RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Brazil has a long history of heavy asbestos consumption. However, the number of asbestos-related diseases (ARDs) falls far below the one expected compared with other asbestos consumer countries. AIMS: To examine underreporting of ARDs, that is mesothelioma, asbestosis and pleural plaques, in Brazil's Mortality Information System (SIM). METHODS: Health information systems (HIS) were mapped, datasets retrieved and records of ARD deaths extracted. Records were pair-matched using anonymous linkage to create a single database. ARD-reported cases missing in SIM were considered unreported. The study's period ranged from 2008 to 2014, when every HIS contributed to the ARD records pool. RESULTS: A total of 1298 registered ARD deaths were found, 996 cases of mesothelioma (77%) and 302 (23%) of asbestosis and pleural plaques. SIM was the major single data source of ARD but 335 mesothelioma deaths were missing, an average underreporting of 33%, with no clear time trend. For asbestosis and pleural plaques, underreporting of ARD oscillated from 55% in 2010 to 25% in 2014, a declining trend. ARD underreporting was not associated with sex or age. CONCLUSIONS: One-third of underreported ARD deaths in the universal SIM is unacceptably high and, apparently, it has not been improving substantially over time. After recoveries from multiple databases, the number of cases is still below, which could be expected based on asbestos consumption. Interoperability of multiple information systems could enhance case detection and improve the precision of mortality estimates, which are crucial for surveillance and for evaluation of remedial policies.

Assuntos

Amianto , Asbestose , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Mesotelioma , Doenças Pleurais , Neoplasias Pleurais , Amianto/efeitos adversos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Humanos , Mesotelioma/etiologia , Doenças Pleurais/etiologia , Neoplasias Pleurais/etiologia

RESUMO

Cashew nut shells (CNS) is already used in the energy matrix of some industries. However, it is necessary to know the harmful health effects generated by exposure to pollutants of its combustion, especially in the workers exposed to industrial pollutants. In addition, it is known that the incidence of asthma grows among workers in industries, and due to its previously reported biological effects of anethole, these will also be objects of the present study. We used 64 Balb/C mice, randomly divided into eight groups. Groups were sensitized and challenged with saline or ovalbumin, then subjected to intranasal instillation of 30 µg PM4.0 (occupational exposure) from the combustion of CNS or saline, and then were subsequently treated with oral anethole 300 mg/kg or 0.1% Tween 80. Our results serve as a starting point for the development of public policies for the prevention of diseases in workers that are exposed to the pollutants coming from industries.

Assuntos

Poluentes Ocupacionais do Ar/efeitos adversos , Anacardium , Indústria de Processamento de Alimentos , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Material Particulado/efeitos adversos , Derivados de Alilbenzenos , Animais , Anisóis , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Polissorbatos , Distribuição Aleatória

RESUMO

The development of insects is strongly influenced by their resident microorganisms. Symbionts play key roles in insect nutrition, reproduction, and defense. Bacteria are important partners due to the wide diversity of their biochemical pathways that aid in the host development. We present evidence that the foam produced by nymphs of the spittlebug Mahanarva fimbriolata harbors a diversity of bacteria, including some that were previously reported as defensive symbionts of insects. Analysis of the microbiomes in the nymph gut and the soil close to the foam showed that the microorganisms in the foam were more closely related to those in the gut than in the soil, suggesting that the bacteria are actively introduced into the foam by the insect. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria were the predominant groups found in the foam. Since members of Actinobacteria have been found to protect different species of insects by producing secondary metabolites with antibiotic properties, we speculate that the froth produced by M. fimbriolata may aid in defending the nymphs against entomopathogenic microorganisms.

