RESUMO
In the vicinity of a petrochemical industrial region in São Paulo, Brazil, PM2.5-bound organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs, oxy-PAHs, hopanes, and inorganic species were evaluated. Oxidative potential (OP), burden (OB), and Alivibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition (AFBIA) assays were conducted to determine the potential health effects of exposure to these compounds. The PM2.5 mean concentration was 32.0 ± 18.2 µg m-3, and benzo (a)pyrene was found to exceed recommended levels by at least four times. Secondary sources and vehicular emissions were indicated by nitro-PAHs, oxy-PAHs, and inorganic species. The OP and OB results revealed that secondary compounds favored antioxidant depletion. The AFBIA results showed that 64 % of the samples were toxic. These findings emphasize the need to reduce the exposure risk and take measures to protect human health.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos , Neoplasias , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos , Humanos , Material Particulado/toxicidade , Material Particulado/análise , Poluentes Atmosféricos/toxicidade , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Brasil , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análise , CarbonoRESUMO
Wildfires have increased in the last years and, when caused by intentional illegal burnings, are frequently run out of control. Wildfire has been pointed out as an important source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and trace elements (TEs) - such as, As, Ni, and Pb - to environmental compartments, and thus may pose a risk to human health and to the ecosystem. In 2020, the Brazilian biome, Pantanal, faced the largest losses by wildfires in the last 22 years. Ashes from the topsoil layer in Pantanal were collected after these wildfires at 20 sites divided into the sediment, forest, PF, PS, and degraded sites. Toxicity and associated risks for human health were also evaluated. The areas highly impacted by wildfires and by artisanal gold mining activities showed higher concentrations for TEs and PAHs than the protected areas. Pb varied from 8 ± 4 to 224 ± 81 mg kg-1, and total PAH concentration ranged between 880 ± 314 and 1350 ± 70 ng g-1, at sites impacted by anthropogenic activities. Moreover, health risk assessments for TE and PAH indicated a potentially great risk for children and adults, via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal pathway. The carcinogenic risks exceeded reference values, for both TE and PAH, suggesting harmful conditions, especially for vulnerable groups, such as children and the elderly. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11869-022-01248-2.
RESUMO
Increased industrialization and consumption of fossil fuels in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP), Brazil, have caused a growth of the particulate matter emissions to the atmosphere and an increase in population health problems. Particulate and gaseous phase samples were collected in different short campaigns (2015, 2016, and 2017) near an urban-industrial area. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and its derivatives (nitro and oxy-PAH), n-alkanes, hopanes, and pesticides were determined. The Salmonella/microsome test confirmed the mutagenic activity of these samples. Among PAH, benzo(a)pyrene was detected as one of the most abundant compounds. Benzo(a)pyrene equivalent concentrations for PAH and nitro-PAH, and the associated risk of lung cancer, showed values above those recommended in the literature. The profile of n-alkanes confirmed the predominance of anthropogenic sources. Pesticide concentrations and estimated risks, such as the daily inhalation exposure and hazard quotient, suggest that exposure to these compounds in this area may be dangerous to human health.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Alcanos , Benzo(a)pireno , Brasil , Carbono , Humanos , Testes de Mutagenicidade , Mutagênicos , Compostos Orgânicos , Material Particulado/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análiseRESUMO
Urban trees are a new tool for pollutant monitoring since gaseous and particulate pollutants can deposit in its barks. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels were determined in gaseous phase samples collected in polyurethane foam (PUF), total suspended particles (TSP) samples collected in quartz fiber filters and tree bark samples (Tipuana and Sibipiruna) collected in the surroundings of an industrial complex in the metropolitan area of São Paulo. Benzo(b)fluoranthene presented the highest average concentration in the TSP samples and phenanthrene, the highest average concentration in the PUF samples; the sum of carcinogenic equivalents for benzo(a)pyrene (BaPEq) for both phases was above 20â¯ngâ¯m-3, representing a high cancer risk. The most abundant PAH for tree barks was fluoranthene; low weight PAHs presented a higher abundance than the observed in TSP. Coronene (vehicular exhaust marker) presented good correlations with fluoranthene in the tree bark samples, suggesting an influence of vehicular emissions. A tree bark sample collected near the petrochemical area presented biomarkers of petrogenic origin (hopanoids) in the mass spectrum and an unresolved complex mixture (UCM) profile. The results suggested an influence of both vehicular and industrial sources on the air quality observed in the atmosphere and tree barks samples.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Casca de Planta/química , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análise , Poluição do Ar , Atmosfera/análise , Brasil , Carcinógenos/análise , Carvão Mineral , Poeira , Fluorenos , Gases , Humanos , Material Particulado/análise , Fenantrenos , Compostos Policíclicos , Emissões de Veículos/análiseRESUMO
Emissions from burning of biomass in the Amazon region have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Herein, particulate matter (PM) emitted from biomass burning in the Amazon region during two different periods, namely intense and moderate, was investigated. This study focused on: i) organic characterization of nitro- and oxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); ii) assessment of the excess lifetime cancer risk (LCR); and iii) assessment of the in vitro mutagenic effects of extractable organic matter (EOM). Further, we compared the sensitivity of two mutagenicity tests: Salmonella/microsome test and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) with human lung cells. Among the nitro-PAHs, 2-nitrofluoranthene, 7-nitrobenz[a]anthracene, 1-nitropyrene, and 3-nitrofluoranthene showed the highest concentrations, while among oxy-PAHs, 2-metylanthraquinone, benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione, and 9,10-anthraquinone were the most abundant. The LCR calculated for nitro-PAH exposure during intense biomass burning period showed a major contribution of 6-nitrochrysene to human carcinogenic risk. The EOM from intense period was more mutagenic than that from moderate period for both TA98 and YG1041 Salmonella strains. The number of revertants for YG1041 was 5-50% higher than that for TA98, and the most intense responses were obtained in the absence of metabolic activation, suggesting that nitroaromatic compounds with direct-acting frameshift mutagenic activity are contributing to the DNA damage. Treatment of cells with non-cytotoxic doses of EOM resulted in an increase in micronuclei frequencies. The minimal effective dose showed that Salmonella/microsome test was considerably more sensitive in comparison with CBMN mainly for the intense burning period samples. This was the first study to assess the mutagenicity of EOM associated with PM collected in the Amazon region using Salmonella/microsome test. The presence of compounds with mutagenic effects, particularly nitro- and oxy-PAHs, and LCR values in the range of 10-5 indicate that the population is potentially exposed to an increased risk of DNA damage, mutation, and cancer.