.45 microg/ml for G. lamblia. The remaining compounds showed moderate activity against both parasites.
Assuntos
Amebicidas/farmacologia , Antiprotozoários/farmacologia , Entamoeba histolytica/efeitos dos fármacos , Giardia lamblia/efeitos dos fármacos , Plantas Medicinais , Rosales , Animais , Medicina Tradicional , México , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Folhas de PlantaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Two albendazole (ABZ) prodrugs, N-methoxycarbonyl-N'-[(2-nitro-4-propylthio) phenyl] thiourea (compound 2), and N-methoxycarbonyl-N'-[(2-nitro-5-propylthio) phenyl] thiourea (compound 3) have recently been synthesized. These compounds showed greater solubility than ABZ itself. METHODS: In order to evaluate the biotransformation of compounds 2 and 3 to ABZ and/or ABZ-sulphoxide (ABZ-SO), plasma samples taken from mice treated with the prodrugs were analyzed by HPLC. Also, the anthelmintic activity of compounds 2 and 3 against Trichinella spiralis was evaluated in the mice experimentally infected with the parasite. RESULTS: The presence of ABZ and/or ABZ-SO was demonstrated in plasma samples taken at different time intervals after prodrug administration, although their levels were low compared to those reached in mice treated with ABZ. Additionally, prodrugs 2 and 3 were also detected in these samples. In regard to the anthelmintic activity of ABZ prodrugs, it was shown that compound 3 was more active than compound 2. Additionally, it was as effective as ABZ against T. spiralis pre-adult, adult, and female fecundity. However, compound 3 was not as active as ABZ against the muscle stage of the parasite. CONCLUSIONS: Compound 3 had better anthelmintic activity against T. spiralis than compound 2. The bioconversion of compounds 2 and 3 to ABZ and/or ABZ-SO was demonstrated by HPLC, but they did not reach equivalent concentrations to that of ABZ. Prodrugs 2 and 3 were also present in plasma samples, suggesting that prodrugs were not efficiently reduced in the intestine of mice.
Assuntos
Albendazol/uso terapêutico , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Triquinelose/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Bioassay-guided fractionation of the antiprotozoal extract of Geranium niveum led to the isolation of two new A-type proanthocyanidins, epi-afzelechin-(4beta-->8, 2beta-->O-->7)-afzelechin (1) and epi-catechin-(4beta-->8, 2beta-->O-->7)-afzelechin (2). Compounds 1 and 2 were given the trivial names of geranins A and B, respectively. In addition, five known compounds, mahuannin B (3), reynoutrin (4), hyperin (5), methyl gallate (6), and 3-beta-caffeoyl-12-oleanen-28-oic acid (7), were obtained. The structures of the new proanthocyanidins were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods as well as CD measurements. Compounds 1, 2, and 4-7 were tested against axenically grown trophozoites of Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica.
Assuntos
Antocianinas/farmacologia , Antiprotozoários/farmacologia , Magnoliopsida/química , Proantocianidinas , Animais , Antocianinas/isolamento & purificação , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/isolamento & purificação , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Antiprotozoários/isolamento & purificação , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Entamoeba histolytica/efeitos dos fármacos , Giardia lamblia/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , México , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Molecular , Raízes de Plantas/química , Espectrometria de Massas de Bombardeamento Rápido de Átomos , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne human disease in Europe and the United States. In Mexico, clinical cases suggestive of Lyme borreliosis have been reported; however, infection was not confirmed by serologic or microbiologic tests. METHODS: To study the prevalence of IgG antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi among Mexican persons, a community-based sero-survey including all states of Mexico was done. A sample of 2,890 sera representing individuals of all ages and all socioeconomic levels was studied. Antibodies anti-B. burgdorferi were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a whole-cell sonicated extract of B. burgdorferi strain B31. Serum specimens positive for ELISA were further studied by Western blot (WB). A serum sample was considered positive by WB if at least three of the following protein bands were recognized: 18, 24, 28, 29, 31, 34, 39, 41, 45, 58, 62, 66, and 93 kDa. Some WB positive specimens were further confirmed with an immunodot-blot (IDB) test using recombinant and purified B. burgdorferi proteins. RESULTS: Of the 2,890 specimens, 34 were positive for ELISA; nine of these 34 were confirmed as positive by WB. Four of the nine WB positive sera were tested by IDB and all four were positive. The prevalence of WB confirmed cases in the sample studied was 0.3%. Positive specimens were from residents of the northeastern and central areas of Mexico. CONCLUSIONS: The serological evidences of this study suggest that Borrelia burgdorferi infection is present in the Mexican population. This finding should be confirmed by documenting the infection in clinical cases and in tick vectors.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Grupo Borrelia Burgdorferi/imunologia , Doença de Lyme/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Especificidade de Anticorpos , Western Blotting , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Lactente , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos SoroepidemiológicosRESUMO
A nationwide community-based survey for Helicobacter pylori infection had not been done. This study sought to determine the seroprevalence of infection in Mexico, and the socioeconomic and demographic variables that are risk factors for infection. The survey assessed 11,605 sera from a sample population representing persons ages 1-90 years from all socioeconomic and demographic levels and from all regions of Mexico. Antibodies against H. pylori were studied by ELISA using whole cell antigen. Among the findings were that 66% of the population was infected and that age was the strongest risk factor for infection. By age 1 year, 20% were infected and by age 10 years, 50% were infected. Crowding (odds ratio [OR], 1.4), low educational level (OR, 2.42), and low socioeconomic level (OR, 1.43) were risk factors for infection. Prevalence was similar in urban and in rural communities (OR, 0.95). This study is the largest community-based seroepidemiologic study of H. pylori to date.