Assuntos

Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Hemípteros/microbiologia , Microbiologia do Solo , Animais , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Trato Gastrointestinal/microbiologia , Hemípteros/fisiologia , Ninfa/microbiologia , Simbiose

Assuntos

Estatura , Metabolismo Energético , Transtornos do Crescimento/fisiopatologia , Renda , Obesidade/terapia , Pobreza , Redução de Peso , Programas de Redução de Peso , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangue , Brasil , Feminino , Transtornos do Crescimento/sangue , Transtornos do Crescimento/complicações , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto Jovem

RESUMO

The consumption of healthy and natural foods has increased over the last few years, primarily because these foods are rich in substances with biological properties of interest, such as exerting anticancer effects and decreasing oxidative stress in living tissues. These foods support adequate nutrition, maintain health, and improve quality of life. Vanillic acid (VA) is a phenolic compound used widely in the food industry as a flavoring, preservative, and food additive. VA can be found in various cereals, whole grains, fruits, herbs, green tea, juices, beers, and wines and possesses antioxidant, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and antiapoptotic activities. Studying the cytotoxicity as well as the mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of different concentrations of VA in Rattus norvegicus hepatoma cells (HTC) can identify new cellular activities of this substance. Concentrations up to 100 µM VA are not cytotoxic to HTC cells in a MTT [3-(4,5-dimethilthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenil tetrazolium bromide] assay after 96-h exposure; therefore, VA does not compromise mitochondrial activity. Similarly, concentrations up to 500 µM do not compromise plasma membrane integrity. VA at 10 and 50 µM showed no mutagenic/clastogenic effects, as no significant micronuclei induction was observed. VA 10 µM presented no antiproliferative activity and reduced the cytotoxicity induced by benzo[a]pyrene. The antimutagenic activity of 10 µM VA was observed by the simultaneous, pre-, and post-treatments, as the phenolic compound significantly reduced the frequency of micronuclei induced by the mutagen. These results indicate that VA exerts different responses in HTC cells. Low concentrations present no cytotoxic, mutagenic, or antiproliferative effects and protect cells from DNA damage.

Assuntos

Antimutagênicos/farmacologia , Ácido Vanílico/farmacologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Ratos

RESUMO

Staphylococcus aureus is highly prevalent among patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), and this pathogen may trigger and aggravate AD lesions. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S. aureus in the nares of pediatric subjects and verify the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of the isolates in pediatric patients with AD. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, SCCmec typing, and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) genes. Lineages were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). AD severity was assessed with the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index. Among 106 patients, 90 (85%) presented S. aureus isolates in their nares, and 8 also presented the pathogen in their skin infections. Two patients had two positive lesions, making a total of 10 S. aureus isolates from skin infections. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was detected in 24 (26.6%) patients, and PVL genes were identified in 21 (23.3%), including 6 (75%) of the 8 patients with skin lesions but mainly in patients with severe and moderate SCORAD values (P=0.0095). All 24 MRSA isolates were susceptible to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, while 8 isolates had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to mupirocin >1024 μg/mL. High lineage diversity was found among the isolates including USA1100/ST30, USA400/ST1, USA800/ST5, ST83, ST188, ST718, ST1635, and ST2791. There was a high prevalence of MRSA and PVL genes among the isolates recovered in this study. PVL genes were found mostly among patients with severe and moderate SCORAD values. These findings can help clinicians improve the therapies and strategies for the management of pediatric patients with AD.

Assuntos

Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Ratos , Nefropatias/metabolismo , Rim/metabolismo , Podócitos/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Células Cultivadas , Proteína de Ligação ao Elemento de Resposta ao AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Immunoblotting , Nefropatias/induzido quimicamente , Nefropatias/genética , Rim/patologia , Rim/fisiopatologia , Microscopia Eletrônica , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/genética , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Puromicina , Podócitos/patologia , Podócitos/ultraestrutura , Proteômica/métodos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa

RESUMO

Staphylococcus aureus is highly prevalent among patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), and this pathogen may trigger and aggravate AD lesions. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S. aureus in the nares of pediatric subjects and verify the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of the isolates in pediatric patients with AD. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, SCCmec typing, and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) genes. Lineages were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). AD severity was assessed with the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index. Among 106 patients, 90 (85%) presented S. aureus isolates in their nares, and 8 also presented the pathogen in their skin infections. Two patients had two positive lesions, making a total of 10 S. aureus isolates from skin infections. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was detected in 24 (26.6%) patients, and PVL genes were identified in 21 (23.3%), including 6 (75%) of the 8 patients with skin lesions but mainly in patients with severe and moderate SCORAD values (P=0.0095). All 24 MRSA isolates were susceptible to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, while 8 isolates had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to mupirocin >1024 µg/mL. High lineage diversity was found among the isolates including USA1100/ST30, USA400/ST1, USA800/ST5, ST83, ST188, ST718, ST1635, and ST2791. There was a high prevalence of MRSA and PVL genes among the isolates recovered in this study. PVL genes were found mostly among patients with severe and moderate SCORAD values. These findings can help clinicians improve the therapies and strategies for the management of pediatric patients with AD.

