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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 10 mg/kg/week of nandrolone decanoate (DECA - Deca Durabolin®) on body composition, hormonal levels, spermatic parameters, redox status, and morphometric parameters of testicle and epididymis; furthermore, the fertility capacity of Wistar rats was measured thought in vitro fertilization (IVF). The animals (n = 16) were divided into two groups: control group (CTRL, n = 8), which received only vehicle composed by peanut oil and 10% of the benzoic alcohol and nandrolone decanoate group (DECA, n = 8), which received intramuscular injections of DECA for 8 weeks, both groups were treated for 8 weeks. The results demonstrate significative decrease in visceral fat, testosterone levels, and thiol content on epididymis, reduction on normal sperm parameters, and deleterious effect on testicles and epididymis tissue morphology showing reduction of germ height and luminal diameter on the DECA group. Thus, it can be concluded that high doses of nandrolone decanoate impairs male reproductive parameters.

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The COVID-19 disease, caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in late 2019 and rapidly spread worldwide, becoming a pandemic that infected millions of people and caused significant deaths. COVID-19 continues to be a major threat, and there is a need to deepen our understanding of the virus and its mechanisms of infection. To study the cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, we performed an RNA sequencing of infected vs. uninfected Calu-3 cells. Total RNA was extracted from infected (0.5 MOI) and control Calu-3 cells and converted to cDNA. Sequencing was performed, and the obtained reads were quality-analyzed and pre-processed. Differential expression was assessed with the EdgeR package, and functional enrichment was performed in EnrichR for Gene Ontology, KEGG pathways, and WikiPathways. A total of 1040 differentially expressed genes were found in infected vs. uninfected Calu-3 cells, of which 695 were up-regulated and 345 were down-regulated. Functional enrichment analyses revealed the predominant up-regulation of genes related to innate immune response, response to virus, inflammation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. These transcriptional changes following SARS-CoV-2 infection may reflect a cellular response to the infection and help to elucidate COVID-19 pathogenesis, in addition to revealing potential biomarkers and drug targets.

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PURPOSE: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inactivates a range of bioactive peptides. The cleavage of insulinotropic peptides and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) by DPP4 directly influences glucose homeostasis. This study aimed to describe the mode of interaction between sitagliptin (an antidiabetic drug) and human DPP4 using in silico approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Docking studies were conducted using AutoDock Vina, 2D and 3D schematic drawings were obtained using PoseView and PLIP servers, and the DPP4-sitagliptin complex was visualized with Pymol software. RESULTS: The best affinity energy to form the DPP4-sitagliptin complex was E-value â€‹= â€‹- 8.1 â€‹kcal â€‹mol-1, as indicated by docking simulations. This result suggests a strong interaction. According to our observations, hydrophobic interactions involving the amino acids residues Tyr663 and Val712, hydrogen bonds (Glu203, Glu204, Tyr663, and Tyr667), π-Stacking interactions (Phe355 and Tyr667), and halogenic bonds (Arg123, Glu204, and Arg356) were prevalent in the DPP4-sitagliptin complex. Root Mean Square Deviation prediction also demonstrated that the global structure of the human DPP4 did not have a significant change in its topology, even after the formation of the DPP4-sitagliptin complex. CONCLUSION: The stable interaction between the sitagliptin ligand and the DPP4 enzyme was demonstrated through molecular docking simulations. The findings presented in this work enhance the understanding of the physicochemical properties of the sitagliptin interaction site, supporting the design of more efficient gliptin-like iDPP4 inhibitors.

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The objective of this article was to assess the effects of six-week pre-season training on whole-body and regional bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)-derived parameters, body composition, power, and aerobic performance in professional soccer players. Ten professional soccer athletes participated in the present study. Whole-body and regional hamstrings BIA-derived parameters [resistance, reactance, impedance, phase angle (PhA)], body composition, total body water (TBW), intracellular (ICW), and extracellular (ECW) were measured before, at mid-point, and after sixth week of the pre-season. Power (countermovement jump and squat jump) and aerobic capacity (Yo-Yo test) were measured before and after pre-season. There was a significant increase in the regional PhA (+13.9%) but not in the whole-body. There was a reduction in fat mass (-4.1%), an increase in fat-free mass (+1.7%), TBW (+8.3%), ICW (+8.8%), and ECW (+7.6%), as well as an increase in jump height (+11.0%) and distance covered in the Yo-Yo test (+34.7%). From our results, it is possible to suggest that pre-season training can induce an increase in hamstring PhA as well as body recomposition and improvement of physical fitness in professional soccer players.

