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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of early time-restricted eating (eTRE) on metabolic markers and body composition in individuals with overweight or obesity. Seventeen subjects completed a randomized, crossover, and controlled clinical trial. Twelve women and five men participated, with a mean age of 25.8 ± 10.0 years and a BMI of 32.0 ± 6.3 kg/m2. The eTRE intervention included 16 h of fasting (3:00 pm to 7:00 am) and 8 h of ad libitum eating (7:00 am to 03:00 pm) (16:8). The trial included four weeks of interventions followed by a four-week washout period. Body weight, waist and hip circumferences, and body composition measurements were taken. Additionally, a venous blood sample was collected for biochemical determinations. In a before-after analysis, eTRE induced a reduction in BW and BMI in women but this was not significant when compared to the control group. eTRE did not modify any other anthropometric measurements, fasting biochemical parameters, glycemic and insulinemic responses, blood pressure, or subjective appetite. In conclusion, eTRE did not induce beneficial effects on the glycemic and lipid metabolisms, body composition, subjective appetite, or blood pressure. These findings may be attributed to the special characteristics of the population and the short intervention period.

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PURPOSE: Resistant starch (RS) content has exhibited beneficial effects on glycemic control; however, few studies have investigated the effects of this substance on postprandial responses and appetite in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we aimed to examine the effects of RS from two sources on glycemic response (GR), postprandial lipemia, and appetite in subjects with T2D. METHODS: In a randomized and crossover study, 17 subjects with T2D consumed native banana starch (NBS), high-amylose maize starch (HMS) or digestible maize starch (DMS) for 4 days. On day 5, a 6-h oral meal tolerance test (MTT) was performed to evaluate glycemic and insulinemic responses as well as postprandial lipemia. Besides, subjective appetite assessment was measured using a visual analogue scale. RESULTS: NBS induced a reduction on fasting glycemia, glycemia peak and insulinemic response during MTT. However, no modifications on postprandial lipemia were observed after RS treatments. Both NBS and HMS reduced hunger and increased satiety. CONCLUSION: NBS supplementation induced more beneficial effects on glycemic metabolism than HMS even when all interventions were matched for digestible starch content. RS intake did not modify postprandial lipemia, however, positively affected subjective appetite rates. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial was retrospectively registered at www.anzctr.org.au (ACTRN12621001382864) on October 11, 2021.

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OBJECTIVES: The "Guide to understand and assess the quality of the case formulation in forensic mental health - TECF" is tested in order to contribute to the development of the forensic reports. METHOD: Twelve mental health professionals of different Latin American traditions assessed with the TECF the quality of ten international forensic reports, both psychological and psychiatric. The guide includes the manual that describes the dimensions, criteria and guidelines to assess the quality of the forensic case formulation. RESULTS: Internal consistency indicators were in a rank of 0.34- 0.81 for the dimensions and 0.85 for the total TECF. The absolute agreement intraclass correlation coefficient among evaluators with similar tradition reached values of 0.72; 0.52; 0.76 and 0.77 for the dimensions and 0.84 for the total. The agreement among evaluators with different traditions was less. CONCLUSIONS: The TECF is a promising instrument to guide the assessment of quality and to stimulate improvement of the forensic reports. Caution is recommended in light of the traditional rating scale method due to the effect that can be produced by the different practices.

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Statins are the cornerstone of therapy for individuals with hyperlipidemia. The aim of this study was to analyze the undesirable effects of mild, moderate and high doses of rosuvastatin in CD-1 male mice who received a cholesterol-rich diet, focusing on the morphological and functional changes on hepatocyte mitochondria. In a mouse model we studied the combined administration of a cholesterol-rich diet along with mild and moderate doses of rosuvastatin (1, 2.5 or 5 mg/kg/day) during several days. After the animals were sacrificed, liver mitochondria were isolated for microscopic studies and to analyze the respiratory function. The respiratory control (state-3/state-4) was evaluated in mice who received high doses of rosuvastatin. Rosuvastatin doses higher than 20 mg/kg/day induced premature death in mice with a hypercholesterolemic diet, but not in mice with a cholesterol-free diet. Doses from 2.5 to 5 mg/kg/day also induced morphological and functional alterations in mitochondria but these hypercholesterolemic animals survived longer. Giving 1 mg/kg/day, which is close to the maximal therapeutic dose for humans, did not affect mitochondrial architecture or respiratory function after two months of treatment. We analyzed the effect of rosuvastatin on hepatic tissue because it is where statins are mainly accumulated and it is the main site of endogenous cholesterol synthesis. Our results contribute to understand the side effects of rosuvastatin in hypercholesterolemic mice, effects that could also affect humans who are intolerant to statins.

