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The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different stunning methods on the meat quality of Arapaima gigas fillets from fish farming. A total of 48 specimens of A. gigas in the weight class 11.1 to 14.0 kg were investigated; these fish were subjected to different stunning methods for slaughter: ice asphyxia (IA), air asphyxia (AA), electronarcosis (EE) and hypothermia followed by bleeding (HB). Then, data were obtained from the analysis of pH, rigor mortis index (RI), water activity (Aw), instrumental texture (compression strength, firmness and adhesiveness) and blood glucose and via instrumental colourimetry. During the study, for up to 15 days of refrigerated storage, the methods provided pH values below 6.0. A. gigas submitted to EE and HB remained longer in the pre-rigor status. In addition, they expressed lower percentages of Aw. The EE method resulted in better texture assignments in the fillets. The blood glucose values indicated that the fish subjected to EE were less stressed. Concerning instrumental colourimetry, the fillets submitted to EE and HB showed greater luminosity; the fillets subjected to AA showed greater red-green colour intensity, while the fillets subjected to EE showed greater yellow-blue colour intensity. Therefore, the fish did not suffer stress with electronarcosis, and the fillets showed better preservation, juiciness, and tenderness.

RESUMO

The main aimed of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical parameters, abundance and density of cyanobacteria, determine their blooms and the ecotoxicological risk of their cyanotoxins in fish ponds water. This study was conducted out in 20 fish farms in Rondônia state (Brazilian Amazon), samplings were carried out in the rainy and dry seasons. The experiment was developed in a completely randomized factorial design 20 × 3 x 3 (20 fish farms, 3 ponds and 3 replications). Regarding the composition of qualitative samples, horizontal and vertical hauls were carried out on the water surface, quantitative samples was obtained using a plankton net (50 µm mesh opening). Meanwhile, with the use of a multiparametric probe, physicochemical analyzes in fish ponds water were carried out. Furthermore, the cyanobacteria found were classified taxonomically and its blooms were recorded. Finally, blood was collected from 60 Colossoma macropomum. Concerning the higher averages in the rainy season 6.13 mg L⁻1 of dissolved oxygen, 40.02 cm of transparency, 0.35 NO31⁻ of nitrate, 0.15 NO21⁻ of nitrite, 44.55 mg L⁻1 CaCO3 of alkalinity and 50.10 mg L⁻1 CaCO3 of hardness, while higher averages of pH, phosphate and phosphorus were found in the dry season. A total of 15 families and 29 species of cyanobacteria were identified in the different seasons. The families that showed the highest densities (rainy and dry seasons) were Microcystaceae (356 and 760 cells mL⁻1), Leptolyngbyaceae (126 and 287 cells mL⁻1) and Microcoleaceae (111 and 405 cells mL⁻1). The species that showed the highest densities were Microcystis aeruginosa (356 and 697 cells mL⁻1), Planktolyngbya limnetica (98 and 257 cells mL⁻1) and Planktothrix sp. (111 and 239 cells mL⁻1). There were significant Pearson's correlations (r > 0.85; p < 0.05) between family abundances and cyanotoxin volume between physicochemical water variables and seasonality. A total of 20 cyanobacteria blooms were recorded, all of which in the dry season showed an ecotoxicological risk. Concerning the assessment mutagenicity in fish blood cells, a total of 78 abnormalities per slide were observed. In the dry season, the expected volume of cyanotoxins in the ponds from fish farms F1 and F4 were above the quantification limit (>QL). Abundance and density of cyanobacteria and their blooms and cyanotoxins can be used as bioindicators of eutrophication and/or water quality and ecotoxicological risk in fish ponds.

RESUMO

The main aimed of this study was to provide information on microplastics present in the freshwater of fish farm ponds. In addition, the study showes a relationship between the seasonal, spatial distribution and the amount of microplastics found. This study was conducted in 35 fish farms located in the Rondônia state, Brazil, the sample collects were carried out in the two Amazonian hydrological seasons (dry and rainy). The study was developed in a completely randomized factorial scheme 35 × 3 x 3 (35 fish farms, 3 ponds and 3 repetitions per ponds). Microplastic sampling was performed following a modified method based on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Samples of 250 mL freshwater collected, which were deionized and pre-filtered through 6.0 mm mesh granulometric sieves. The average abundances of the different hydrological seasons were compared by Student's t-test, with differences statistically significant at p < 0.05. The microplastics were morphological categorized into fibers and colors blue, red or transparent. Microplastic contamination was confirmed in freshwater of 9 fish farming, with greater abundance of blue fibers and greater quantification in the rainy season. Fish farms P3, P4 and P6 had the highest quantifications of blue fiber in the two seasons (6 and 43, 19 and 56, 11 and 88 items mL-1, respectively). Almost all fish farms had a higher abundance of microplastics in the rainy season. It is important to highlight the prominence of microplastics in the blue fiber rainy season (286 items mL-1) compared to the dry season (58 items mL-1). Fish farms P3, P4 and P6 showed a strong positive correlation between the factors distance from the nearest urban area (r = 0.94, 0.79 and 0.97, respectively) and seasonality (r = 0.98, 0.77 and 0.96, respectively). Rainfall variations influenced the abundance of microplastics, especially of blue fibers. Fish farms are supplied with fresh water by rivers or streams, so it is possible that microplastics originate outside the fish farm, perhaps they were introduced due to high soil occupation, although surface runoff (of water contaminated by sewage) caused by heavy rains the most important factor. Therefore, one factor must be considered, surface runoff and groundwater contaminated by urban, agricultural and urban effluents may have contaminated rivers and streams and then contaminated the water in the fish farm ponds.