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Objective: To evaluate the relationship between oxidative stress and NGAL levels in blood and urine of amateur athletes after participating in a 100 km ultramarathon. Methodology: The sample was composed of seven athletes, submitted to anthropometric assessment, cardiopulmonary exercise test, collection of urine and blood, measurement of body weight. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE), competition duration, heart rate (HR), energy expenditure and oxygen consumption (V'O2") were also measured during the event. The energy consumption during the race was verified at its end. The analyses were based on the means (M) and respective standard deviations (SD), with statistical significance set at 5% (p < 0.05). Paired t-test was used for comparison between the periods before and after the competition, and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to measure the linear correlation between quantitative variables. Results: Body mass index (BMI) of the sample was 25.75 kg/m2 ± 3.20, body fat percentage 18.54% ± 4.35% and V'O2"max 48.87% ± 4.78. Glucose, cortisol, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) (p < 0.01) as well as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) active were higher after the race when compared to basal values. Moreover, lactate, creatinine, microalbuminuria, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (p < 0.001) were also higher after the race. After the competition, there was a significant correlation only between serum NGAL and creatinine, which was classified as strong and positive (r: 0.77; p < 0.05). There was a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of body weight after the event (72.40 kg ± 9.78) compared to before it (73.98 kg ± 10.25). In addition, we found an increase of RPE (p < 0.001) after the race. The competition lasted 820.60 min (±117.00), with a 127.85 bpm (±12.02) HR, a 2209.72 kcal ± 951.97 energy consumption, 7837.16 kcal ± 195.71 energy expenditure, and 28.78 ml/kg/min-1 (±4.66) relative V'O2"max. Conclusion: The lack of correlation between oxidative stress biomarkers and serum and urine NGAL suggests that NGAL is more sensitive to inflammatory processes than to ROS levels.

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AIM: We aimed to evaluate whether the streptozotocin-induced diabetic model can generate lung functional, histological and biochemical impairments and whether moderate exercise can prevent these changes. METHODS: Wistar rats were assigned to control (CTRL), exercise (EXE), diabetic (D) and diabetic with exercise (D+EXE) groups. We used the n5-STZ model of diabetes mellitus triggered by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 120 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) in newborn rats on their 5th day of life. EXE and D+EXE rats were trained by running on a motorized treadmill, 5 days a week for 9 weeks. Blood glucose, body weight, food intake, exercise capacity, lung mechanics, morphology, and antioxidant enzymatic activity were analysed. RESULTS: On the 14th week of life, diabetic rats exhibited a significant impairment in post-prandial glycaemia, glucose tolerance, body weight, food intake, lung function (tissue viscance, elastance, Newtonian resistance and hysteresis), morphological parameters, redox balance and exercise capacity. Physical training completely prevented the diabetes-induced alterations, except for those on fasting blood glucose, which nevertheless remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: Mild diabetes in n5-STZ-treated rats jeopardized pulmonary mechanics, morphology and redox balance, which confirms the occurrence of diabetes-induced pneumopathy. Moreover, moderate exercise completely prevented all diabetes-induced respiratory alterations.

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BACKGROUND: Physical exercise is a health promotion factor regulating gene expression and causing changes in phenotype, varying according to exercise type and intensity. Acute strenuous exercise in sedentary individuals appears to induce different transcriptional networks in response to stress caused by exercise. The objective of this research was to investigate the transcriptional profile of strenuous experimental exercise. METHODOLOGY: RNA-Seq was performed with Rattus norvegicus soleus muscle, submitted to strenuous physical exercise on a treadmill with an initial velocity of 0.5 km/h and increments of 0.2 km/h at every 3 min until animal exhaustion. Twenty four hours post-physical exercise, RNA-seq protocols were performed with coverage of 30 million reads per sample, 100 pb read length, paired-end, with a list of counts totaling 12816 genes. RESULTS: Eighty differentially expressed genes (61 down-regulated and 19 up-regulated) were obtained. Reactome and KEGG database searches revealed the most significant pathways, for down-regulated gene set, were: PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, RAF-MAP kinase, P2Y receptors and Signaling by Erbb2. Results suggest PI3K-AKT pathway inactivation by Hbegf, Fgf1 and Fgr3 receptor regulation, leading to inhibition of cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. Cell signaling transcription networks were found in transcriptome. Results suggest some metabolic pathways which indicate the conditioning situation of strenuous exercise induced genes encoding apoptotic and autophagy factors, indicating cellular stress. CONCLUSION: Down-regulated networks showed cell transduction and signaling pathways, with possible inhibition of cellular proliferation and cell degeneration. These findings reveal transitory and dynamic process in cell signaling transcription networks in skeletal muscle after acute strenuous exercise.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that is characterized by causing damage to the peripheral nervous system, generating sensory and motor changes. Objective: This study aims at analyzing the impact of the use of different orthotic insoles on the gait of diabetic female rats. Methods: Twenty-six female Wistar rats were randomly divided into the Control and Diabetic groups. The mechanical sensitivity test was performed manually on the surface of the animals' hind paws using the von Frey test. The functional evaluation was carried out on an adapted platform where the animals were stimulated to walk in order to capture images of the ventral region for measurements of the right and left hind paws. After the images were collected they were processed using Kinovea software version 0.8.27 to assess: stride distance, time, speed and acceleration. Results: There was a reduction in the weight of the animals in the Diabetic Group (p = 0.0018), associated with hyperglycemia (p = <0.0001), and a decrease in mechanical sensitivity as compared to the Control Group (p = 0.0372). Gait analysis showed a reduction in stride speed (p = 0.0482) and acceleration (p = 0.0149), with the silicone orthosis in the Diabetic Group. Conclusions: The silicone orthosis demonstrated a reduction in stride speed and acceleration, without compromising the other variables in the diabetic rats. The other insoles showed no functional difference between groups. Even though the animals showed a change in sensitivity at the end of 28 days of DM induction, this time does not appear to have been able to develop extensive changes in the rats' gait function. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - Investigating the Results of Treatment.