Assuntos
Infecções por Helicobacter/epidemiologia , Helicobacter pylori , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Análise de Variância , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Demografia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Infecções por Helicobacter/sangue , Infecções por Helicobacter/imunologia , Humanos , Lactente , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Classe SocialAssuntos
Portador Sadio/tratamento farmacológico , Entamoeba histolytica/isolamento & purificação , Entamoeba/isolamento & purificação , Entamebíase/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Portador Sadio/economia , Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Portador Sadio/parasitologia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Entamoeba/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Entamoeba histolytica/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Entamebíase/economia , Entamebíase/epidemiologia , Entamebíase/parasitologia , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , PrevalênciaAssuntos
Amebicidas/uso terapêutico , Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Entamoeba histolytica/efeitos dos fármacos , Nitrofuranos/uso terapêutico , Acetamidas/uso terapêutico , Animais , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Fluoroquinolonas , Nitroimidazóis/uso terapêutico , Quinolinas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate two staining procedures used in the detection of P. carinii. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bronchoalveolar lavage samples were obtained from 20 immunosupressed rats. The samples were stained by three procedures: o-toluidine blue (OTB), Diff Quik (DQ), and a silver stain as the gold standard. The microscopic search for P. carinii was made independently by two observers. RESULTS: Fifteen of the 20 samples were positive to P. carinii with the silver stain. The sensitivity with DQ was 27% and the specificity 100%. With OTB the sensitivity was 93% and the specificity was 80%. The inter-raters' agreement by kappa was 0.11 for DQ and 0.53 for OTB. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the silver stain should be used for an adequate diagnosis of pneumonia caused by P. carinii.
Assuntos
Corantes Azur , Corantes , Azul de Metileno , Pneumocystis/isolamento & purificação , Coloração pela Prata , Cloreto de Tolônio , Xantenos , Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
The variable clinical course of human giardiasis may be due in part to differences in the virulence of various strains of Giardia lamblia. To address this issue, the in vitro cytopathic effect of isolates obtained from human symptomatic or asymptomatic infections was assessed by ultrastructural and electrophysiological methods. Axenic trophozoites of 10 strains of G. lamblia isolated from children with infections in Mexico City were cultured for 12 to 24 hr on live MDCK epithelial cells. No decrease in transepithelial resistance of MDCK monolayers mounted in Ussing chambers was detected with any of the isolates analyzed. On the contrary, trophozoites or media in which the isolates grew produced up to a twofold increase in transepithelial resistance. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed that all isolates of G. lamblia, irrespective of their origin, gave rise to focal regions of microvilli depletion. These modifications were induced by the close attachment of the ventrolateral flange of the parasite adhesive disk to the apical surface of MDCK cells. The circular imprints evolved progressively to larger areas devoid of microvilli. In conclusion, under in vitro conditions, isolates of G. lamblia trophozoites derived from symptomatic or asymptomatic human infections damage epithelial cultured cells mainly by depleting their microvilli. None of the isolates showed evidence of an invasive effect.
Assuntos
Portador Sadio/parasitologia , Giardia lamblia/patogenicidade , Giardíase/parasitologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Criança , Eletrofisiologia , Epitélio/parasitologia , Epitélio/ultraestrutura , Giardia lamblia/ultraestrutura , Humanos , Microscopia Eletrônica , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Microvilosidades/parasitologia , Microvilosidades/ultraestrutura , VirulênciaRESUMO
Axenically grown Giardia lamblia trophozoites treated with low concentrations of the benzimidazole carbamates albendazole and mebendazole detach from glass culture tubes and lose viability. Scanning electron microscopic observations revealed that these drugs produce grotesque modifications of the cell shape of the parasite and disassembly of the adhesive disc. Transmission electron microscopy showed several stages of the fragmentation of adhesive discs with dispersion of microtubules and microribbons in the cytoplasm. Flagella appeared undamaged. In drug-treated trophozoites electron-dense precipitates were selectively deposited on microtubules and microribbons. The results indicate that the antigiardial effect of benzimidazoles is the result of binding to microtubules and subsequent alterations of the cytoskeleton. The electron microscopic observations also suggest that the drugs may bind to microribbon components of the adhesive disc, possibly giardin proteins.