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BACKGROUND: There are several brands of fluoride varnishes in the market, but the dynamics of fluoride release from each one might be different. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the release of fluorides by fluoride varnishes and to determine the correlation with viscosity and wettability. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty four enamel blocks 5x5 mm were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=11) ((Duraphat®, Clinpro™ White Varnish, Flúor Protector® and control). We applied 30 milligrams of fluoride varnish to each specimen. The specimens were immersed in a Calcium Phosphate solution at a pH= 6.0. We evaluated the release of fluoride, by using a selective fluoride electrode, during 6 weeks. Viscosity was measured using an Oswald Viscosimeter and the wettability was determined by measuring the contact angle between the varnish and the enamel slab. The statistical analysis was performed using Analysis of variance. RESULTS: Duraphat showed the highest fluoride release from the second weekend beyond (p<0.001) and Clinpro the greatest rate of release. Duraphat release was the steadiest throughout the experiment. Duraphat showed the highest viscosity and the lowest wettability (p<0.001) and Fluor Protector showed the highest wettability (p<0.001). There was a positive correlation between the release of fluoride and the viscosity and a negative correlation between fluoride release and wettability (r>0.7). CONCLUSIONS: Viscosity and wettability influence the release of fluoride from fluoride varnishes. Key words:Fluorides topical, viscosity, wettability.

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Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a global oral health problem, and Peru may be one of the countries with high prevalence of untreated ECC in South America. In this study, we constructed an epidemiologic profile of ECC in Peru through a comprehensive review of published data. The prevalence of ECC, risk factors for it, its impact on child development, and public oral health interventions on ECC have been included. The study revealed extremely high rates of ECC in Peru and significant oral-health disparities. Risk factors for ECC were poverty, high sugar consumption, and low oral health literacy. However, the number of studies is limited and their quality questionable. Oral health has not received high public-health priority in Peru. However, in recent years, new regulations and evidence-based documents (the first Clinical Practice Guideline for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Caries in Children; the Guideline for Children's healthy Growth and Development; the Law on Healthy Diet; and the Manual on Food Advertising) give hope for the future of infants' oral health in the nation.

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Reports surrounding the role of resistant starch (RS) on postprandial lipemia in humans are scarce. The aim of the present study is to examine the effects of resistant starch on the postprandial lipemic response, subjective measures of appetite, and energy intake in overweight and obese subjects. In a randomized, single-blind, crossover study, 14 overweight/obese participants ate a high-fat breakfast (679 kcal, 58% from fat) and a supplement with native banana starch (NBS), high-amylose maize starch (HMS), or digestible maize starch (DMS) on three separate occasions. All supplements provided were matched by the available carbohydrate content, and the RS quantity in NBS and HMS supplements was identical. Appetite was estimated using visual analogue scale (VAS) and an ad libitum test meal. Postprandial glycemia, triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and insulin excursions did not differ between treatments. Subjective appetite measures of satiety were significantly increased after HMS; however, no effects on energy intake were observed during the ad libitum test meal. These findings suggest that a single acute dose of RS cannot be expected to improve postprandial lipemia in subjects with overweight or obesity on a high-fat meal. However, the potential benefits of long-term supplementation should not be ruled out based on these results.