RESUMO Introdução: O diabetes mellitus é uma doença crônica que se caracteriza por causar danos no sistema nervoso periférico, gerando alterações sensitivas e motoras. Objetivos: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o impacto do uso de diferentes órteses do tipo palmilha sobre a marcha de ratas diabéticas. Métodos: Vinte e seis ratas Wistar foram divididas randomicamente nos grupos Controle e Diabético. O teste de sensibilidade mecânica foi realizado manualmente na superfície da pata traseira dos animais com o teste de von Frey. A avaliação funcional foi feita em plataforma adaptada, na qual as ratas foram estimuladas a deambular, a fim de captar imagens da região ventral para medições das patas traseiras direita e esquerda. Depois da coleta, as imagens foram processadas no software Kinovea versão 0.8.27 para avaliar distância, tempo, velocidade e aceleração de um passo. Resultados: Observou-se redução do peso dos animais no Grupo Diabético (p = 0,0018), associado à hiperglicemia (p = <0,0001) e diminuição da sensibilidade mecânica em comparação com o Grupo Controle (p = 0,0372). Na análise da marcha, verificou-se redução da velocidade (p = 0,0482) e aceleração de um passo (p = 0,0149) com a órtese de silicone no Grupo Diabético. Conclusões: A órtese de silicone demonstrou redução da velocidade e da aceleração do passo, sem comprometimento das demais variáveis nas ratas diabéticas. As demais palmilhas não demonstraram diferença funcional entre os grupos. Ainda que os animais tenham apresentado alteração de sensibilidade, ao final de 28 dias de indução do DM, esse tempo parece não ter sido capaz de desenvolver alterações amplas na função da marcha das ratas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad crónica que se caracteriza por causar daños al sistema nervioso periférico, generando alteraciones sensitivas y motoras. Objetivos: El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el impacto del uso de diferentes ortesis, del tipo plantilla sobre la marcha de ratas diabéticas. Métodos: Veintiséis ratas Wistar fueron divididas aleatoriamente en los grupos Control y Diabético. El test de sensibilidad mecánica fue realizado manualmente en la superficie de la pata trasera de los animales con el test de von Frey. La evaluación funcional fue hecha en plataforma adaptada, en la que se estimuló a las ratas a deambular, a fin de capturar imágenes de la región ventral para mediciones de las patas traseras derecha e izquierda. Después de la colecta, las imágenes se procesaron en el software Kinovea versión 0.8.27, para evaluar distancia, tiempo, velocidad y aceleración de un paso. Resultados: Se observó una reducción del peso de los animales en el Grupo Diabético (p = 0,0018), asociado a la hiperglucemia (p = <0,0001), y disminución en la sensibilidad mecánica en comparación con el Grupo Control (p = 0,0372). En el análisis de la marcha, se verificó reducción de la velocidad (p = 0,0482) y una aceleración de un paso (p = 0,0149), con la ortesis de silicona en el Grupo Diabético. Conclusiones: La ortesis de silicona demostró reducción de la velocidad y de la aceleración del paso, sin compromiso de las demás variables en las ratas diabéticas. Las demás plantillas no demostraron diferencia funcional entre los grupos. Aunque los animales hayan presentado alteración de la sensibilidad, al final de 28 días de inducción de DM, ese tiempo parece no haber sido capaz de desarrollar alteraciones amplias en la función de la marcha de las ratas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

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The search for the ideal body has been making people appeal increasingly to surgical intervention and medicine which can accelerate the aesthetic transformations that are so desired. Among these medicines, Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) is being used, specially Nandrolone Decanoate (DECA), which has more anabolic than androgenic effects. However, it is not known at which point of the use of AAS can comprise fertility of male users. In this way, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of chronic administration of doses of Nandrolone Decanoate in male Wistar rat fertility. For such a matter was used 20 rats Wistar, which 16 were males and 4 females, adults, with 8 weeks old, weighing 250 to 350g. Males were divided into two groups: Control and DECA group. Based on the data preliminarily obtained, even though observing some macroscopics abnormalities in the testicles of rats treated with DECA, such as testicular atrophy, apparently these steroids do not affect the reproductive male health significatively at the point of comprising the capacity of fertilization.(AU)

