RESUMO
Background: Constraints on food choice increase risk of malnutrition worldwide. Residents of secondary cities within low- and middle-income countries are a population of particular concern because they often face high rates of food insecurity and multiple nutritional burdens. Within this context, effective and equitable interventions to support healthy diets must be based on an understanding of the lived experience of individuals and their interactions with the food environment. Objectives: The primary objectives of this study were to describe considerations that drive household decision making around food choice in the city of Esmeraldas, Ecuador; to identify trade-offs between these considerations; and to understand how an evolving urban environment influences these trade-offs. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with 20 mothers of young children to explore drivers in food choice throughout the purchase, preparation, and consumption chain. Interviews were transcribed and coded to identify key themes. Results: Personal preference, economic access (costs), convenience, and perceptions of food safety were key influencers of decision making related to food. In addition, concerns about personal safety in the urban environment limited physical access to food. This, combined with the need to travel long distances to obtain desirable foods, increased men's participation in food purchasing. Women's increasing engagement in the workforce also increased men's participation in food preparation. Conclusions: Policies to promote healthy food behavior in this context should focus on increasing access to health foods, such as affordable fresh produce, in convenient and physically safe locations. CurrDev Nutr 2023;x:xx.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: A household's nutritional status and food security can be affected after a natural disaster, especially in families who live in risk situations. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of food insecurity, inadequate dietary diversity and poor nutritional status of mothers and children under 5 years old from vulnerable families residing in the rural community of La Punta, after the earthquake in Ecuador on 16 April 2016. METHODS: Through a non-probabilistic sampling, 28 families were selected. The levels of food insecurity in households were determined by applying a food safety scale and household dietary diversity score. Moreover, Z-scores were used to evaluate the nutritional status of children, while body mass index was used in mothers. RESULTS: All households suffered food insecurity, with mild food insecurity being the most prevalent (51.9%), followed by severe food insecurity (33.3%). Although all households had high diversity scores, the products they most consumed have low nutritional value, such as rice, soft drinks and oils. There was a low consumption of whole grains, fruits and vegetables. Additionally, there was a high percentage of overweight and obese mothers (57.1%) and a high prevalence of chronic undernutrition (40.9%) and global undernutrition (13.6%) in children under 5 years old. CONCLUSION: The predominance of severe food insecurity occurred in overweight and obese mothers with inadequate dietary diversity. This probably happened because of a lack of access to food to adequately meet the nutritional needs of each member of the family. The results suggest that health promotion with actions aimed at food security is a priority within an integral action plan for natural disasters.
Assuntos
Dieta/normas , Insegurança Alimentar , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Estado Nutricional , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Terremotos , Equador/epidemiologia , Características da Família , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , População Rural , Populações VulneráveisRESUMO
Chronic physical and mental health conditions account for a rising proportion of morbidity, mortality, and disability in the Americas region. Household food insecurity (HFI) has been linked to chronic disease in US and Canadian women but it is uncertain if the same is true for low- and middle-income Latin American countries in epidemiologic transition. We conducted a survey to investigate the association of HFI with the physical and mental health of 794 women with children living in low-income Quito, Ecuador, neighborhoods. Data were collected on HFI and health indicators including self-reported health (SF-1), mental health (MHI-5), blood pressure, and self-reported mental and physical health complaints. Fasting blood glucose and lipids were measured in a subsample. The multivariate analyses revealed that HFI was associated with poorer self-rated health, low MHI-5 scores, and mental health complaints including stress, depression, and ethnospecific illnesses. It was also associated with chest tightness/discomfort/pain, dental disease, and gastrointestinal illness but not other conditions. The findings suggest that improving food security in low-income households may help reduce the burden of mental distress in women with children. The hypothesized link with diabetes and hypertension may become more apparent as Ecuador moves further along in the epidemiologic transition.