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The production of fish flour is an alternative for better use of the raw material, although it is rarely used in instant food. Thus, the aimed of this study was to evaluate Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) and Cynoscion virescens (croaker) fillets and the elaboration of flour with filleting by-products for inclusion in food products. Carcasses and heads of the two fish species were cooked, pressed, ground, subjected to drying and re-grinding to obtain standardized flours. These carcass flours were seasoned (sweet and salted). This study was organized into two experimental tests: Test 1: Yield, physicochemical and microbiological analyzes of fillets and flours made from carcass and head of Nile tilapia and croaker; Test 2: Seasoned flours made from Nile tilapia carcasses. There was a difference in fillets yield, where the croaker demonstrated 46.56% and the Nile tilapia 32.60%. Nile tilapia fillets had higher protein content (17.08%) and lower lipid content (0.89%) compared to croaker fillets (14.21 and 4.45%). Nile tilapia backbone flour had the highest protein content (55.41%) and the croaker the highest ash (45.55%) and the lowest Nile tilapia (28.38%). The head flours had lower protein contents (39.86%). Flours produced with croaker backbone had higher levels of calcium and phosphorus (9.34 and 9.27%). However, Nile tilapia backbone flour showed higher contents of essential amino acids. These flours demonstrated a fine granulometry (0.23 to 0.56 mm). Seasoned flours demonstrated interaction between fish species and flavors for moisture, ash, carbohydrates, calcium and phosphorus. The highest protein content (29.70%) was for Nile tilapia flour sweet flours (31.28%) had higher protein content, while salted lipids (8.06%). Nile tilapia has a lower fillet yield, although with a high protein content and low lipid content. Comparing the flours made from filleting by-products, the backbone flour has better nutritional quality, with Nile tilapia being superior to that of croaker, especially in terms of protein and amino acids.

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The aimed of the study was to evaluate the quality of raw milk from some suppliers in rural and urban areas and to test the hypothesis that it is unsafe for direct consumption. The study was conducted with suppliers in rural and urban areas in Presidente Médici municipality, Rondônia state. The method of the Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), was used, which consists of titrating a portion of the sample with a sodium hydroxide solution of known concentration, using phenolphthalein as an indicator. According to Brazilian legislation and literature, stability of Alizarol, foreign substances, Chloride, Hypochlorite, Hydrogen Peroxide and Colostrum were analyzed. Microbiological analysis, standard plate count (SPC) and quantification of thermotolerant coliforms were also performed using the most probable number (MPN) technique. Values above the limits established by legislation were found, mainly for temperature and titleable acidity, in addition to stability results against Alizarol and the presence of colostrum. There were high microbial contents with regard to SPC, and, in this case, the presence of pathogenic microorganisms cannot be disregarded. The presence of thermotolerant coliforms may indicate probable contact of milk with feces. Therefore, it is considered that the samples analyzed here are not safe for ingestion in the raw form.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a qualidade do leite cru de alguns fornecedores da zona rural e urbana e tes-tar a hipótese de que não são seguros para o consumo direto. O estudo foi conduzido em fornecedores da zona rural e urbana do município de Presidente Médici, estado de Rondônia. Empregou-se o método do Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), que consiste na titulação de uma porção da amostra por uma solução hidróxido de sódio de concentração conhecida, utilizando como indicador a fenolftaleína. Conforme a legislação brasileira e a lite-ratura, foram analisados estabilidade do Alizarol, substâncias estranhas, Cloreto, Hipoclorito, peróxido de Hidrogênio e Colostro. Foram realizadas também análises microbiológicas, contagem Padrão em Placa (CPP) e quantificação dos coliformes termotolerantes através da técnica do número mais provável (NMP). Foram encontrados valores acima dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação, principalmente para temperatura e acidez titulável, além dos resultados de estabili-dade frente ao Alizarol e da presença de colostro. Houve altos teores microbianos no que se refere à CPP, e, nesse caso, a presença de microrganismos patogênicos não pode ser desconsiderada. A presença de coliformes termotolerantes pode indicar provável contato do leite com fezes. Portanto, considera-se que as amostras aqui analisadas não são seguras para ingestão na forma crua.(AU)

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The cultivation of natives Amazonian fish such as tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus), tambatinga (female, Colossoma macropomum X Piaractus brachypomus, male) and Pintando da Amazônia (female, Pseudoplatystoma sp. X Leiarius marmoratus, male) temmoratus, increased in recent years, making studies related to the validity of these foods after processing necessary. Therefore, the aimed of the study was to evaluate the sensory, microbiological (Staphylococcus coagulase positive count and presence of Salmonella spp.) and chemical (pH and Total Volatile Bases (TVB) quality of fresh gutted fish stored on ice. Nine specimens of each species were used, all cultivated in an excavated tanks. The fasting time ranged from 16 to 48 hours, depending on the species, the fish was slaughtered by means of cold shock. The fish was gutted and stored in the fish fridge. Sensory analysis was performed by a trained team available. For other analyses, it was sent to a laboratory specializing in food analysis. The sensory analysis of fresh eviscerated tambaqui was characteristic of the species until the 15th day of storage. Fresh eviscerated pirapitinga presented until the 16th day. The fresh eviscerated tambatinga hybrid was kept until the 14th day of storage. And for the Pintado da Amazônia, the organoleptic characteristics were presentable until the 12th day of storage. The microbiological and physical-chemical analyzes were in accordance with Brazilian legislation in all specimens of the analyzed species. It was observed that the longer the fasting period, there was a numerical increase in the pH of the fish meat.(AU)

