RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To explore through focus groups (FGs) the perceptions of dental practitioners (DPs) from different countries of the challenges of implementing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related biosafety measures, especially personal protection equipment (PPE), during the COVID-19 pandemic period. METHODS: DPs from Colombia, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States were invited to participate in country-based FGs. These were facilitated by an experienced moderator who explored the factors that guided the implementation of COVID-19 related biosafety measures and PPE use. Data were analyzed through thematic analysis on the basis of categories defined by the researchers deductively and inductively. RESULTS: A total of 25 DPs participated in 3 FGs (Colombia:n = 8; United Kingdom: n = 7; United States: n = 9) and 1 in an in-depth interview (Germany). DPs described using several processes to judge which guidance document to adopt and which aspects of the guidance were important in their practice. These included making judgments concerning the views of any indemnity organization to which the DPs were responsible, the staff's views in the practice, and the views of patients. In the absence of a single overarching guidance document, DPs filtered the available information through several considerations to find a level of PPE that they deemed "implementable" in local practice. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the implementation of evidence-based practice is subject to modification through a lens of what is "feasible" in practice. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT: Clinicians, educators, and policy makers can use the results of this study to understand the process through which guidance is transformed into implementable patient care pathways in the dental practice.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine the changes of inflammatory mediator expression in human macrophages stimulated with outer membrane vesicles purified from Porphyromonas gingivalis. DESIGN: outer membrane vesicles purified by ultracentrifugation from ATCC 33277 and W83 P. gingivalis strains were used for stimulating human macrophages and determine their inflammatory mediator expression changes. U937 monocyte cells line were differentiated into macrophages and stimulated with outer membrane vesicles for 30 min and six hours. In Independent experiments, the outer membrane vesicles and viable bacteria control were pre-treated with the gingipain inhibitors KYT-1 and KYT-36 (Arg-gingipain and Lys-gingipain, respectively) or Polymyxin-B to block the lipopolysaccharide activity to evaluate the secretion changes of immune mediators IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1α and RANTES by flow cytometry. A factorial ANOVA was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The outer membrane vesicles of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 displayed higher Arg-gingipain activity than those obtained from the P. gingivalis W83 strain (0.6 U/µg vs. 0.46 U/µg). Although the outer membrane vesicles of P. gingivalis stimulated the production of cytokines and chemokines, specific Arg-gingipain and Lys-gingipain inhibition induced significant increases in IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and RANTES levels, and this induction was significantly greater at 6 h compared to 30 min (*p < 0.05). On the contrary, TNF-α secretion decreased when gingipains were blocked. CONCLUSIONS: outer membrane vesicles may play a dual role during P. gingivalis infection based on their ability to induce changes in the immune responses of human macrophages, probably via gingipain-dependent events.
Assuntos
Quimiocina CCL5 , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Adesinas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Adesinas Bacterianas/farmacologia , Quimiocina CCL5/metabolismo , Cisteína Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Cisteína Endopeptidases Gingipaínas , Humanos , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Porphyromonas gingivalis/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Células U937RESUMO
This work deals with the development of a nonlinear Periodic Event-Triggered Control strategy employed to the consensus of a multi-vehicle autonomous system based on (3,0) mobile robots. First, the existence of the Control Lyapunov Function (CLF) applicable to the consensus problem is proven. This is subsequently used to develop event and feedback functions. The Periodic Event-Triggered Control ensures trajectories boundedness and convergence to consensus while a specific sampling period is provided. Also, the formation problem is addressed as an extension of the presented work. Experimental results show the performance of the proposed control strategy which reduces 99.78% the number of control updates compared to a continuous control law, resulting in energy saving for the information transfer from central control to the mobile robots.
RESUMO
This article presents the design and implementation of an event-triggered control approach, applied to the leader-following consensus and formation of a group of autonomous micro-aircraft with capabilities of vertical take-off and landing (VTOL-UAVs). The control strategy is based on an inner-outer loop control approach. The inner control law stabilizes the attitude and position of one agent, whereas the outer control follows a virtual leader to achieve position consensus cooperatively through an event-triggered policy. The communication topology uses undirected and connected graphs. With such an event-triggered control, the closed-loop trajectories converge to a compact sphere, centered in the origin of the error space. Furthermore, the minimal inter-sampling time is proven to be below bounded avoiding the Zeno behavior. The formation problem addresses the group of agents to fly in a given shape configuration. The simulation and experimental results highlight the performance of the proposed control strategy.
