RESUMO
Cashew nut shells (CNS) is already used in the energy matrix of some industries. However, it is necessary to know the harmful health effects generated by exposure to pollutants of its combustion, especially in the workers exposed to industrial pollutants. In addition, it is known that the incidence of asthma grows among workers in industries, and due to its previously reported biological effects of anethole, these will also be objects of the present study. We used 64 Balb/C mice, randomly divided into eight groups. Groups were sensitized and challenged with saline or ovalbumin, then subjected to intranasal instillation of 30 µg PM4.0 (occupational exposure) from the combustion of CNS or saline, and then were subsequently treated with oral anethole 300 mg/kg or 0.1% Tween 80. Our results serve as a starting point for the development of public policies for the prevention of diseases in workers that are exposed to the pollutants coming from industries.
Assuntos
Poluentes Ocupacionais do Ar/efeitos adversos , Anacardium , Indústria de Processamento de Alimentos , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Material Particulado/efeitos adversos , Derivados de Alilbenzenos , Animais , Anisóis , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Polissorbatos , Distribuição AleatóriaRESUMO
Staphylococcus aureus is highly prevalent among patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), and this pathogen may trigger and aggravate AD lesions. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S. aureus in the nares of pediatric subjects and verify the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of the isolates in pediatric patients with AD. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, SCCmec typing, and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) genes. Lineages were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). AD severity was assessed with the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index. Among 106 patients, 90 (85%) presented S. aureus isolates in their nares, and 8 also presented the pathogen in their skin infections. Two patients had two positive lesions, making a total of 10 S. aureus isolates from skin infections. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was detected in 24 (26.6%) patients, and PVL genes were identified in 21 (23.3%), including 6 (75%) of the 8 patients with skin lesions but mainly in patients with severe and moderate SCORAD values (P=0.0095). All 24 MRSA isolates were susceptible to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, while 8 isolates had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to mupirocin >1024 μg/mL. High lineage diversity was found among the isolates including USA1100/ST30, USA400/ST1, USA800/ST5, ST83, ST188, ST718, ST1635, and ST2791. There was a high prevalence of MRSA and PVL genes among the isolates recovered in this study. PVL genes were found mostly among patients with severe and moderate SCORAD values. These findings can help clinicians improve the therapies and strategies for the management of pediatric patients with AD.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Ratos , Nefropatias/metabolismo , Rim/metabolismo , Podócitos/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Células Cultivadas , Proteína de Ligação ao Elemento de Resposta ao AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Immunoblotting , Nefropatias/induzido quimicamente , Nefropatias/genética , Rim/patologia , Rim/fisiopatologia , Microscopia Eletrônica , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/genética , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Puromicina , Podócitos/patologia , Podócitos/ultraestrutura , Proteômica/métodos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
Staphylococcus aureus is highly prevalent among patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), and this pathogen may trigger and aggravate AD lesions. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S. aureus in the nares of pediatric subjects and verify the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of the isolates in pediatric patients with AD. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, SCCmec typing, and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) genes. Lineages were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). AD severity was assessed with the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index. Among 106 patients, 90 (85%) presented S. aureus isolates in their nares, and 8 also presented the pathogen in their skin infections. Two patients had two positive lesions, making a total of 10 S. aureus isolates from skin infections. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was detected in 24 (26.6%) patients, and PVL genes were identified in 21 (23.3%), including 6 (75%) of the 8 patients with skin lesions but mainly in patients with severe and moderate SCORAD values (P=0.0095). All 24 MRSA isolates were susceptible to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, while 8 isolates had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to mupirocin >1024 µg/mL. High lineage diversity was found among the isolates including USA1100/ST30, USA400/ST1, USA800/ST5, ST83, ST188, ST718, ST1635, and ST2791. There was a high prevalence of MRSA and PVL genes among the isolates recovered in this study. PVL genes were found mostly among patients with severe and moderate SCORAD values. These findings can help clinicians improve the therapies and strategies for the management of pediatric patients with AD.
Assuntos
Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Dermatite Atópica/microbiologia , Exotoxinas/genética , Leucocidinas/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Cavidade Nasal/microbiologia , Pele/microbiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Estudos Transversais , DNA Bacteriano , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Valores de Referência , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Infecções Cutâneas Estafilocócicas/microbiologiaRESUMO
This study aimed to characterize meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) lineages circulating in a Brazilian teaching hospital. MRSA isolates from nasal swabs were evaluated to assess antimicrobial susceptibility, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), Panton-Valentine leucocidin status, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile and multi-locus sequence type (MLST) analysis. Eighty-three MRSA isolates were analysed. SCCmec III (43.4%) and IV (49.4%) were predominant. ST1-IV (USA400) was more common in internal medicine (P = 0.002) whereas 'clone M' (SCCmec III) was more common in the medical and surgical intensive care unit (P = 0.004), and all isolates were ST5-IV (USA800) in dermatology (P < 0.001). These data improved the understanding of the MRSA epidemiology inside the hospital and helped to establish effective control measures.
Assuntos
Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Genes Bacterianos , Genótipo , Hospitais de Ensino , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Epidemiologia Molecular , Tipagem Molecular , Mucosa Nasal/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Fatores de Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
Staphylococcus aureus is the main causal pathogen of infective endocarditis (IE), which may have distinct origins, namely, community, nosocomial, or non-nosocomial healthcare-associated (NNHCA). We report the first case of NNHCA-IE caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain USA400/SCCmec IV in which the combination therapy of rifampin and vancomycin had a favorable outcome for the patient.