O cultivo de peixes nativos da Amazônia como tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus), tambatinga (fêmea, Colossoma macropomum X Piaractus brachypomus, macho) e o pintado da Amazônia (fêmea, Pseudoplatystoma sp. X Leiarius marmoratus, macho) tem aumentado nos últimos anos, fazendo com que estudos relacionados a validade desses alimentos após o processamento sejam necessários. Por isso, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros de qualidade senso-rial, microbiológica (contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e presença de Salmonella spp.) e química (pH e Bases Voláteis Totais (BVT)) deses pescados eviscerados frescos armazenados em gelo. Foram utilizados 9 exemplares de cada espécie, todos de origem de cultivo em viveiro escavado. O tempo de jejum variou de 16 a 48 horas, dependendo da espécie, o abate do pescado foi por meio de choque térmico. O pescado foi eviscerado e armazenado no frigorifico de pescado. Analise sensorial foi realizada por uma equipe treinada disponível. Para as demais análises foi enviado para um laboratório especializado em análises de alimentos. A análise sensorial do tambaqui eviscerado fresco estava característica da espécie até o 15°dia de estocagem. A pirapitinga evisce-rado fresco apresentou até o 16°dia. O hibrido tambatinga eviscerado fresco foi até o 14°dia de estocagem. E para o pintado da Amazônia as características organolépticas estavam apresentáveis até o dia 12° dia de armazenamento. As analises microbiológicas e físico químicas estavam de acordo com a legislação brasileira em todos os exemplares das espécies analisadas. Foi observado que quanto maior o tempo de jejum, houve um aumento numérico no pH da carne dos pescados.(AU)

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The aimed of this study was to evaluate the mineral composition in commercial cuts of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and pirarucu (Arapaima gigas). Were compared to the minimum values of daily consumption of minerals recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The experimental design was completely randomized, with processing performed in triplicate. Data were submitted to ANOVA. If ANOVA appeared statistically significant (α=0.05), the means were compared by Tukey's Test. There was a difference (p<0.05) between commercial cuts of the tambaqui for different minerals. Tambaqui ribs and band presented the highest values of total iron 1.08 ± 0.12 mg/100g compared to other commercial cuts. The mineral elements Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ expressed the highest values for the tambaqui steak, 301.00 ± 80.58, 457.00 ± 129.33, 36.00 ± 4.36 and 46.90 ± 4.68 mg/100g, respectively. There was a difference (p<0.05) between commercial cuts of the pirarucu for different minerals. The mineral elements Total Iron, Na+, K+ and Ca2+ expressed the highest values for pirarucu loin, 0.80 ± 0.07, 406.00 ± 117.50, 529.30 ± 130.58 and 32.00 ± 5.12 mg/100g, respectively. However, Mg2+ expressed a higher value for pirarucu tail fillet 37.10 ± 4.99 mg/100g. The tambaqui steak and pirarucu loin were the cuts that best met the minimum needs for mineral supply.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a composição mineral em cortes comerciais de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) e pirarucu (Arapaima gigas). Foram comparados aos valores mínimos de consumo diário de minerais recomendados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com processamento realizado em triplicata. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA. Caso a ANOVA parecesse estatisticamente significativa (α=0,05), as médias foram comparadas pelo Teste de Tukey. Houve diferença (p<0,05) entre cortes comerciais de tambaqui para os diferentes minerais. A costela e a banda de tambaqui apresentaram os maiores valores de ferro total 1,08 ± 0,12 mg/100g em relação aos demais cortes comerciais. Os elementos minerais Na+, K+, Ca2+ e Mg2+ expressaram os maiores valores para posta de tambaqui, 301,00 ± 80,58, 457,00 ± 129,33, 36,00 ± 4,36 e 46,90 ± 4,68 mg/100g, respectivamente. Houve diferença (p<0,05) entre cortes comerciais de pirarucu para diferentes minerais. Os elementos minerais Ferro Total, Na+, K+ e Ca2+ expressaram os maiores valores para o lombo de pirarucu, 0,80 ± 0,07, 406,00 ± 117,50, 529,30 ± 130,58 e 32,00 ± 5,12 mg/100g, respectivamente. No entanto, o Mg2+ expressou maior valor para filé da cauda de pirarucu 37,10 ± 4,99 mg/100g. Em destaque, a posta de tambaqui e o lombo de pirarucu foram os cortes que mais atenderam às necessidades mínimas de suprimento mineral. (AU)

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With the intensification of fish farming, the amount of residues also increased. One of the by-products generated is leather. However, several factors influence its quality, among them, the types of tanning used. Paiche (Arapaima gigas) is the largest freshwater fish in the world, and therefore has great potential in the use of leather, in addition to being one of the most cultivated fish in the Rondônia state. The aimed was to evaluate the physicomechanical resistance, histological and morphological aspects in different directions of the fibers of the paiche to evaluate the tanning with chromium oxide and vegetable tannin. Paiches with an average weight of 12.0 kg were used, skins were made and tanned using chromium and vegetable tannin as techniques. After tanning, 20 specimens were removed in longitudinal, transverse and diagonal directions to the fish body, to determine resistance in dynamometer and leather for histological analysis, scanning electron microscopy and physical-chemical analysis. The average thickness of the specimens of the leathers ranged 1.79mm to 2.82mm, in addition, there was no interaction between the type of tanning agent and the directions obtained for strength, traction and elongation. Regarding the progressive tearing test, there was also no interaction effect. However, the defined factors had relevant differences for the maximum and average amount applied, and the leathers tanned with vegetable tannin expanded to larger dimensions 110.19 and 85.52 N. According to the images obtained by histology and scanning microscopy, they presented that in the longitudinal and transverse direction the collagen fibers are presented in layers parallel to the leather surface and in the diagonal direction the interlacing is more intense, that is, in addition to the overlapping layers intercalated thinner, close to the surface, fiber bundles can also be seen crossing each other. It is concluded that leathers tanned with vegetable tannin have less resistance than leathers tanned with chromium salts for traction to rupture and greater resistance to tear.