Assuntos

Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Dermatite Atópica/microbiologia , Exotoxinas/genética , Leucocidinas/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Cavidade Nasal/microbiologia , Pele/microbiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Estudos Transversais , DNA Bacteriano , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Valores de Referência , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Infecções Cutâneas Estafilocócicas/microbiologia

RESUMO

This study aimed to characterize meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) lineages circulating in a Brazilian teaching hospital. MRSA isolates from nasal swabs were evaluated to assess antimicrobial susceptibility, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), Panton-Valentine leucocidin status, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile and multi-locus sequence type (MLST) analysis. Eighty-three MRSA isolates were analysed. SCCmec III (43.4%) and IV (49.4%) were predominant. ST1-IV (USA400) was more common in internal medicine (P = 0.002) whereas 'clone M' (SCCmec III) was more common in the medical and surgical intensive care unit (P = 0.004), and all isolates were ST5-IV (USA800) in dermatology (P < 0.001). These data improved the understanding of the MRSA epidemiology inside the hospital and helped to establish effective control measures.

Assuntos

Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Genes Bacterianos , Genótipo , Hospitais de Ensino , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Epidemiologia Molecular , Tipagem Molecular , Mucosa Nasal/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Fatores de Virulência/genética

RESUMO

Staphylococcus aureus is the main causal pathogen of infective endocarditis (IE), which may have distinct origins, namely, community, nosocomial, or non-nosocomial healthcare-associated (NNHCA). We report the first case of NNHCA-IE caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain USA400/SCCmec IV in which the combination therapy of rifampin and vancomycin had a favorable outcome for the patient.

Assuntos

Endocardite/diagnóstico , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Estafilocócicas/diagnóstico , Adulto , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Brasil , Ecocardiografia Transesofagiana , Endocardite/tratamento farmacológico , Endocardite/microbiologia , Endocardite/patologia , Genótipo , Instalações de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Tipagem Molecular , Rifampina/administração & dosagem , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/patologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Vancomicina/administração & dosagem

RESUMO

Antiretroviral therapy has revolutionized the treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus because it has improved the clinical outcomes of patients. It is essential that these drugs cross the blood-brain barrier, since the virus is present in the central nervous system (CNS). Efavirenz passes through this barrier satisfactorily and can reduce the deleterious central effects of the human immunodeficiency virus. However, patients treated with efavirenz have been observed to experience psychiatric symptoms such as mania, depression, suicidal thoughts, psychosis, and hallucinations. The aim of this review is to describe the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of efavirenz and its major neuropsychiatric symptoms and the neurochemical pathways associated with these changes in the CNS. The databases Medline and Lilacs were used to search for review articles and preclinical and clinical research articles published from January 1996 to 2010. The search terms used were efavirenz, central nervous system, neuropsychiatry, neurotransmitters, adverse effects, and neurochemistry. Subject categories considered included effects on viral replication, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of efavirenz, and neuropsychiatric adverse effects including time course, duration, and probable mechanisms involved. The mechanisms involved in these changes include interference with cytochrome P450 enzymes, cytokines, tryptophan-2-3-dioxygenase, and brain creatine kinase.