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We analyzed the effect of diosgenin, administered with atorvastatin or ezetimibe, on the fate of ³H(G)-taurocholic acid or 26-14C-cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic rats. Male Wistar rats received a hypercholesterolemic diet (HD), HD + atorvastatin (HD+ATV), HD + ezetimibe (HD+EZT), HD + diosgenin (HD+DG), HD+ATV+EZT, or HD+ATV+DG for 40 days. We also included a control normal group (ND). The labelled compounds were administered on day 30. The animals were placed in metabolic cages for daily feces collection. At day 40 the rats were sacrificed. Lipid extracts from blood, liver, spinal cord, testicles, kidneys, epididymis, intestine, and feces were analyzed for radioactivity. Cholesterol activity was the highest in the liver in HD rats. DG diminished one half of this activity in HD+DG and HD+ATV+DG groups in comparison with the HD group. HD+ATV rats showed four to almost ten-fold cholesterol activity in the spinal cord compared with the ND or HD rats. Fecal elimination of neutral steroids was approximately two-fold higher in the HD+DG and HD+ATV+DG groups. Taurocholic acid activity was four to ten-fold higher in HD+DG intestine as compared to the other experimental groups. Taurocholic activity in the liver of HD and HD+DG groups was two and a half higher than in ND. Our results show that the combination of DG and ATV induced the highest cholesterol reduction in the liver and other tissues.

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BACKGROUND: Depression in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is often undiagnosed and remains untreated, leading to poor therapy adherence and ill health-related outcomes. We evaluated the effect of vortioxetine versus sertraline in the treatment of depression, distress and metabolic control in subjects with T2D and depression. METHODS: Participants were selected from the Clinic for Diabetes, diagnosed with depression when the score was ≥14 in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and verified by a psychiatrist in agreement with the DSM-5 instrument (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition). The criteria for recruitment also included glycosylated hemoglobin ≥7.5%, 18 to 60 years of age, and written informed consent. Pharmacological treatment for depression was assigned randomly: vortioxetine (10 mg/day) or sertraline (75 mg/day) for 8 weeks. Biochemical parameters, anthropometric measures and depression symptoms were evaluated after antidepressant treatment. This was a randomized singled-blind study. RESULTS: Subjects that met the inclusion criteria were 50, of which only 21 patients with T2D and depression finished the treatment. Vortioxetine and sertraline showed partial remission of depression. Vortioxetine showed a major effect size in glycosylated hemoglobin and a moderate effect size on weight loss, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. On the other hand, patients treated with sertraline presented a slight increase in body weight, body mass index (BMI), and in all biochemical markers. CONCLUSIONS: Vortioxetine may ameliorate depressive symptoms and metabolic control in patients with T2D and depression. Trial registration number: NCT03978286.

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BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that requires attention and commitment on the part of patients; improving the quality of life of these patients reduces health costs, morbidity, and mortality. We focused on investigating the factors related with the quality of life and depression symptomatology in patients with type 2 diabetes. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: A total of 173 Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited. An interview face-to-face, a sociodemographic characteristics questionnaire, the Short Form 36 (SF-36), and the Clinical Epidemiological Studies of Depression were applied. The biochemical parameters measured were blood glucose, cholesterol, triacylglycerol levels, and glycated hemoglobin. RESULTS: In all SF-36 subscales, female patients had lower scores in comparison with male patients; individuals ≥65 years of age showed less physical function. We observed that married patients presented a better quality of life than people who were widowed or divorced (P<0.05). Those with high rates of lipids showed decreased scores all the subscales of SF-36. Finally, we observed that depression was the major factor that decreased quality of life in patients with diabetes. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that untreated and unrecognized depression can decrease the quality of life in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Therefore, health care professionals need to consider these findings when treating patients with diabetes. Due to the limited number of patients included in the present study, more studies are needed, studying larger samples in order to provide conclusive results.