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The aimed of this study was to determine proximal composition, fatty acid profile, omegas and lipid quality in the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) in "flatted cut", produced and commercializeded by Rondônia state, Brazil. Three pieces of flatted tambaqui were collected from 40 fish weighing 1.10 ± 0.10 kg. Proximal composition were determined by AOAC Official method 969.23 and 968.08. The fatty acids were grouped to calculate ratio ∑PUFAs/∑SFAs and proportion ∑PUFAs (n-6/n-3), atherogenicity index (AI) were calculated, thrombogenicity index (TI), and ratio between hypocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids (HH). Were found 1.06 g/100g of mineral matter, 17.64 g/100g of crude protein, 5.74 g/100g of lipids, 75 .54 g/100g of moisture and 122.22 kcal/100g of caloric value. Lipid composition 39.425% of SFAs, 43.518% of MUFAs and 17.057% of PUFAs. It also presented ∑PUFAs/∑SFAs ratios of 2.31 and ∑PUFAs (n-6/n-3) of 3.78. As AI of 0.44, TI of 0.92 and HH of 2.02. Tambaqui meat of 1.10 ± 0.10 kg in flatted cut contains good proximal contents, with high protein content and excellent lipid content, being considered a low-fat meat, with low moisture content and low caloric value and rich in minerals. It can also be considered a good source of MUFAs and PUFAs, especially n-3 and n-6, with high nutritional value, in addition to essential fatty acids, ALA, AA, DHA and EPA, which were crucial to provide good levels of lipid quality.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a composição centesimal, perfil de ácidos graxos, ômegas e qualidade lipídica no tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) "em corte espalmado", produzido e comercializado pelo estado de Rondônia, Brasil. Foram coletadas três amostras de 40 exemplares de tambaqui espalmado de 1,10 ± 0,10 kg. A composição centesimal foi deter-minada pelos métodos AOAC 969,23 e 968,08. Os ácidos graxos foram agrupados para calcular a razão ∑PUFAs/∑SFAs e a proporção ∑PUFAs (n-6/n-3), índice de aterogenicidade (IA), índice de trombogenicidade (IT) e razão entre ácidos graxos hipocolesterolêmico e hipercolesterolêmico (HH). Foram encontrados 1,06 g/100g de matéria mineral, 17,64 g/100g de pro-teína bruta, 5,74 g/100g de lipídios, 75,54 g/100g de umidade e 122,22 kcal/100g de valor calórico. Composição lipídica de 39,425% de SFAs, 43.518% de MUFAs e 12,057% de PUFAs. O corte também apresentou razões ∑PUFAs/∑SFAs de 2,31 e ∑PUFAs (n-6/ n -3) de 3,78. E também, AI de 0,44, TI de 0,92 e HH de 2,02. A carne de tambaqui de 1,10 ± 0,10 kg em corte espalmado contém bons teores centesimais, com alto teor proteico e excelente teor de lipídios, sendo considerada uma carne semi-gorda, com baixo teor de umidade e baixo valor calórico e rico em minerais. Também pode ser considerada uma boa fonte de MUFAs e PUFAs, principalmente n-3 e n-6, com alto valor nutricional, além de ácidos graxos essenciais, ALA, AA, DHA e EPA, que foram fundamentais para fornecer bons níveis de qualidade lipídica.(AU)

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This study aimed to determine the fatty acid profile, omegas, and lipid quality indices in commercial cuts of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Samples were collected from two fish processing industries located in Rondônia state, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized, with processing performed in triplicate. Data were submitted for analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess differences between commercial cuts. If ANOVA was statistically significant (α = 0.05), the averages were compared using Tukey's test. In the composition of fatty acids, there was a difference (p < 0.05) between commercial cuts. The commercial cuts with the highest percentages of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) steak at 47.050%, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) fillet at 45.120%, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) band at 19.050%. In addition, the band expresses the highest values of omegas 3, 6, 7, and n-9. The indices prescribed ∑PUFAs/∑SFAs, ∑PUFAs (n-6/∑n-3), atherogenicity index, thrombogenicity index, and ratio between hypocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids, indicating that commercial cuts have lipid quality. Nutritional information is important for conservation and processing processes, the development of new products on the market, and guidance on the form of preparation, thus providing commercial security for different market niches.

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar o perfil de ácidos graxos, ômegas e índices de qualidade lipídica em cortes comerciais de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). As coletas de amostras foram realizadas em duas indústrias de processamento de pescado localizadas no estado de Rondônia, Brasil. O delineamen-to experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com processamento realizado em triplicata. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) para avaliar diferenças entre cortes comerciais. Quando a ANOVA foi estatisticamente significativa (α = 0,05), as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Na composição dos ácidos graxos, houve diferença (p < 0,05) entre os cortes comerciais. O corte comercial com maiores percentagens de ácido graxo saturado (AGSs) foi a posta 47,050%, de ácido graxo monossaturado (AGMs) foi o filé 45,120% e de ácido graxo poli-insaturado (AGPs) foi a banda 19,050%. Esta também expressou os maiores valores de ômegas 3, 6, 7 e n-9. Os índices prescritos ∑AGPs/∑AGSs, ∑AGPs (n-6/∑n-3); índice de aterogenicidade; índice de trombogenicidade; razão entre ácidos graxos hipocolesterolêmicos e hipercolesterolêmicos mostram que os cortes comerciais possuem qualidade lipídica. As informações nutricionais são importantes para os processos de conservação e processamento e para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos no mercado, bem como orientam a forma de preparo, proporcionando assim segurança comercial para diferentes nichos de mercado.

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Handcrafted salted fish is marketed weekly in retail markets and public fairs in the Porto Velho city, Rondônia sate, Brazil. Knowing the microbiological quality of these products is essential for public health, given that such products are not subject to any quality control. The aimed of the study was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary characteristics and the moisture content of pirarucu and salted and dried shrimp marketed in the Porto Velho city. Twenty samples were collected, 10 pirarucu and 10 shrimp, in February and June 2019. For microbiological analysis, surface plating was performed using acidified potato agar, for molds and yeasts, and PCA agar for halophilic bacterias. Moisture was determined by gravimetry, using an oven at 105° C. Results for molds and yeasts on pirarucu ranged <10 log CFU/g (absent) to 3 log CFU/g. For shrimp, values ranged <10 log CFU/g to 3.57 log CFU/g. For halophilic bacterias, contents ranged <10 log CFU/g to 6.30 log CFU/g in pirarucu samples and <10 log CFU/g to 6.97 log CFU/g in shrimp samples. The variation in moisture content ranged 36.99 to 54.31% for pirarucu, and 40.6 to 56.82% for shrimp. The results obtained may be related to poor hygienic conditions in processing, the lack of hygiene of utensils and places for handling, or even the quality of the raw material used.(AU)