Assuntos
Abastecimento de Alimentos , Saúde Materna/estatística & dados numéricos , Saúde Mental/estatística & dados numéricos , Mães/psicologia , Pobreza , Adulto , Equador , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pobreza/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Introducción: las tinciones dentales son sustancias exógenas pigmentadas, que se distribuyen en forma de líneas o puntos paralelos al margen gingival. Se adhieren firmemente al esmalte cervical de la corona dental. Su prevalencia mundial oscila entre 6 y 19 por ciento. Se ha observado una asociación entre su presencia y una baja experiencia de caries. Objetivo: determinar frecuencia de tinciones dentales en escolares de 6 a 12 años de la comuna de San Juan de la Costa, Chile. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional entre abril y junio del año 2012, que midió la presencia y extensión de tinciones dentales en una muestra aleatoria de 267 niños de un universo de 1 243 estudiantes de 6 a 12 años de la comuna de San Juan de la Costa, Chile. Los participantes fueron examinados en las escuelas de la zona con ayuda de instrumental de examen estéril. Se registraron las variables edad, género, ascendencia Mapuche Huilliche, presencia de tinciones y caries a través del COPD; estas se analizaron con estadística descriptiva. Resultados: la frecuencia de tinciones dentales en escolares es 11,6 por ciento. Conclusión: la frecuencia de tinciones dentales en escolares de la comuna de San Juan de la Costa es similar a la registrada en la literatura mundial(AU)
Introduction: tooth stains are exogenous pigment substances distributed as parallel lines or points at the gingival margin. They firmly adhere to the cervical enamel of the dental crown. Their worldwide prevalence is between 6 and 19 por ciento. An association between their presence and low caries experience has been observed. Objective: to determine the frequency of tooth stains of 6 to 12 years old in the district of San Juan de la Costa, Chile. Methods: an observational study measuring the presence and extension of tooth stains was carried out between April and June of 2012 in the district of San Juan de la Costa, Chile. The research's randomized sample used was a group of 267 from a universe of 1 243 students from 6 to 12 years in the district of San Juan de la Costa, Chile. Participants were tested in schools in the area using sterile instrumentation. Variables were age, gender, ancestry Mapuche Huilliche (AMH), presence of stains and decay through the DMFT index. The result was analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results: the frequency of tooth stains among schoolchildren is 11.6 percent. Conclusion: the frequency of tooth stains among schoolchildren is 11.6 percent, which is similar to the values figuring in the literature available worldwide(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Descoloração de Dente/epidemiologia , Cárie Dentária/epidemiologia , Estudo ObservacionalRESUMO
Microalgae are capable of producing biomolecules that have a wide variety of applications in agriculture, food industry, and medicine. In this study, three process variables are evaluated in order to determine its incidence on biomass and exopolysaccharides production. The effect of light intensity, agitation and carbon concentration on Scenedesmus obliquus (UTEX 393) growth and expolysaccaharides production is evaluated using 23 factorial design through the screening methodology. The simultaneous effect of level variation for three different experimental variables is examined in the present study in three levels for each parameter (Light intensity: 80, 130, 180 µE m-2 s-1, Agitation: 0, 600, 1200 rpm, carbon concentration 0, 2, 4% v/v Air-CO2). Specific growth rate and the exopolysaccharides concentration are the selected response variables. Results show that the optimal conditions for the two response variables correspond to the maximum levels of the three experimental variables (180 µE m-2 s-1, 4% air-CO2, and 1200 rpm), obtaining a specific growth rate of 0.64 d-1 and a exopolysaccharides concentration of 24.7 mg L-1. A significant interaction between the variables is observed, which has direct effects on cellular growth and exopolysaccharides production. The EPS production is facilitated by the turbulent flow (agitation maximum level), which is associated with a higher availability and better distribution of energy sources (light) and carbon dioxide. The validation of polynomials models verifies the relevance of the analysis performed.
Assuntos
Microalgas , ScenedesmusRESUMO
The prospective cohort study examined whether Ecuadorian women with early pregnancy nausea and vomiting (NVP) are more likely to develop food aversions and cravings, and if so, whether the specific foods identified as aversive or craved are the same as those predicted by the popular maternal-embryo protection hypothesis (MEPH). Consistent with MEPH predictions, women with NVP were more likely to report increased odor sensitivity and aversions for some predicted "toxic" foods and more likely to crave fruits. However, other hypothesis predictions were not supported. The relationship of food aversions and cravings with NVP appears more complicated than that explained by the MEPH.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/etiologia , Preferências Alimentares , Náusea/complicações , Odorantes , Complicações na Gravidez , Vômito/complicações , Adolescente , Adulto , Equador , Feminino , Frutas , Humanos , Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Health care providers and popular press articles frequently advise women that nausea and vomiting of early pregnancy (NVP) portends a favorable fetal outcome. AIM: To investigate the claim that NVP protects against adverse fetal outcomes and improves placental and fetal growth. METHODS: Data were collected on a prospective cohort of 849 Ecuadorian prenatal patients beginning in early gestation until postpartum. A questionnaire collected information on NVP and other maternal characteristics. Fetal outcomes and placental characteristics were examined using anthropometry and physical examination. Multivariate statistical methods controlled for potential confounders. RESULTS: Women with nausea only (AOR = 0.45; 95% CI = 0.22-0.94) or nausea with vomiting (AOR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.46-0.99) had significantly decreased miscarriage risk although the strength of the protection appeared less than that reported for other populations. NVP was not associated with low birth weight, preterm delivery, congenital anomaly, or other outcomes excepting slightly increased mean infant thigh skinfold (P = 0.024), mid-upper arm circumference (P = 0.049), and placental weight (P = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: The data did not support the common belief that NVP protects against multiple adverse outcomes. Placental weight was slightly increased in women with NVP but this difference was not reflected in higher birth weights or other types of fetal growth except of marginally increased limb fat.