Assuntos

Complexo AIDS Demência/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Anti-HIV/efeitos adversos , Benzoxazinas/efeitos adversos , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtornos Neurocognitivos/induzido quimicamente , Alcinos , Fármacos Anti-HIV/química , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacocinética , Benzoxazinas/química , Benzoxazinas/farmacocinética , Encéfalo/enzimologia , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Ciclopropanos , Humanos , Transtornos Neurocognitivos/enzimologia , Transtornos Neurocognitivos/fisiopatologia

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) is a serious complication after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and remains a significant cause of graft loss. HAT following OLT has been reported in 3% to 9% of patients. Among the surgical factors considered to be associated with HAT, arterial reconstruction might be the most important. The goal of this study was to compare the incidence of HAT between interrupted suture (IS) and continuous suture (CS) techniques during hepatic artery reconstruction in liver transplantation. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of 200 consecutive liver transplantations occurring between May 2002 and December 2006, including medical records for: age, gender, cold ischemic time, warm ischemic time, type and number of arterial anastomosis. Hepatic artery anastomoses were performed using a 7-0 prolene with a running CS in the first 105 patients (CS group), and with an IS in the last 95 patients (IS group). RESULTS: Statistical analysis of age, gender, cold and warm ischemia time, and number of hepatic artery anastomoses was not different between the CS and IS groups. Eleven episodes of HAT were identified in the CS group (10%) and two episodes (2%) in the IS cohort, a significant difference (P = .0173). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that IS might be a better choice for hepatic artery anastomosis with a lower incidence of HAT.

Assuntos

Anastomose Cirúrgica/métodos , Artéria Hepática/cirurgia , Transplante de Fígado/métodos , Trombose/epidemiologia , Adulto , Anastomose Cirúrgica/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Seguimentos , Hepatite C/cirurgia , Humanos , Cirrose Hepática Alcoólica/cirurgia , Transplante de Fígado/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos

RESUMO

1. The effects of the essential oil of Croton nepetaefolius (EOCN) and its major constituent, 1,8-cineole, on the compound action potential (CAP) of nerve were investigated. 2. Experiments were performed in sciatic nerves dissected from Wistar rats, mounted in a moist chamber and stimulated at a frequency of 0.2 Hz, with electric pulses of 100 micros duration at 20-40 V. Evoked CAP were displayed on an oscilloscope and recorded on a computer. The CAP control parameters were as follows: peak-to-peak amplitude 8.1 +/- 0.6 mV (n = 15); conduction velocity 83.3 +/- 4.2 m/s (n = 15); chronaxie 58.0 +/- 6.8 msec (n = 6); and rheobase 2.8 +/- 0.1 V (n = 6). 3. Lower concentrations of EOCN (100 and 300 microg/mL) and 1,8-cineole (153 and 307 microg/mL; i.e. 1 and 2 mmol/L, respectively) had no significant effects on CAP control parameters throughout the entire recording period. However, at the end of 180 min exposure of the nerve to the drug, peak-to-peak amplitude was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced to 27.4 +/- 6.7 and 1.7 +/- 0.8% of control values by 500 and 1000 microg/mL EOCN, respectively (n = 6), and to 76.5 +/- 4.4, 70.0 +/- 3.9 and 14.8 +/- 4.1% of control values by 614, 920 and 1227 microg/mL (i.e. 4, 6 and 8 mmol/L) 1,8-cineole, respectively (n = 6). Regarding conduction velocity, at the end of the 180 min exposure period, this parameter was significantly reduced to 85.8 +/- 7.3 and 48.7 +/- 12.3% (n = 6) of control values by 500 and 1000 microg/mL EOCN, respectively, and to 86.4 +/- 4.5 and 76.1 +/- 5.2% (n = 6) by 920 and 1227 microg/mL 1,8-cineole, respectively. Chronaxie and rheobase were significantly increased by the higher concentrations of both EOCN and 1,8-cineole. 4. It is concluded that EOCN and its main constituent 1,8-cineole block nerve excitability in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect that was totally reversible with 1,8-cineole but not with EOCN. This suggests that other constituents of EOCN, in addition to 1,8-cineole, may contribute to the mediation of this effect of EOCN.