Pescado salgado preparado artesanalmente é semanalmente comercializado em mercados varejistas e feiras públicas na cidade de Porto Velho, Rondônia. Conhecer a qualidade microbiológica desses produtos é essencial para a saúde pública, haja visto, que tais produtos não estão sujeitos a nenhum controle de qualidade. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as caracterís-ticas higiênico-sanitárias e o teor de umidade de pirarucus e camarões salgados e secos comercializados em Porto Velho. Foram coletadas 20 amostras, 10 de pirarucu e 10 de camarão, em fevereiro e junho de 2019. Para as análises microbiológicas foi realizado o plaqueamento em superfície usando-se ágar batata acidificado, para bolores e leveduras, e ágar PCA para as bacté-rias halofílicas. A umidade foi determinada por gravimetria, com uso de estufa a 105°C. Os resultados para bolores e leveduras em pirarucu variaram de <10 log UFC/g (ausente) a 3 log UFC/g. Para os camarões os valores variaram de <10 log UFC/g a 3,57 log UFC/g. Para as bactérias halofílicas os teores variaram de <10 log UFC/g a 6,30 log UFC/g nas amostras de pirarucu e de <10 log UFC/g a 6,97 log UFC/g nas amostras de camarão. A variação nos teores de umidade foi de 36,99 a 54,31% para o pirarucu, e de 40,6 a 56,82% para o camarão. Os resultados obtidos podem estar relacionados às más condições higiênicas no processamento, à falta de higiene dos utensílios e dos locais de manipulação, ou ainda, à qualidade da matéria-prima empregada.(AU)

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This study aimed to determine the mineral composition, fatty acid profile, omegas and lipid quality indexes in the visceral fat residues of tambaqui (C. macropomum). Three pieces of visceral fat were collected from 20 fish weighing 1.10 ± 0.10 kg, which were homogenized and sent for compositional analysis. Minerals were determined by AOAC Official method 969.23 and 968.08. The fatty acids were grouped to calculate the ∑PUFAs/∑SFAs fatty acids ratio and the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids ∑PUFAs (n-6/n-3), atherogenicity indixes (AI) were calculated, thrombogenicity (TI), and ratio between hypocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids (HH). Mineral elements were found, 0.68 ± 0.015 mg/100g of total iron, 159.16 ± 14.32 mg/100g of Na+, 63.90 ± 5.11 mg/100g of K+, 10.28 ± 0. 62 mg/100g of Ca2+and 7.31 ± 0.58 mg/100g of Mg2+. As for fatty acids, 40.10% of SFAs, 38.10% of MUFAs and 21.80% of PUFAs. The calculations indicated significant values of omegas, 3, 6, 7 and n-7. There were ∑PUFAs/∑SFAs ratios of 1.84 and ∑PUFAs(n-6/n-3) of 6.22, with an AI of 0.50 and a TI of 0.93 and HH of 2.16. The 1.0 ± 0.10 kg tambaqui visceral fat residues can be evaluated as having high nutritional value, in addition to being a viable option for oil extraction and inclusion in animal feed.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a composição mineral, perfil de ácidos graxos, omegas e índices de qualidade lipíca de resíduos de gordura visceral de tambaqui (C. macropomum). Foram três amostras de gordura visceral coletadas de 20 peixes de 1,10 ± 0,10 kg, os quais foram homogeneizados e enviados para análise composicional. Os minerais foram deter-minados pelo método oficial AOAC 969,23 e 968,08. Os ácidos graxos foram agrupados para calcular a proporção de ácidos graxos ∑PUFAs/∑SFAs e a proporção de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados ∑PUFAs (n-6/n-3), índices de aterogenicidade (IA) foram calculados, trombogenicidade (IT) e proporção entre ácidos graxos hipocolesterolêmicos e hipercolesterolêmicos (HH). Foram encontrados os elementos minerais, 0,68 ± 0,015 mg/100g de ferro total, 159,16 ± 14,32 mg/100g de Na+, 63,90 ±5,11 mg/100g de K+, 10,28 ± 0,22 mg/100g de Ca2+ e 7,31 ± 0,58 mg/100g de Mg2+. Quanto aos ácidos graxos, 40,10% de AGS, 38,10% de AGM e 21,80% de AGP. Os cálculos indicaram valores significativos de ômegas, 3, 6, 7 e n-7. Em relação a ∑PUFAs/∑SFAs de 1,84 e ∑PUFAs (n-6/n-3) de 6,22, com um índice de IA de 0,50 e um IT de 0,93 e HH de 2,16. O 1,0 ±0,10 kg na gordura visceral de tambaqui pode ser avaliado como de alto valor nutricional, além de ser uma opção viável para extração do óleo e inclusão na ração animal.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Salmonellosis is the world's most common foodborne illness. In Brazil, foods contaminated by salmonella lead the statistics. Therefore, the aim of this study is, through biotechnological knowledge, to compile alternative and innovative techniques for the detection of salmonella in foods, such as fish-farming derivatives, immunological and biosensorial techniques. This is a descriptive exploratory data survey of a qualitative nature, aiming at data analysis. Research and data collection were carried out in bibliographic databases: Academic Google, Scielo, CAPES journals and institutional repositories using specific descriptors - in Portuguese and English, with words and terms separated by the Boolean operators 'AND' and 'OR'. Some innovative and alternative methods are available to identify the presence of salmonella in food. Immunological and biosensory techniques, despite being less frequent in the scientific literature than molecular methods, are techniques that present high specificity and sensitivity. These techniques have been the most developed alternative methods in fish in recent years. And, they can employ both molecular and immunological techniques in biorecognition, which is characterized as an advantage of not having a requirement for pre-enrichment of the sample. According to the literature found, the techniques covered in this study are quick to respond, which speeds up decision-making by researchers and technicians, which makes the techniques very promising for industrial application.(AU)