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RESUMO

The search for the ideal body has been making people appeal increasingly to surgical intervention and medicine which can accelerate the aesthetic transformations that are so desired. Among these medicines, Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) is being used, specially Nandrolone Decanoate (DECA), which has more anabolic than androgenic effects. However, it is not known at which point of the use of AAS can comprise fertility of male users. In this way, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of chronic administration of doses of Nandrolone Decanoate in male Wistar rat fertility. For such a matter was used 20 rats Wistar, which 16 were males and 4 females, adults, with 8 weeks old, weighing 250 to 350g. Males were divided into two groups: Control and DECA group. Based on the data preliminarily obtained, even though observing some macroscopics abnormalities in the testicles of rats treated with DECA, such as testicular atrophy, apparently these steroids do not affect the reproductive male health significatively at the point of comprising the capacity of fertilization.

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RESUMO A pesquisa translacional envolve a interface entre a pesquisa básica e a clínica médica com o intuito de gerar produtos ou processos inovadores para introduzi-los nos protocolos clínicos e nos sistemas de saúde. O objetivo desse ensaio foi apresentar uma visão geral dos avanços da transcriptômica, subsidiados pela disponibilidade e utilização das novas tecnologias da informação e biologia molecular. Na busca pelo diagnóstico preciso e menos invasivo, testes transcriptômicos utilizam assinaturas de expressão gênica visando detectar doenças neurodegenerativas (Parkinson e Alzheimer), autoimunes (lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, granulomatose de Wegener), insuficiência cardíaca, autismo e câncer (de mama, colorretal, hepático e de pulmão). No sistema de saúde inglês as diretrizes clínicas incorporam oito testes transcriptômicos, todos com foco no câncer. No Brasil testes genômicos com base nas sequências de DNA são regulamentados para diagnosticar anomalias congênitas, tanto no Sistema Único de Saúde, como na saúde suplementar, mas os testes moleculares não avançaram no âmbito da transcriptômica diagnóstica. O sistema de saúde brasileiro deveria ir além dos testes de análise genômica e iniciar o processo de regulamentação das tecnologias transcriptômicas de diagnóstico. No futuro, testes diagnósticos avaliando múltiplos perfis de expressão gênica podem se transformar em exames de rotina numa forma de triagem molecular.

ABSTRACT Translational research involves the interface between basic research and medical practice in order to generate innovative products or processes to introduce them into clinical protocols and health systems. The objective of this essay was to present an overview of transcriptomic advances, subsidized by the availability and use of new information technologies and molecular biology. In the search for accurate and less invasive diagnosis, transcriptomic tests use gene expression signatures to detect neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson and Alzheimer), autoimmune (systemic lupus erythematosus, Wegener's granulomatosis), heart failure, autism and cancer (breast, colorectal, hepatic and lung). In the English health system the clinical guidelines incorporate eight transcriptomic tests, all with a focus on cancer. In Brazil genomic tests based on DNA sequences are regulated to diagnose congenital anomalies both in the Unified Health System and in supplementary health, but the molecular tests have not advanced in the scope of the diagnostic transcriptomics. The Brazilian health system should go beyond the tests of genomic analysis and begin the process of regulation of transcriptomic diagnostic technologies. In the future, diagnostic tests evaluating multiple gene expression profiles may become routine exams in a form of molecular screening.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To propose a duathlon model adapted for rats (associated swimming and running training) and compare it with the individual activities carried out separately, considering the glucose uptake and serum lactate production mechanism. Methods: Twenty-eight 90-day-old Wistar rats with a mean weight of 150-200 g were used. The animals were divided into four groups: control group, swimming group, running group, and swimming/running group. These animals were adapted to their respective training programs for three days and underwent the 4-week training protocol soon afterwards. Pre- and post-training blood lactate and blood glucose analyses were performed at the end of each week. Statistical difference was considered when the p value was less than 0.01 (p <0.01). Results: There was a decrease in glycemic levels and an increase in lactate levels in the swimming and swimming/running groups throughout the training period, which did not occur in the running group. Conclusion: The duathlon model adapted for rats proved satisfactory in terms of the production and stabilization of blood lactate levels. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the Results of Treatment.