Assuntos

Anestésicos Locais , Óleo de Cróton/farmacologia , Cicloexanóis/farmacologia , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Nervo Isquiático/efeitos dos fármacos , Potenciais de Ação/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Óleo de Cróton/química , Cicloexanóis/química , Eletrofisiologia , Eucaliptol , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Monoterpenos/química , Ratos , Ratos Wistar

RESUMO

Genital manifestations in schistosomiasis haematobium are common and are associated with considerable morbidity. Although Schistosoma mansoni may also cause genital disease, the frequency of this complication is not known. Cervical biopsies (N=401) and Pap smears (N=981) were therefore collected from women living in two S. mansoni-endemic areas (in the states of Alagoas and Ceará, in north-eastern Brazil). The women were screened for the presence of sexually transmitted diseases and for the presence, in their cervical smears and/or biopsies, of S. mansoni eggs. Attempts at schistosomiasis control, which began in both study areas in 1977, have led to generally low intensities of infection (<30 eggs/g faeces in 99% of infections) and community prevalences of infection that range between 1% and 52%. As no schistosome ova were detected in any of the biopsies or smears, it appears that the risk, among women, of genital manifestations of S. mansoni infection is small in areas where the parasite load in the population is low (as the result of interventions to control intestinal schistosomiasis).

Assuntos

Doenças Endêmicas , Esquistossomose mansoni/epidemiologia , Doenças do Colo do Útero/parasitologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Biópsia/métodos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Colo do Útero/parasitologia , Colo do Útero/patologia , Colposcopia/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Teste de Papanicolaou , Vigilância da População , Prevalência , Schistosoma mansoni/isolamento & purificação , Esquistossomose mansoni/patologia , Doenças do Colo do Útero/epidemiologia , Doenças do Colo do Útero/patologia , Esfregaço Vaginal

RESUMO

We investigate the fluid flow through two-dimensional ramified structures by direct simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations. We show that for trees with n generations, the flow distribution strongly depends on the Reynolds number Re. Specifically, for a tree without loops the flow becomes highly heterogeneous at high Re. For a tree with loops, on the other hand, the flow distribution tends to be more uniform at increased Re conditions. We show that these apparently contradictory behaviors have the same origin, namely, the effect of inertia on the momentum transport in the channels of the ramified geometry. In order to simulate the propagation of the flow imbalance throughout the tree without loops, we develop a simple model that incorporates the basic fluid dynamics features of the system. For large trees, the results of the model indicate that the distribution of flow at the outlet branches can be described by a self-affine landscape. Finally, we argue that the nonuniform partitioning of flow found for the structure without loops may contribute to the morphogenesis and functioning of the bronchial tree.

Assuntos

Educação em Saúde/métodos , Esquistossomose mansoni/prevenção & controle , Materiais de Ensino , Adolescente , Brasil , Criança , Hábitos , Humanos , Esquistossomose mansoni/transmissão

RESUMO

Os autores revisam os prontuários de oitenta e nove pacientes submetida à coledocoduodenostomias, realizadas na Clínica Cirúrgica Unidade II do Hospital do Andaraí, INAMPS-RJ, entre outubro de 1966 e julho de 1986. Analisam as suas indicaçöes, complicaçöes e os maus resultados, avaliando os resultados tardios (média de 5,5 anos). Comentam, ainda, sobre as vantagens, como também as possíveis desvantagens dessa cirurgia

Assuntos

Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Feminino , Duodeno/cirurgia , Cálculos Biliares/cirurgia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Métodos , Recidiva

RESUMO

Os niveis de histamina no sangue total, antes e apos a anestesia pela quetamina, foram estudados em dois grupos de pacientes. Em um grupo, a dosagem foi feita pelo metodo biologico (Code, 1937), o qual dosa alem da histamina outras substancias com capacidade de contrairem o ileo de cobaia.No outro grupo, a dosagem de histamina foi realizada pelo metodo fluorimetrico (Lorenz e col, 1970), o qual e mais especifico. Pelo metodo biologico, a quetamina aumentou os niveis de histamina de 122,88 para 156,88 ng. ml-1. Pelo metodo fluorimetrico, os niveis de histamina foram aumentados de 35,87 para 62,25 ng. ml-1, apos a quetamina. A quetamina aumentou significantemente os niveis circulatorios de histamina, embora nao tenha alterado os niveis sanguineos de substancias histaminoides

Assuntos

Adolescente , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Anestesia Intravenosa , Histamina , Ketamina