A salmonelose é uma enfermidade de maior ocorrência no mundo veiculada por alimentos. No Brasil, alimentos contaminados por salmonelas lideram as estatísticas. Por isso, o objetivo desse estudo é através dos conhecimentos biotecnológicos compilar técnicas alternativas e inovadoras para a detecção de salmonelas em alimentos, como os derivados da piscicultura, as técnicas imunológicas e biossensoriais. Trata-se de um estudo de levantamento de dados descritivo exploratório de de caráter qualitativo, visando à análise dos dados. As pesquisas e coletas de dados foram realizadas nas bases bibliográficas: Google Acadêmico, Scielo, periódicos da CAPES e repositórios institucionais utilizando os descritores específicos - nos idiomas português e inglês, com palavras e termos separados pelos operadores booleanos 'AND' e 'OR'. São disponibilizados alguns métodos inovadores e alternativos para identificação da presença de salmonelas em alimentos. As técnicas imunológicas e biossensoriais, apesar de serem menos frequentes na literatura científica do que os métodos moleculares são técnicas que apresentaram elevada especificidade e sensibilidade. Essas técnicas têm sido os métodos alternativos mais desenvolvidos em peixes nos últimos anos. E, podem empregar tanto técnicas moleculares como imunológicas no biorreconhecimento, o que se caracteriza como vantagem de não haver requerimento de pré-enriquecimento da amostra. Conforme a literatura encontrada, as técnicas abordadas por esse estudo apresentam rapidez de resposta o que agiliza as tomadas de decisões dos pesquisadores e técnicos, o que torna as técnicas bastante promissora para aplicação industrial.(AU)

La salmonelosis es la enfermedad transmitida por alimentos más común del mundo. En Brasil, los alimentos contaminados por salmonelas lideran las estadísticas. Por tanto, el objetivo de ese estudio fue a través de conocimientos biotecnológicos recopilar técnicas alternativas e innovadoras para la detección de salmonelas en los alimentos, como los derivados de la piscicultura, las técnicas inmunológicas y biosensoriales. Se trata de una encuesta de datos exploratorio descriptivo de carácter cualitativo, cuyo objetivo es el análisis de datos. Las investigaciones y recopilaciones de datos se realizaron en bases de datos bibliográficas: Google Académico, Scielo, revistas CAPES y repositorios institucionales utilizando descriptores específicos, en portugués e inglés, con palabras y términos separados por los operadores booleanos 'AND' y 'OR'. Se encuentran disponibles algunos métodos innovadores y alternativos para identificar la presencia de salmonela en los alimentos. Las técnicas inmunológicas y biosensoriales, a pesar de ser menos frecuentes en la literatura científica que los métodos moleculares, son técnicas de alta especificidad y sensibilidad. Esas técnicas han sido los métodos alternativos más desarrollados en peces en los últimos años. Y pueden emplear técnicas tanto moleculares como inmunológicas en el biorreconocimiento, que se caracteriza por la ventaja de no tener un requisito de preenriquecimiento de la muestra. Según la literatura encontrada, las técnicas abordadas en este estudio son de rápida respuesta, lo que agiliza la toma de decisiones por parte de investigadores y técnicos, lo que hace que las técnicas sean muy prometedoras para la aplicación industrial.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Salmonellosis is the world's most common foodborne illness. In Brazil, foods contaminated by salmonella lead the statistics. Therefore, the aim of this study is, through biotechnological knowledge, to compile alternative and innovative techniques for the detection of salmonella in foods, such as fish-farming derivatives, immunological and biosensorial techniques. This is a descriptive exploratory data survey of a qualitative nature, aiming at data analysis. Research and data collection were carried out in bibliographic databases: Academic Google, Scielo, CAPES journals and institutional repositories using specific descriptors - in Portuguese and English, with words and terms separated by the Boolean operators 'AND' and 'OR'. Some innovative and alternative methods are available to identify the presence of salmonella in food. Immunological and biosensory techniques, despite being less frequent in the scientific literature than molecular methods, are techniques that present high specificity and sensitivity. These techniques have been the most developed alternative methods in fish in recent years. And, they can employ both molecular and immunological techniques in biorecognition, which is characterized as an advantage of not having a requirement for pre-enrichment of the sample. According to the literature found, the techniques covered in this study are quick to respond, which speeds up decision-making by researchers and technicians, which makes the techniques very promising for industrial application.(AU)

A salmonelose é uma enfermidade de maior ocorrência no mundo veiculada por alimentos. No Brasil, alimentos contaminados por salmonelas lideram as estatísticas. Por isso, o objetivo desse estudo é através dos conhecimentos biotecnológicos compilar técnicas alternativas e inovadoras para a detecção de salmonelas em alimentos, como os derivados da piscicultura, as técnicas imunológicas e biossensoriais. Trata-se de um estudo de levantamento de dados descritivo exploratório de de caráter qualitativo, visando à análise dos dados. As pesquisas e coletas de dados foram realizadas nas bases bibliográficas: Google Acadêmico, Scielo, periódicos da CAPES e repositórios institucionais utilizando os descritores específicos - nos idiomas português e inglês, com palavras e termos separados pelos operadores booleanos 'AND' e 'OR'. São disponibilizados alguns métodos inovadores e alternativos para identificação da presença de salmonelas em alimentos. As técnicas imunológicas e biossensoriais, apesar de serem menos frequentes na literatura científica do que os métodos moleculares são técnicas que apresentaram elevada especificidade e sensibilidade. Essas técnicas têm sido os métodos alternativos mais desenvolvidos em peixes nos últimos anos. E, podem empregar tanto técnicas moleculares como imunológicas no biorreconhecimento, o que se caracteriza como vantagem de não haver requerimento de pré-enriquecimento da amostra. Conforme a literatura encontrada, as técnicas abordadas por esse estudo apresentam rapidez de resposta o que agiliza as tomadas de decisões dos pesquisadores e técnicos, o que torna as técnicas bastante promissora para aplicação industrial.(AU)