Assuntos
Êmese Gravídica , Resultado da Gravidez , Aborto Espontâneo/epidemiologia , Equador/epidemiologia , Feminino , Morte Fetal/epidemiologia , Desenvolvimento Fetal/fisiologia , Humanos , Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Recém-Nascido , Êmese Gravídica/epidemiologia , Placentação , Gravidez , Resultado da Gravidez/epidemiologia , Nascimento Prematuro/epidemiologia , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
El objetivo de nuestro estudio es mostrar la incidencia de embolia aérea venosa y su diagnóstico por Doppler precordial. Se esuidiaron 21 pacientes neuroquirúrgicos de urgencia y coordinación, ASA 1, 2 y 3, sometidos a anestesia general, en sedación. A todos los pacientes se les colocó vía venosa central por punción percutánea de vena yugular interna derecha. Se monitorizaron con electrocardiograma, pulsioxímetro, capnógrafo, presión arterial y Doppler precordial. El dignóstico de embolia aérea venosa se realizó por alteración del sonido del Doppler o descenso de la Pet CO2 en la capnometría. De los 21 pacientes estudiados, 5 (23,8 por ciento) presentaron embolia aérea venosa, con un total de 11 eventos. 10 episodios (91 por ciento), se diagnosticaron por Doppler y uno (9 por ciento) por capnometría. En estos 11 eventos se aspiraron volúmenes de aire que variaron entre 1 a 40 ml. 7 eventos concidieron con repercusión hemodinámica transitoria y en dos eventos se observó disminución de la saturometría. La sensibilidad diagnóstica del Doppler fue 91 por ciento y de la capnometría 72,7 por ciento, diferencia estadísticamente no significativa, que podrá deberse al número pequeño de la muestra. Se concluye que la embolia aérea venosa es un evento frecuente en sedación, pudiendo suceder en diferentes procedimientos y tiempos quirúrgicos. El Doppler fue el método más precoz de diagnóstico de embolia aérea venoso, siendo la asociación de Doppler y capnometría más eficaz(AU)
RESUMO
El estudio es predominante en población negra del norte de la provincia de Esmeraldas, zona rural, área tropical al noroeste de Ecuador (n=276). Ante la presencia de diversas especies u subespecies de leishmania, surge la necesidad de standarizar éste método diagnóstico como es el Test Cutáneo de Montenegro. En un primer grupo de 138 pacientes se aplica tres pruebas a concentraciones de 3x10, 6x10, 12.5x10. En el segundo protocolo con 138 pacientes, se aplica cuatro pruebas con parásito fraccionado a una concentración standarizada de 6x10 de los que predominan en la zona; brasiliensis, panamensis y amazonensis, más una dosis asociada. Al igual que en otros estudios de la zona del noroccidente de Pichincha, se determina que la concentración de mayor sensibilidad y especificidad es la de 6x10 y la que menores efectos indeseables presenta. Se determina que la positividad al test esta dado por una lectura a las 48 horas mayor a 5 mm. de diámetro.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Antígenos , Leishmaniose CutâneaRESUMO
Se estudiaron 131 niños con antecedentes de asfixia severa al nacer (grupo A) y un grupo control constituido por 131 niños aparentemente sanos (grupo B). Se siguieron estos pacientes por consulta externa hasta los 3 años de edad y a los mismos se les realizó la prueba de Gesell para valorar el cociente de desarrollo (CD), además se les realizaron pruebas para investigar las alteraciones sensoriales como la visión, la cual se exploró al nacer, a los 6 meses y a los 2 años de edad; el lenguaje y la audición, explorados por logopedas y mediante potenciales evocados de tallo cerebral. Se utilizó el porcentaje como medida resumen de algunas características de interés, así como el modelo logarítmico lineal para determinar la interrelación entre combinaciones de 3 variables. Se encontró entre los datos obtenidos que en las alteraciones sensoriales la que predominó fue la visión, luego le siguió el lenguaje y después la audición. Se expresa que es importante señalar los efectos de la asfixia severa al nacer sobre las áreas específicas del cerebro, sus vías y órganos como tales, pues en ellas se observó una interrelación entre el CD, las alteraciones del lenguaje y la audición, lo que sugiere que en el niño con un CD bajo, cabe esperar un lenguaje retardado, ocasionado por una posible lesión orgánica del sistema nervioso central, así como que las alteraciones auditivas pueden secundariamente causar un lenguaje retardado
Assuntos
Recém-Nascido , Humanos , Asfixia Neonatal , Órgãos dos Sentidos/fisiopatologia , SeguimentosRESUMO
El estudio es predominantemente en población negra del norte de la provincia de Esmeraldas, zona rural, área tropical al noroeste de Ecuador (n=276). Ante la presencia de diversas especies o subespecies de leishmania, surge la necesidad de standarizar éste método diagnóstico como es el Test Cutáneo de Montenegro. En un primer grupo de 138 pacientes se aplica tres pruebas a concentraciones de 3x10, 6x10, 12.5x10. En el segundo protocolo con 138 pacientes, se aplica cuatro pruebas con parásito fraccionado a una concentración standarizada de 6x10 de los que predominan en la zona: brasiliensis, panamensis y amazonensis, más una dosis asociada. Al igual que en otros estudios de la zona, se determina que la concentración de mayor sensibilidad y especificidad es la de 6x10...