Assuntos
Endocardite/diagnóstico , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Estafilocócicas/diagnóstico , Adulto , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Brasil , Ecocardiografia Transesofagiana , Endocardite/tratamento farmacológico , Endocardite/microbiologia , Endocardite/patologia , Genótipo , Instalações de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Tipagem Molecular , Rifampina/administração & dosagem , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/patologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Vancomicina/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Antiretroviral therapy has revolutionized the treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus because it has improved the clinical outcomes of patients. It is essential that these drugs cross the blood-brain barrier, since the virus is present in the central nervous system (CNS). Efavirenz passes through this barrier satisfactorily and can reduce the deleterious central effects of the human immunodeficiency virus. However, patients treated with efavirenz have been observed to experience psychiatric symptoms such as mania, depression, suicidal thoughts, psychosis, and hallucinations. The aim of this review is to describe the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of efavirenz and its major neuropsychiatric symptoms and the neurochemical pathways associated with these changes in the CNS. The databases Medline and Lilacs were used to search for review articles and preclinical and clinical research articles published from January 1996 to 2010. The search terms used were efavirenz, central nervous system, neuropsychiatry, neurotransmitters, adverse effects, and neurochemistry. Subject categories considered included effects on viral replication, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of efavirenz, and neuropsychiatric adverse effects including time course, duration, and probable mechanisms involved. The mechanisms involved in these changes include interference with cytochrome P450 enzymes, cytokines, tryptophan-2-3-dioxygenase, and brain creatine kinase.
Assuntos
Complexo AIDS Demência/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Anti-HIV/efeitos adversos , Benzoxazinas/efeitos adversos , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtornos Neurocognitivos/induzido quimicamente , Alcinos , Fármacos Anti-HIV/química , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacocinética , Benzoxazinas/química , Benzoxazinas/farmacocinética , Encéfalo/enzimologia , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Ciclopropanos , Humanos , Transtornos Neurocognitivos/enzimologia , Transtornos Neurocognitivos/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
1. The effects of the essential oil of Croton nepetaefolius (EOCN) and its major constituent, 1,8-cineole, on the compound action potential (CAP) of nerve were investigated. 2. Experiments were performed in sciatic nerves dissected from Wistar rats, mounted in a moist chamber and stimulated at a frequency of 0.2 Hz, with electric pulses of 100 micros duration at 20-40 V. Evoked CAP were displayed on an oscilloscope and recorded on a computer. The CAP control parameters were as follows: peak-to-peak amplitude 8.1 +/- 0.6 mV (n = 15); conduction velocity 83.3 +/- 4.2 m/s (n = 15); chronaxie 58.0 +/- 6.8 msec (n = 6); and rheobase 2.8 +/- 0.1 V (n = 6). 3. Lower concentrations of EOCN (100 and 300 microg/mL) and 1,8-cineole (153 and 307 microg/mL; i.e. 1 and 2 mmol/L, respectively) had no significant effects on CAP control parameters throughout the entire recording period. However, at the end of 180 min exposure of the nerve to the drug, peak-to-peak amplitude was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced to 27.4 +/- 6.7 and 1.7 +/- 0.8% of control values by 500 and 1000 microg/mL EOCN, respectively (n = 6), and to 76.5 +/- 4.4, 70.0 +/- 3.9 and 14.8 +/- 4.1% of control values by 614, 920 and 1227 microg/mL (i.e. 4, 6 and 8 mmol/L) 1,8-cineole, respectively (n = 6). Regarding conduction velocity, at the end of the 180 min exposure period, this parameter was significantly reduced to 85.8 +/- 7.3 and 48.7 +/- 12.3% (n = 6) of control values by 500 and 1000 microg/mL EOCN, respectively, and to 86.4 +/- 4.5 and 76.1 +/- 5.2% (n = 6) by 920 and 1227 microg/mL 1,8-cineole, respectively. Chronaxie and rheobase were significantly increased by the higher concentrations of both EOCN and 1,8-cineole. 4. It is concluded that EOCN and its main constituent 1,8-cineole block nerve excitability in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect that was totally reversible with 1,8-cineole but not with EOCN. This suggests that other constituents of EOCN, in addition to 1,8-cineole, may contribute to the mediation of this effect of EOCN.
Assuntos
Anestésicos Locais , Óleo de Cróton/farmacologia , Cicloexanóis/farmacologia , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Nervo Isquiático/efeitos dos fármacos , Potenciais de Ação/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Óleo de Cróton/química , Cicloexanóis/química , Eletrofisiologia , Eucaliptol , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Monoterpenos/química , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
We investigate the fluid flow through two-dimensional ramified structures by direct simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations. We show that for trees with n generations, the flow distribution strongly depends on the Reynolds number Re. Specifically, for a tree without loops the flow becomes highly heterogeneous at high Re. For a tree with loops, on the other hand, the flow distribution tends to be more uniform at increased Re conditions. We show that these apparently contradictory behaviors have the same origin, namely, the effect of inertia on the momentum transport in the channels of the ramified geometry. In order to simulate the propagation of the flow imbalance throughout the tree without loops, we develop a simple model that incorporates the basic fluid dynamics features of the system. For large trees, the results of the model indicate that the distribution of flow at the outlet branches can be described by a self-affine landscape. Finally, we argue that the nonuniform partitioning of flow found for the structure without loops may contribute to the morphogenesis and functioning of the bronchial tree.