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BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that the risk of death by suicide is higher in patients with diabetes than in the general population. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the risk factors of suicidal behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to analyze the prevalence of suicide attempt and determine the risk factors of suicide attempt, in patients with type 2 diabetes in a Mexican population. METHODS: Clinic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, biochemical levels, depression, and suicidal behavior were evaluated in 185 Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to find predictive factors of suicide attempt. RESULTS: 11.4% of patients reported previous suicide attempts n = 21). Younger patients (OR: 3.63, 95% CI: 1.29⁻10.19), having depression (OR: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.13⁻9.76) and normal BMI (OR: 3.14, 95% CI: 1.11⁻8.83), were predictive factors of suicide attempt. No other variables in the study showed statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed a high prevalence of suicidal behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes. We found that younger age, depression and normal BMI could be risk factors of suicide attempt in these patients. Therefore, psychiatric interventions to prevent depression and suicidal behavior in this population are necessary. New studies using larger samples are necessary to replicate and confirm these results.

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Despite the fact that the role of mitochondrial genome mutations in a number of human diseases is widely studied, the effect of mitochondrial heteroplasmy in the development of cardiovascular disease has not been adequately investigated. In this study, we compared the heteroplasmy levels of mtDNA from leukocytes for m.3256C>T, m.3336T>C, m.12315G>A, m.5178C>A, m.13513G>A, m.14459G>A, m.14846G>A, m.15059G>A, m.652insG and m.1555A>G mutations in CVD-free subjects and CVD patients in samples derived from Russian and Mexican populations. It was demonstrated that heteroplasmy level of m.5178C>A was associated with CVD in Russian men, and m.14459G>A - in Russian women. Mitochondrial heteroplasmy level of m.13513G>A and m.652insG were associated with CVD in Mexican men, and only m.652insG- in Mexican women. The levels of heteroplasmy for mitochondrial mutations m.3336T>C, m.5178C>A, m.14459G>A, m.14846G>A and m.1555A>G were significantly higher in CVD-free Mexican men, and for m.3256C>T, m.3336T>C, and m.14459G>A - in CVD-free Mexican women.

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Previous studies have shown the benefits of native banana starch (NBS) supplementation in improving glucose metabolism and reducing body weight (BW) in humans. However, the effect of this starch on appetite regulation is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of NBS rich resistant starch on subjective measurements of appetite, energy intake, and appetite hormones in healthy subjects. Postprandial glucose and insulin responses were also assessed. In a randomized, single-blind, crossover study, 28 healthy young subjects consumed a beverage containing either 40 g of NBS or 40 g of digestible corn starch (DCS) on two separate occasions. Effects on appetite were estimated using visual analogue scales (VAS) and satiety hormone responses. At the end of the intervention, participants were provided with a pre-weighed ad libitum homogeneous test meal. After a washout period of 1 week, subjects received the alternative treatment. NBS supplementation induced a reduction in food intake, glucose area under the curve (AUC)-180 min, and insulin AUC-180 min. However, there was no associated effect on the subjective appetite ratings or gut hormones. NBS supplementation may help to reduce meal size and control BW.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of C. papaya L. leaf extract (CPLE) on pancreatic islets in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, as well as on cultured normal pancreatic cells with STZ in the medium. CPLE (3-125 mg/Kg) was administered orally for 20 days, while a group of diabetic rats received 5 IU/Kg/day of insulin. At the end of the treatment the rats were sacrificed. Blood was obtained to assess glucose and insulin levels. The pancreas was dissected to evaluate ß cells by immunohistochemistry. In addition, normal pancreatic cells were cultured in a medium that included CPLE (3-12 mg). One half of the cultured cells received simultaneously CPLE and STZ (6 mg), while the other half received CPLE and five days later the STZ. After three days of incubation, insulin was assayed in the incubation medium. The CPLE administered to diabetic rats improved the fasting glycemia and preserved the number and structure of pancreatic islets. However, when CPLE was added to pancreatic cells in culture along with STZ, the insulin concentration was higher in comparison with the cells that only received STZ. In conclusion, the CPLE preserves the integrity of pancreatic islets, improves the basal insulin secretion and protects cultured cells from the adverse effects of STZ.