RESUMO Objetivo: Propor um modelo de duathlon adaptado para ratos (treinamento associado de natação e corrida) e compará-lo com as modalidades praticadas isoladamente, considerando o mecanismo de consumo de glicose e produção de lactato sérico. Métodos: Foram utilizados vinte e oito ratos Wistar, com 90 dias de vida e peso médio de 150-200 g. Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos: grupo controle, grupo de natação, grupo de corrida e grupo de natação/corrida. Esses foram adaptados aos seus respectivos treinos durante três dias e, logo depois, foram submetidos ao protocolo de treinamento com duração de quatro semanas. No final de cada semana, foram realizadas análises de lactato e glicose sanguínea pré- e pós- treinamento. A diferença estatística foi considerada quando o valor p era inferior a 0,01 (p <0,01). Resultados: Houve diminuição nos níveis de glicemia e aumento nos níveis de lactato nos grupos de natação e natação/corrida ao longo do período de treinamento, o que não ocorreu no grupo de corrida. Conclusão: Pode-se verificar que o modelo duathlon adaptado para ratos foi satisfatório em relação à produção e estabilização dos níveis sanguíneos de lactato. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados de tratamento.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Proponer un modelo de duatlón adaptado para ratones (entrenamiento asociado de natación y carrera) y compararlo con las modalidades practicadas aisladamente, considerando el mecanismo de consumo de glucosa y producción de lactato sérico. Métodos: Fueron utilizados veintiocho ratones Wistar, con 90 días de vida y peso promedio de 150-200 g. Los animales fueron divididos en cuatro grupos: grupo control, grupo de natación, grupo de carrera y grupo de natación/carrera. Esos fueron adaptados a sus respectivos entrenamientos durante tres días y, luego después, fueron sometidos al protocolo de entrenamiento con duración de cuatro semanas. Al final de cada semana, fueron realizados análisis de lactato y glucosa sanguínea pre y post entrenamiento. La diferencia estadística fue considerada cuando el valor p era inferior a 0,01 (p <0,01). Resultados: Hubo disminución en los niveles de glucemia y aumento en los niveles de lactato en los grupos de natación y natación/carrera a lo largo del período de entrenamiento, lo que no ocurrió en el grupo de carrera. Conclusión: Se puede verificar que el modelo duatlón adaptado para ratones fue satisfactorio con relación a la producción y estabilización de los niveles sanguíneos de lactato. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamento.

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MicroRNAs são pequenas moléculas de RNA que atuam na regulação e silenciamento gênico em organismos eucariotos. Na atividade física a compreensão da expressão de microRNAs pode ser relevante para entendimento da sua fisiologia. Feito o transcriptoma do exercício exaustivo agudo em Rattus norvegicus, buscou-se analisar a expressão diferencial (através do valor obtido de Fold-Change) de microRNAs, com o auxílio de avaliação estatística multivariada, em ambiente R. Os métodos usados mostraram expressão de 71 miRNAs. Destes, destacaram-se 6 (por análise PCoA) e dois microRNAs: mir145 e mir186 (por análise de expressão diferencial, EBseq). Concluiu-se que com os métodos usados (PCoA, Permanova e Simper) foi possível analisar a expressão diferencial de microRNAs e destacar possíveis alvos de estudo para o exercício experimental extenuante.(AU)

MicroRNAs are small molecules of RNA that act on the regulation and gene silencing in eukaryotic organisms. In physical activity the understanding of the expression of microRNAs may be relevant to understanding their physiology. The transcriptome of acute exhaustive exercise in Rattus norvegicus was used to analyze the differential expression (through the Fold-Change value obtained) of microRNAs, with the aid of multivariate statistical evaluation, in the R environment. The methods used showed expression of 71 miRNAs. Of these, six (by PCoA analysis) and two microRNAs: mir145 and mir186 (by differential expression analysis, EBseq) were highlighted. It was concluded that with the methods used (PCoA, Permanova and Simper) it was possible to analyze the differential expression of microRNAs and to highlight possible study targets for the strenuous experimental exercise.(AU)

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As espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) são radicais livres derivadas do oxigênio. O fármaco Alopurinol (ALO) possui um efeito inibidor da enzima Xantina Oxidase, uma das vias da produção de EROs. Para combater esse ataque oxidativo no nosso organismo, existe uma defesa antioxidante enzimática, composta pelas enzimas Superóxido dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) e Glutationa Peroxidase (GPX). O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os efeitos do alopurinol na defesa antioxidante no fígado de ratos Wistar. Foram utilizados 20 ratos machos divididos em dois grupos: Controle (C) e Alopurinol (ALO). A droga foi administrada para os animais do grupo ALO, enquanto que no grupo C houve uma administração de veículo (salina), ambos durante 3 dias. Os resultados apontaram uma redução significativa na atividade das enzimas antioxidantes no grupo ALO em comparação ao grupo C. A partir desses resultados sugeriu-se que o alopurinol foi eficiente na inibição de EROs.(AU)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are free radicals derived from oxygen. The drug Allopurinol (ALO) has an inhibitory effect of the enzyme Xanthine Oxidase, one of the routes of ROS production. To combat this oxidative attack in our body, there is an enzymatic antioxidant defense, composed by the enzymes Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX). The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of allopurinol on the antioxidant defense in the liver of Wistar rats. Twenty male rats were divided into two groups: Control (C) and Allopurinol (ALO). The drug was administered to the animals of the ALO group, while in group C there was a vehicle (saline) administration, both for 3 days. The results indicated a significant reduction in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes in the ALO group compared to the group C. From these results it was suggested that allopurinol was efficient in inhibiting ROS.(AU)