La salmonelosis es la enfermedad transmitida por alimentos más común del mundo. En Brasil, los alimentos contaminados por salmonelas lideran las estadísticas. Por tanto, el objetivo de ese estudio fue a través de conocimientos biotecnológicos recopilar técnicas alternativas e innovadoras para la detección de salmonelas en los alimentos, como los derivados de la piscicultura, las técnicas inmunológicas y biosensoriales. Se trata de una encuesta de datos exploratorio descriptivo de carácter cualitativo, cuyo objetivo es el análisis de datos. Las investigaciones y recopilaciones de datos se realizaron en bases de datos bibliográficas: Google Académico, Scielo, revistas CAPES y repositorios institucionales utilizando descriptores específicos, en portugués e inglés, con palabras y términos separados por los operadores booleanos 'AND' y 'OR'. Se encuentran disponibles algunos métodos innovadores y alternativos para identificar la presencia de salmonela en los alimentos. Las técnicas inmunológicas y biosensoriales, a pesar de ser menos frecuentes en la literatura científica que los métodos moleculares, son técnicas de alta especificidad y sensibilidad. Esas técnicas han sido los métodos alternativos más desarrollados en peces en los últimos años. Y pueden emplear técnicas tanto moleculares como inmunológicas en el biorreconocimiento, que se caracteriza por la ventaja de no tener un requisito de preenriquecimiento de la muestra. Según la literatura encontrada, las técnicas abordadas en este estudio son de rápida respuesta, lo que agiliza la toma de decisiones por parte de investigadores y técnicos, lo que hace que las técnicas sean muy prometedoras para la aplicación industrial.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Among the disturbances resulting from stress is cannibalism, in the confinement of swines, it is caused by suffering environmental disturbances. Therefore, the aimed of this study was to analyze the rates of condemnation of swine carcasses for cannibalism in the period from January to April 2020 in a slaughterhouse located in the Northern Mesoregion Mato-grossense - Brazil. Data were conducted using ANOVA and Tukey Test (α=0.05). The study of proportions was also carried out as a statistical basis to calculate the percentage of destinations and the total amount of condemned swine carcasses. The averages of the condemned, released and used carcasses show a statistical difference (p<0.05) between the months studied. The monthly averages were 112.25 condemned carcasses (64.25 released, 35 used conditionally and 13 destined for rendering). In the total of carcasses condemned for cannibalism, there were values of 57.28% for release, 31.18% for conditional use and 11.58% for rendering, with a higher incidence in March. The incidence of cannibalism can be considered low in relation to the number of animals slaughtered in a four-month period. However, the economic impact must be taken into account, because the loss due to total conviction and conditional use cause significant financial losses. In addition, uncomfortable production environments have factors closely related to cannibalism, being difficult to control after the outbreak begins. Therefore, the incidence of cannibalism can influence the final carcass yield of swines slaughtered in the finishing phase.(AU)

Dentre os distúrbios decorrentes do estresse está o canibalismo, no confinamento de suínos se dá por sofrer dis-túrbios ambientais. Diante disso, o objetivo desse estudo foi analisar os índices de condenação de carcaças suínas por cani-balismo no período de janeiro a abril de 2020 em um frigorífico de abate localizado na Mesorregião Norte Mato-Grossense - Brasil. Os dados foram conduzidos à ANOVA e pelo Teste deTukey (α=0,05). Foi realizado também, o estudo de pro-porções como base estatística para calcular a porcentagem das destinações e da quantidade total de carcaças suínas conde-nadas. As médias das carcaças condenadas, liberadas e aproveitadas apresentam diferença estatística (p<0,05) entre os meses estudados. Sendo as médias mensais 112,25 carcaças condenadas, (64,25 liberação, 35 aproveitadas condicionalmente e 13 destinadas para a graxaria). No total de carcaças condenadas por canibalismo, constatou-se valores de 57,28% para libera-ção, 31,18% destinadas a aproveitamento condicional e 11,58% destinadas à graxaria, onde se observou maior incidência no mês de março. A incidência de canibalismo pode ser considerada baixa em relação a quantidade de animais abatidos em um período de quatro meses. Contudo, o impacto econômico deve ser levado em consideração, porque a perda por con-denação total e por aproveitamento condicional provocam prejuízos financeiros significativos. Além disso, os ambientes de produção desconfortáveis apresentam fatores intimamente relacionados ao canibalismo, sendo de difícil controle após o início do surto. Portanto, a incidência de canibalismo pode influenciar no rendimento final da carcaça de suínos abati-dos em fase de terminação.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Among the disturbances resulting from stress is cannibalism, in the confinement of swines, it is caused by suffering environmental disturbances. Therefore, the aimed of this study was to analyze the rates of condemnation of swine carcasses for cannibalism in the period from January to April 2020 in a slaughterhouse located in the Northern Mesoregion Mato-grossense - Brazil. Data were conducted using ANOVA and Tukey Test (α=0.05). The study of proportions was also carried out as a statistical basis to calculate the percentage of destinations and the total amount of condemned swine carcasses. The averages of the condemned, released and used carcasses show a statistical difference (p<0.05) between the months studied. The monthly averages were 112.25 condemned carcasses (64.25 released, 35 used conditionally and 13 destined for rendering). In the total of carcasses condemned for cannibalism, there were values of 57.28% for release, 31.18% for conditional use and 11.58% for rendering, with a higher incidence in March. The incidence of cannibalism can be considered low in relation to the number of animals slaughtered in a four-month period. However, the economic impact must be taken into account, because the loss due to total conviction and conditional use cause significant financial losses. In addition, uncomfortable production environments have factors closely related to cannibalism, being difficult to control after the outbreak begins. Therefore, the incidence of cannibalism can influence the final carcass yield of swines slaughtered in the finishing phase.