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An abnormal glycemic profile, including postprandial glycemia and acute glucose spikes, precedes the onset of overt diabetes in obese subjects. Previous studies have shown the beneficial effects of chronic native banana starch (NBS) supplementation. In this study, we examined the effects of acute ingestion of NBS on glycemic profiles by means of continuous glucose monitoring in obese and lean subjects. In a crossover study, obese and lean subjects consumed beverages containing either 38.3 g of NBS or 38.3 g of digestible corn starch (DCS) twice daily during 4 days. On day 5, a 3-h meal tolerance test (MTT) was performed to evaluate glucose and insulin responses. After 1 week of washout period, treatments were inverted. NBS supplementation reduced the 48-h glycemia AUC in lean, obese, and in the combined group of lean and obese subjects in comparison with DCS. Postprandial glucose and insulin responses at MTT were reduced after NBS in comparison with DCS in all groups. However, no changes were observed in glycemic variability (GV) indexes between groups. In conclusion, acute NBS supplementation improved postprandial glucose and insulin responses in obese and lean subjects during 48 h of everyday life and at MTT. Further research to elucidate the mechanism behind these changes is required.

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BACKGROUND: Suicidal behavior is a worldwide health problem. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is a rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonergic neurotransmission. TPH-1 and TPH-2 genes encode for TPH isoforms and have been implicated as candidate genes for suicidal behavior. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the genetic variants of the TPH-1 (rs21102 and 1607395) and TPH-2 (rs4290270, rs7305115 and rs1007023) genes and suicidal behavior in a Mexican population. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study including 200 cases with suicide attempt and 263 controls. Patients were evaluated by a trained psychiatrist or clinical psychologists. Five polymorphisms were genotyped and assessed for allele, genotype and haplotype association with suicide attempt. RESULTS: The rs7305115 polymorphism of the TPH-2 gene was associated with suicidal behavior in a Mexican population in genotype (χ(2)=6.02, df=2, p=0.04) and allele (OR=1.39, 95%IC=1.06-1.81, p=0.01) frequencies. The THP-2 haplotypes GTA (χ(2)=5.68, p=0.01) and ATT (χ(2)=5.0, p=0.02) were associated with risk for suicide attempt. CONCLUSION: Our results provide evidence for an association between the rs7305115 polymorphism of the TPH-2 gene and suicidal behavior in a Mexican population. However, more studies are necessary to replicate these results using larger samples.

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The lack of a Family Impact Scale (FIS) in Spanish language limits its use as an indicator in Spanish-speaking countries and precludes comparisons with data from other cultural and ethnic groups. The purpose of this study was therefore to adapt the FIS cross-culturally to the Peruvian Spanish language and assess its reliability and validity. In order to translate and adapt the FIS cross-culturally, it was answered by 60 parents in two pilot tests, after which it was tested on 200 parents of children aged 11 to 14 years who were clinically examined for dental caries experience and malocclusions. Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient while repeat administration of the FIS on the same 200 parents enabled the test-retest reliability to be assessed via intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Construct and discriminant validity were based on associations of the FIS with global ratings of oral health and clinical groups, respectively. Mean (standard deviation) FIS total score was 5.20 (5.86). Internal consistency was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha 0.84. Test-retest reliability revealed excellent reproducibility (ICC = 0.96). Construct validity was good, demonstrating statistically significant associations between total FIS score and global ratings of oral health (p=0.007) and overall wellbeing (p=0.002), as well as for the subscale scores (p<0.05) with exception of the financial burden subscale. The FIS was also able to discriminate between children with and without dental caries experience and malocclusions (p<0.05). Satisfactory psychometric results for the Peruvian Spanish FIS confirm it as a reliable, valid instrument for assessing the impact on the family caused by children's oral conditions.