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As espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) são radicais livres derivadas do oxigênio. O fármaco Alopurinol (ALO) possui um efeito inibidor da enzima Xantina Oxidase, uma das vias da produção de EROs. Para combater esse ataque oxidativo no nosso organismo, existe uma defesa antioxidante enzimática, composta pelas enzimas Superóxido dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) e Glutationa Peroxidase (GPX). O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os efeitos do alopurinol na defesa antioxidante no fígado de ratos Wistar. Foram utilizados 20 ratos machos divididos em dois grupos: Controle (C) e Alopurinol (ALO). A droga foi administrada para os animais do grupo ALO, enquanto que no grupo C houve uma administração de veículo (salina), ambos durante 3 dias. Os resultados apontaram uma redução significativa na atividade das enzimas antioxidantes no grupo ALO em comparação ao grupo C. A partir desses resultados sugeriu-se que o alopurinol foi eficiente na inibição de EROs.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are free radicals derived from oxygen. The drug Allopurinol (ALO) has an inhibitory effect of the enzyme Xanthine Oxidase, one of the routes of ROS production. To combat this oxidative attack in our body, there is an enzymatic antioxidant defense, composed by the enzymes Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX). The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of allopurinol on the antioxidant defense in the liver of Wistar rats. Twenty male rats were divided into two groups: Control (C) and Allopurinol (ALO). The drug was administered to the animals of the ALO group, while in group C there was a vehicle (saline) administration, both for 3 days. The results indicated a significant reduction in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes in the ALO group compared to the group C. From these results it was suggested that allopurinol was efficient in inhibiting ROS.

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RESUMO

MicroRNAs são pequenas moléculas de RNA que atuam na regulação e silenciamento gênico em organismos eucariotos. Na atividade física a compreensão da expressão de microRNAs pode ser relevante para entendimento da sua fisiologia. Feito o transcriptoma do exercício exaustivo agudo em Rattus norvegicus, buscou-se analisar a expressão diferencial (através do valor obtido de Fold-Change) de microRNAs, com o auxílio de avaliação estatística multivariada, em ambiente R. Os métodos usados mostraram expressão de 71 miRNAs. Destes, destacaram-se 6 (por análise PCoA) e dois microRNAs: mir145 e mir186 (por análise de expressão diferencial, EBseq). Concluiu-se que com os métodos usados (PCoA, Permanova e Simper) foi possível analisar a expressão diferencial de microRNAs e destacar possíveis alvos de estudo para o exercício experimental extenuante.

MicroRNAs are small molecules of RNA that act on the regulation and gene silencing in eukaryotic organisms. In physical activity the understanding of the expression of microRNAs may be relevant to understanding their physiology. The transcriptome of acute exhaustive exercise in Rattus norvegicus was used to analyze the differential expression (through the Fold-Change value obtained) of microRNAs, with the aid of multivariate statistical evaluation, in the R environment. The methods used showed expression of 71 miRNAs. Of these, six (by PCoA analysis) and two microRNAs: mir145 and mir186 (by differential expression analysis, EBseq) were highlighted. It was concluded that with the methods used (PCoA, Permanova and Simper) it was possible to analyze the differential expression of microRNAs and to highlight possible study targets for the strenuous experimental exercise.

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Regular exercise is an exogenous factor of gene regulation with numerous health benefits. The study aimed to evaluate human genes linked to physical exercise in an 'omic scale, addressing biological questions to the generated database. Three literature databases were searched with the terms 'exercise', 'fitness', 'physical activity', 'genetics' and 'gene expression'. For additional references, papers were scrutinized and a text-mining tool was used. Papers linking genes to exercise in humans through microarray, RNA-Seq, RT-PCR and genotyping studies were included. Genes were extracted from the collected literature, together with information on exercise protocol, experimental design, gender, age, number of individuals, analytical method, fold change and statistical data. The 'omic scale dataset was characterized and evaluated with bioinformatics tools searching for gene expression patterns, functional meaning and gene clusters. As a result, a physical exercise-related human gene compendium was created, with data from 58 scientific papers and 5.147 genes functionally correlated with 17 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. While 50.9% of the gene set was up-regulated, 41.9% was down-regulated. 743 up- and 530 down-regulated clusters were found, some connected by regulatory networks. To summarize, up- and down-regulation was encountered, with a wide genomic distribution of the gene set and up- and down-regulated clusters possibly assembled by functional gene evolution. Physical exercise elicits a widespread response in gene expression.