Assuntos
Albendazol/farmacologia , Antiprotozoários/farmacologia , Giardia lamblia/efeitos dos fármacos , Mebendazol/farmacologia , Animais , Citoesqueleto/efeitos dos fármacos , Giardia lamblia/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Infection of the small intestine of humans with the parasitic protozoan Giardia lamblia may have an asymptomatic course, or else, may produce acute or chronic diarrhea. In order to establish if the different clinical outcome of giardiasis in children could be due, at least partially, to strain differences, isolates from asymptomatic and symptomatic cases studied in Mexico City during 1986 and 1987 were cultured under axenic conditions. With modifications of available methods for the isolation of G. lamblia from cysts in stools, we obtained 19 axenic isolates: 5 from symptomatic patients and 14 from asymptomatic cyst carriers. The isolation procedure involved: (1) concentration and cleaning of cysts through centrifugation in sucrose gradients; (2) excystment induction in acid solution; (3) culture in modified TYI-S-33 medium, and (4) axenization of isolates using ceftriaxone and Amphotericin B. Results indicate that isolates from carriers and from symptomatic cases of giardiasis are equally amenable to isolation and axenization. The Giardia isolates obtained are being studied to analyze differences in isoenzyme pattern, antigenicity, and molecular markers.
Assuntos
Giardia/isolamento & purificação , Giardíase/parasitologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Parasitologia/métodos , Animais , Portador Sadio/parasitologia , Criança , Fezes/parasitologia , Giardia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Humanos , MéxicoRESUMO
Infection of the small intestine of humans with the parasitic protozoon Giardia lamblia may have an asymptomatic course, or it may produce acute or chronic diarrhoea. In order to establish if the different clinical outcome of giardiasis in children could be due, at least partially, to strain differences, 19 isolates from asymptomatic and symptomatic cases studied in Mexico City were cultured under axenic conditions and the isoenzyme electrophoretic patterns of 10 different enzymes were compared. Strains from carriers and from symptomatic cases of giardiasis were equally amenable to isolation and axenization. Isoenzyme electrophoresis demonstrated remarkable homogeneity in 7 enzyme patterns for all 19 isolates, except for phosphoglucomutase, for which 3 different zymodemes were found. Therefore, these isolates of G. lamblia, obtained from a single geographical location, tended to be genetically homogeneous. In addition, there were no consistent zymodeme differences between isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic human infections.
Assuntos
Portador Sadio/parasitologia , Giardia/enzimologia , Giardíase/parasitologia , Isoenzimas/análise , Animais , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Fezes/parasitologia , Giardia/classificação , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/análise , Hexoquinase/análise , Humanos , Malato Desidrogenase/análise , México , Fosfoglucomutase/análiseRESUMO
The surface charge of Giardia lamblia trophozoites from axenic cultures of strains recently isolated in Mexico from human cases of symptomatic and asymptomatic giardiasis was studied by means of cellular microelectrophoresis and ultrastructural cytochemistry. It is concluded that ionogenic surface groups confer a negative surface charge on trophozoites of G. lamblia and that no significant differences exist between the surface charge of trophozoites of symptomatic and asymptomatic origin.
Assuntos
Giardia/metabolismo , Giardíase/parasitologia , Animais , Eletroforese , Giardia/ultraestrutura , Histocitoquímica , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Microscopia Eletrônica , Propriedades de SuperfícieAssuntos
Toxoplasmose Congênita , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Clindamicina/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pirimetamina/uso terapêutico , Sulfadiazina/uso terapêutico , Toxoplasmose Congênita/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmose Congênita/tratamento farmacológico , Toxoplasmose Congênita/patologiaRESUMO
Se revisaron 45 expedientes de pacientes con diagnostico de toxoplasmosis, analizando fundamentalmente los problemas que existieron para elaborar el diagnostico y tratamiento. El 42,2% presento sintomas desde el nacimiento; de estos, en el 37% fue estrabismo y/o nistagmo el signo inicial y persistente. En el 55% de los pacientes transcurrio un ano antes de ser vistos en el hospital; las pruebas serologicas importantes en 28,8%; recibieron tratamiento 29 pacientes (64,4%) de los cuales, 16 mostraron mejoria. Hubo cuatro defunciones por la enfermedad en su forma grave polivisceral. Se debe insistir en el reconocimiento oportuno de esta enfermedad para ofrecer el tratamiento en el momento necesario y recordar que la forma congenita puede manifestarse con poca gravedad y hacerse evidente solo hasta en la fase de secuelas; que las pruebas serologicas deben ser especificas y ser repetidas con la frecuencia que se requiera y en aclarar el caracter cronico del padecimiento, para que los pacientes no abandonen la vigilancia medica periodica que es necesaria