La falta de la Escala de Impacto Familiar (FIS) en el idioma español limita su uso como indicador en países hispanohablantes, así como impide las comparaciones con diferentes grupos culturales y étnicos. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar transculturalmente el FIS al idioma español de Perú y evaluar su validad y confiabilidad. Para traducir y adaptar transculturalmente el FIS, 60 padres respondieron al instrumento en dos pruebas piloto. Posteriormente, el FIS fue probado en 200 padres de niños de 11 a 14 años de edad, quienes fueron clínicamente evaluados para la experiencia de caries dental y maloclusiones. La consistencia interna fue evaluada por el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, mientras que la re-aplicación del FIS en los mismos 200 padres permitió la evaluación de la confiabilidad testretest por medio del coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI). La validez de constructo y discriminante se basaron en las asociaciones del FIS con las puntuaciones globales de salud bucal y grupos clínicos, respectivamente. La media (desviación estándar) de la puntuación total del FIS fue 5,20 (5,86). La consistencia interna fue confirmada por el alfa de Cronbach de 0,84. La confiabilidad test-retest reveló una excelente reproducibilidad (CCI=0,96). La validez de constructo fue buena, demostrando una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la puntuación total del FIS y las puntuaciones globales de salud bucal (p=0,007), bienestar (p=0,002), así como para las puntuaciones de las sub-escalas (p<0,05), con excepción de la sub-escala de carga financiera. El FIS fue capaz de discriminar niños con y sin caries dental y maloclusiones (p<0,05). Los resultados psicométricos satisfactorios de la versión peruana del FIS confirman que es un instrumento válido y confiable para evaluar el impacto en la familia causado por las condiciones bucales de los niños.

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La falta de la Escala de Impacto Familiar (FIS) en el idioma español, limita su uso como indicador en países hispanohablantes, así como impide las comparaciones con diferentes grupos culturales y étnicos. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar transculturalmente el FIS al idiomaespañol de Perú y evaluar su validad y confiabilidad. Para traducir y adaptar transculturalmente el FIS, 60 padresrespondieron al instrumento en dos pruebas piloto. Posteriormente, el FIS fue probado en 200 padres de niños de11 a 14 años de edad, quienes fueron clínicamente evaluados para la experiencia de caries dental y maloclusiones. La consistencia interna fue evaluada por el coeficiente alfa deCronbach, mientras que la re-aplicación del FIS en los mismos 200 padres permitió la evaluación de la confiabilidad test-retest por medio del coeficiente de correlación intraclase(CCI). La validez de constructo y discriminante se basaron en las asociaciones del FIS con las puntuaciones globales de salud bucal y grupos clínicos, respectivamente. La media (desviación estándar) de la puntuación total del FIS fue 5,20(5,86). La consistencia interna fue confirmada por el alfa de Cronbach de 0,84. La confiabilidad test-retest reveló una excelente reproducibilidad (CCI=0,96). La validez de constructo fue buena, demostrando una asociaciónestadísticamente significativa entre la puntuación total del FIS y las puntuaciones globales de salud bucal (p=0,007), bienestar (p=0,002), así como para las puntuaciones de lassub-escalas (p<0,05), con excepción de la sub-escala de carga financiera. El FIS fue capaz de discriminar niños con y sincaries dental y maloclusiones (p<0,05). Los resultados psicométricos satisfactorios de la versión peruana del FIS confirman que es un instrumento válido y confiable para evaluar el impacto en la familia causado por las condiciones bucales de los niños...

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There are limited and conflicting data from clinical trials concerning the beneficial effects of magnesium supplementation on diabetic patients. We investigated the effects of magnesium supplementation on metabolic control and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients with normomagnesemia. A total of 98 normomagnesemic subjects with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in a randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to receive magnesium lactate (360 mg elemental magnesium) or placebo for three months, followed by a three-month washout period. Treatment assignments were then reversed over an additional three months of follow-up. The primary endpoint was a reduction in fasting glucose and HbA1c. A total of 56 subjects completed the follow-up in the magnesium and placebo supplementation groups. Urinary magnesium excretion was increased following magnesium supplementation in the intervention group compared with the placebo group (p = 0.0002). Fasting glucose, HbA1c, insulin and HOMA-IR, as well as lipid profile, did not change significantly during treatment. We concluded that magnesium supplementation does not improve metabolic control or insulin sensitivity in diabetic subjects with normomagnesemia.

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