RESUMO

A imobilização é uma prática comum na reabilitação de lesões musculo esqueléticas, mas que pode, por sua vez, ocasionar, adicionalmente, diversos danos à estrutura inicialmente comprometida. Dentre os recursos empregados para reverter os danos oriundos da imobilização, a principal foi a terapia aquática que, aliada aos efeitos benéficos da imersão em água auxilia nos ajustes fisiológicos do corpo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o conteúdo proteico e estrutural da musculatura diafragmática e hepática de ratas pós-imobilização com terapia aquática. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética para o Uso de Animais da Universidade Estadual do Ceará, sob o protocolo nº 1122178 de 05/10/2017. Foram utilizadas 32 ratos, fêmeas, Wistar, divididas em quatro grupos: Controle (CTR), Imobilizado (I), Terapia Aquática (TA) e Imobilizado/Terapia Aquática (ITA). A imobilização ocorreu no membro posterior direito, incluindo a pelve, o quadril, fêmur, o joelho (extensão), tíbia e tornozelo (flexão plantar) ,durante duas semanas. A terapia aquática ocorreu durante seis dias por semana, ao longo de duas semanas. Após esse período, os animais foram eutanasiados e as estruturas de interesse dissecadas: diafragma e fígado. Para avaliação muscular e hepática, foi realizada uma dosagem de proteínas. O trofismo muscular foi calculado pela razão entre o peso úmido do músculo diafragmático (mg) e o peso corporal final (g) dos animais. Os dados foram analisados por Anova-One-Way, com p<0,05 e teste de Brown-Forsythee Kruskal-Wallis, além de uma correlação de Pearson. Os resultados foram expressos em média ± erro padrão da média. O processo de não utilização por duas semanas, associados ao tratamento de terapia aquática não foi capaz de alterar significativamente o conteúdo proteico e estrutural da musculatura diafragmática e das reservas hepáticas.

Immobilization is a common practice in the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injuries, but this may in turn cause several damages to the initially compromised structure. Among the resources used to reverse the damage from immobilization, the main one was the aquatic therapy, combined with the beneficial effects of immersion in water, helps with the physiological adjustments of the body. The objective of the present study was to analyze the protein and structural content of the diaphragmatic and hepatic muscles of post-immobilization rats with aquatic therapy. The project was approved by the Committee of Ethics for the Use of Animals of the State University of Ceará, under the protocol nº1122178 of 05/10/2017. Thirty-two female Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control (CTR), Immobilized (I), Aquatic Therapy (TA) and Immobilized with Aquatic Therapy (ITA). Immobilization occurred in the right hind limb, including the pelvis, hip, femur, knee (extension), tibia, and ankle (plantar flexion) for two weeks. Aquatic therapy occurred for six days a week over two weeks. After this period the animals were euthanized and the structures of interest were dissected: diaphragm and liver. For muscular and hepatic evaluation, protein quantity was evaluated. Muscle trophism was calculated by the ratio of wet diaphragmatic muscle weight (mg) to the final body weight (g) of the animals. The data were analyzed by Anova-one-Way, with p<0.05 and test of Brown-Forsythe and Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson correlation. Results were expressed as the average ± the standard error of measurement. It was found that the process of not using associated with aquatic therapy treatment for two weeks was not able to significantly alter the protein and structural content of the diaphragmatic muscles and liver reserves.

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As órteses ortopédicas funcionam como recursos terapêuticos dando suporte a algum membro corporal, que esteja acometido para complementar e permitir uma adequada reabilitação, com o objetivo de imobilizar, corrigir desvios, proteger ou bloquear determinadas estruturas, que possuem movimentos não fisiológicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o impacto da órtese ortopédica na densidade mineral óssea de ratas submetidas ao treinamento de corrida. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética para oUso de Animais da Universidade Estadual do Ceará, sob o protocolo nº 6923877 de 28/10/2016. Foram utilizadas 22 ratas, fêmeas, Wistar, massa corporal entre 210±10g. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos: Controle (CTR), Treinado (TRE) e Treinado com Órtese (TRO).Os animais do grupo CTR não realizaram o treino; os grupos TRE e TRO foram submetidos ao treinamento moderado de corrida. O treino ocorreu por três semanas em que a 1ª semana consistiu de uma adaptação em esteira. As duas semanas seguintes, os animais passaram por um teste de esforço no primeiro dia da semana, e nos cinco dias seguintes, por um treinamento de corrida à 60% da capacidade de esforço máximo. O teste de esforço consistiu em etapas de corridas contínuas, com um incremento de 0,2km/h na intensidade do exercício, até que o animal atingisse a exaustão. Após esse período, os animais foram anestesiados e posteriormente sacrificados, para a remoção do fêmur e da tíbia das patas traseiras (direita e esquerda). Das seguintes áreas foram analisadas: epífise (proximal e distal), diáfise e comprimento ósseo. Para análise estatística utilizou-se ANOVA One way, com teste Brown-Forsythee Kruskal-Wallis, considerando diferença com p<0,05. Os resultados foram expressos em média ± erro padrão da média. Verificou-se que estruturalmente houve poucas alterações métricas nas áreas analisadas, destacando-se a redução diafisária na tíbia e no fêmur do grupo TER, em comparação ao CTR.