Dentre os distúrbios decorrentes do estresse está o canibalismo, no confinamento de suínos se dá por sofrer dis-túrbios ambientais. Diante disso, o objetivo desse estudo foi analisar os índices de condenação de carcaças suínas por cani-balismo no período de janeiro a abril de 2020 em um frigorífico de abate localizado na Mesorregião Norte Mato-Grossense - Brasil. Os dados foram conduzidos à ANOVA e pelo Teste deTukey (α=0,05). Foi realizado também, o estudo de pro-porções como base estatística para calcular a porcentagem das destinações e da quantidade total de carcaças suínas conde-nadas. As médias das carcaças condenadas, liberadas e aproveitadas apresentam diferença estatística (p<0,05) entre os meses estudados. Sendo as médias mensais 112,25 carcaças condenadas, (64,25 liberação, 35 aproveitadas condicionalmente e 13 destinadas para a graxaria). No total de carcaças condenadas por canibalismo, constatou-se valores de 57,28% para libera-ção, 31,18% destinadas a aproveitamento condicional e 11,58% destinadas à graxaria, onde se observou maior incidência no mês de março. A incidência de canibalismo pode ser considerada baixa em relação a quantidade de animais abatidos em um período de quatro meses. Contudo, o impacto econômico deve ser levado em consideração, porque a perda por con-denação total e por aproveitamento condicional provocam prejuízos financeiros significativos. Além disso, os ambientes de produção desconfortáveis apresentam fatores intimamente relacionados ao canibalismo, sendo de difícil controle após o início do surto. Portanto, a incidência de canibalismo pode influenciar no rendimento final da carcaça de suínos abati-dos em fase de terminação.

Assuntos

RESUMO

For the Amazon, it is important to encourage the production of native fish, since there are several species of zootechnical interest. For this, it is necessary to know the species since its acquisition, production, processing, and marketing. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the yield, correlations, and profitability of different cuts of black pacu (Colossoma macropomum) in five weight categories. Data from 220 black pacus were obtained, with a weight range of 2725 ± 1975 g. Yields of commercial cuts and morphometric measurements were evaluated in five weight classes. Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0.05) was used to compare the average income. And, to verify the correlation between the morphometric measures and the yields, Spearman's correlation was performed (α = 0.05). To obtain the profit of the weight classes due to the cut produced, an economic analysis was carried out considering the cost of buying the fish. Yields of fillet, ribs, and steak were higher in classes 3 and 4, while in the same classes, the yield of residues was the lowest. Despite classes 1, 2, and 5 showing lower yields, the economic analysis presented that the production of fillet and ribs was profitable. The measures of total length and standard length have a high positive correlation with the yield of meat in all classes, as well as the average circumference and caudal circumference in classes 1, 2, and 4, which can be used to determine the yields of this commercial cut.

Assuntos

RESUMO

To evaluate the bromatological composition and ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of Xaraés palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha ‘Xaraes syn Brachiaria brizantha) under grazing in integrated crop, livestock (ICL), and forest (ICLF) systems, we conducted an in situ degradability trial in randomized blocks with three non-lactating 3/4 Gyr × 1/4 Holstein cows, provided with ruminal cannula. The management of Xaraés palisade grass was similar in both systems, differing only regarding shading in the ICLF system provided by eucalyptus trees (average 65% crown cover). Grass samples were incubated for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Considering the passage rate 2% h-1, the Xaraés palisade grass of ICL system had greater NDF effective degradability in relation to ICLF (46.38% vs 44.98%). However, the palisade grass CP potential degradability was greater in the ICLF than in the ICL system (68.92% vs. 65.40%). The presence of trees in the pasture has effect on nutritional traits of the Xaraés palisade grass, increasing its protein content and degradability and reducing its fiber degradability.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

In this study, the stimulatory effects of application of glyphosate herbicide coupled with manganese sulfate (8%) foliar fertilizer on the production and bromatological characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha‘Marandu were evaluated. The experiments were performed using randomized complete block design with a 5×4 factorial scheme in plots subdivided over time (across four evaluations) with four repetitions, totaling 100 observations. The effects of sublethal doses of acid equivalent (a.e.) of glyphosate (5.40, 21.60, 64.80, and 108.00 g·a.e.·ha-1) and control plus manganese sulfate foliar fertilizer (1,000 g ha-1) were assessed in four successive evaluations at a defoliation frequency of 21 days. Foliage at 20 cm height (to evaluate forage production); leaf/stem ratio (LSR); and contents of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and lignin (LIG) were measured in experimental plots with a usable area of 7.5 m2. Application of sublethal doses of glyphosate plus manganese sulfate did not increase forage production, increased LSR, reduced LIG content, and did not affect CP content in all four evaluations. NFD and ADF indicated satisfactory qualitative indices for animal feed following the application of sublethal doses of glyphosate plus manganese sulfate in all four evaluations.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

In this study, the stimulatory effects of application of glyphosate herbicide coupled with manganese sulfate (8%) foliar fertilizer on the production and bromatological characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha‘Marandu’ were evaluated. The experiments were performed using randomized complete block design with a 5×4 factorial scheme in plots subdivided over time (across four evaluations) with four repetitions, totaling 100 observations. The effects of sublethal doses of acid equivalent (a.e.) of glyphosate (5.40, 21.60, 64.80, and 108.00 g·a.e.·ha-1) and control plus manganese sulfate foliar fertilizer (1,000 g ha-1) were assessed in four successive evaluations at a defoliation frequency of 21 days. Foliage at 20 cm height (to evaluate forage production); leaf/stem ratio (LSR); and contents of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and lignin (LIG) were measured in experimental plots with a usable area of 7.5 m2. Application of sublethal doses of glyphosate plus manganese sulfate did not increase forage production, increased LSR, reduced LIG content, and did not affect CP content in all four evaluations. NFD and ADF indicated satisfactory qualitative indices for animal feed following the application of sublethal doses of glyphosate plus manganese sulfate in all four evaluations.

Assuntos