Orthopedic orthoses act as therapeutic resources supporting a stricken limb to complement and allow adequate rehabilitation, with the purpose of immobilizing, correcting deviations, protecting or blocking certain structures that have non-physiological movements. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of orthopedic orthosis on the bone mineral density of rats submitted to running training. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee for the Use of Animals of the State University of Ceará, under the protocol no6923877 of 10/28/2016. Twenty-two female Wistar rats, with the body mass between 210 ± 10g were used. The animals were randomly divided into 3 groups: Control (CTR), Trained (TRE) and Trained with Orthosis (ORT). The animals of the CTR group did not perform the training; the TRE and TRO groups underwent moderate race training. The training took place for three weeks where the first week consisted of a treadmill adaptation. Over the next two weeks the animals underwent a stress test onthe first day of the week, and on the next five days, for a training course at 60% of the maximum exertion capacity. The exercise test consisted of continuous races with an increase of 0.2km/h in the intensity of the exercise, until the animal reached exhaustion. After this period, the animals were anesthetized and later dissected to remove the femur and tibia from the hind paws (right and left). The following areas were analyzed: epiphysis (proximal and distal), diaphysis and bone length. Statistical analysis was used ANOVA One way with Brown-Forsythe and Kruskal-Wallis test, considering difference with p <0.05. Results were expressed as average ± standard error. It was verified that structurally there were few metric alterations in the analyzed areas, emphasizing diaphysis reduction in the tibia and femur of the TRE group in comparison to the CTR. Moreover, epiphyseal increase in the femur of the TRE group in relation to the CTR.

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A imobilização é uma ferramenta ortopédica utilizada para tratar lesões traumáticas que comprometem estruturas osteomusculares. No entanto, esta prática pode produzir efeitos adversos à estrutura imobilizada, assim como em estruturas adjacentes. A fim de coibir os danos gerados pelo desuso a terapia aquática vem sendo utilizada para auxiliar nos ajustes fisiológicos do corpo. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o trofismo e a força muscular relativa do músculo cardíaco, assim como de estruturas musculares de ratas submetidas à imobilização e recuperadas com terapia aquática. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética para o Uso de Animais da Universidade Estadual do Ceará, sob o protocolo nº 1122178 de 05/10/2017. Foram utilizadas 32 ratas, fêmeas, Wistar, divididas em quatro grupos: Controle (CTR), Imobilizado (I), Terapia Aquática (TA) e Imobilizado/Terapia Aquática (ITA). A imobilização ocorreu no membro posterior direito, incluindo a pelve, o quadril, o fêmur, o joelho (extensão), a tíbia e o tornozelo (flexão plantar) durante duas semanas. A terapia aquática ocorreu durante seis dias por semana ao longo de duas semanas. Após esse período os animais foram sacrificados e dissecados as estruturas de interesse: coração, sóleo, extensor longo dos dedos (ELD) e tíbia. O trofismo muscular foi calculado pela razão entre o peso úmido do músculo de interesse (mg) e o peso corporal final (g) dos animais. A força muscular relativa foi delimitada pela razão entre o peso do músculo (mg) e o comprimento da tíbia (mm). Para análise estatística utilizou-se ANOVA One way com teste Brown-Forsythe e Kruskal-Wallis, considerando diferença com p<0,05. Os resultados foram expressos em média ± erro padrão da média. Verificou-se que houve um decréscimo significativo da força muscular relativa do ELD no grupo imobilizado em comparação ao grupo CTR no membro contralateral.

Immobilization is an orthopedic tool used to treat traumatic injuries that compromise musculoskeletal structures. However, this practice may produce adverse effects on the immobilized structure, as well as adjacent structures. In order to curb the damages generated by disuse, aquatic therapy has been used to assist in the physiological adjustments of the body. The present study aims to analyze the trophism and relative muscular strength of the cardiac muscle as well as the muscular structures of rats submitted to immobilization and recovered with aquatic therapy. The project was approved by the Committee of Ethics for the Use of Animals of the State University of Ceará, under the protocol nº1122178 of 05/10/2017.Thirty-two female Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control (CTR), Immobilized (I), Aquatic Therapy (TA) and Immobilized with Aquatic Therapy (ITA). Immobilization occurred in the right hind limb, including the pelvis, hip, femur, knee (extension), tibia, and ankle (plantar flexion) for two weeks. Aquatic therapy occurred for six days a week over two weeks. After this period the animals were sacrificed and the structures of interest were dissected: heart, soleus and he extensor digitorum longus. Muscle trophism was calculated by the ratio between the weight of the wet muscle (mg) and the final body weight (g) of the animals. The relative muscle strength was delimited by the ratio of muscle weight (mg) to tibial length (mm). Statistical analysis was used ANOVA One way with Brown-Forsy the and Kruskal-Wallis test, considering difference with p <0.05. Results were expressed as average ± standard error. It was found that there was a significant decrease in the relative muscle strength of the ELD in the immobilized group compared to the CTR group in the contralateral limb.

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