RESUMO
Several studies have shown that the dentin-resin interface is unstable due to poor infiltration of resin monomers into the demineralized dentin matrix. This phenomenon is related to the incomplete infiltration of the adhesive system into the network of exposed collagen fibrils, mainly due to the difficulty of displacement and subsequent replacement of trapped water between interfibrillar spaces, avoiding adequate hybridization within the network of collagen fibrils. Thus, unprotected fibrils are exposed to undergo denaturation and are susceptible to cyclic fatigue rupture after being subjected to repetitive loads during function. The aqueous inclusions within the hybrid layer serve as a functional medium for the hydrolysis of the resin matrix, giving rise to the activity of esterases and collagenolytic enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases, which play a fundamental role in the degradation process of the hybrid layer. Achieving better interdiffusion of the adhesive system in the network of collagen fibrils and the substrate stability in the hybrid layer through different strategies are key events for the interfacial microstructure to adequately function. Hence, it is important to review the factors related to the mechanisms of degradation and stabilization of the hybrid layer to support the implementation of new materials and techniques in the future. The enzymatic degradation of collagen matrix, together with resin leaching, has led to seeking strategies that inhibit the endogenous proteases, cross-linking the denudated collagen fibrils and improving the adhesive penetration removing water from the interface. Some of dentin treatments have yielded promising results and require more research to be validated. A longer durability of adhesive restorations could resolve a variety of clinical problems, such as microleakage, recurrent caries, postoperative sensitivity, and restoration integrity.
Assuntos
Microcefalia , Infecção por Zika virus , Zika virus , Humanos , Peptídeos , Proteômica , Saliva/virologiaRESUMO
Resumen: Introducción: La nucleotomía percutánea es una técnica de descompresión discal aprobada por la FDA que ha mostrado ser útil para mejorar el dolor causado por hernia discal. No obstante, su práctica se encuentra en discusión debido a que los beneficios de la técnica son controversiales. Objetivos: Describir los resultados de la evolución clínica de los pacientes con hernia discal lumbar baja (L4-L5, L5-S1) tratada mediante cirugía percutánea a un año de operados y mostrar que es una opción quirúrgica útil para el alivio de la sintomatología causada por esta entidad patológica. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohorte; presentamos la evolución clínica de 21 individuos con hernia discal lumbar tratados con nucleotomía percutánea manual durante Marzo 2011-Noviembre 2013. La evaluación fue hecha antes de la cirugía y a los cuatro, 30, 180 y 365 días después de operados mediante la escala numérica del dolor (END), índice de discapacidad funcional de Oswestry (IDO) y criterios de MacNab. Utilizamos estadística inferencial no paramétrica (Wilcoxon) para diferencias. Resultados: n = 21: seis (28.57%) hombres, 15 (71.42%) mujeres; edad promedio: 37.95 años (14-56), ± 10.60; el nivel vertebral más afectado: L4-L5, en 12 (57.14%) sujetos. La END preoperatoria promedio: 7.75 (5-9) ± 1.12; a los 365 días: promedio 2.14 (0-7) ± 2.37. El IDO preoperatorio promedio: 37% (28-40%) ± 3.06 y a los 365 días: 9.52% (0-40%) ± 13.92. El pronóstico (IDO) en el prequirúrgico fue bueno en cero (0%) personas y en 15 (71.42%) a los 365 días, regular en cinco (23.80%) y malo en una (4.78%) (p = 0.000 IC 95% 0.00-0.13, Wilcoxon); de acuerdo con los criterios de MacNab, en 15 (71.42%) casos fueron excelentes y buenos, pobres en cuatro (19.04%) y malos en dos (9.52%) (p = 0.00). Conclusiones: La nucleotomía percutánea ofrece buenos resultados para el tratamiento de las hernias discales lumbares (L4-L5, L5-S1) a los 365 días de operados los pacientes.
Abstract: Introduction: Percutaneous discectomy is a disc decompression technique approved by the FDA that is useful to improve pain caused by a herniated disc. However, its practice is under discussion because the benefits of the technique are controversial. Objectives: To describe the clinical course of patients with low lumbar disc herniation (L4-L5, L5-S1) treated by percutaneous surgery within one year of surgery and prove that it is a useful surgical option for the relief of symptoms caused by this pathological entity. Material and methods: Cohort study; the clinical course of 21 patients with lumbar disc herniation treated with percutaneous discectomy manually during March 2011-November 2013, is presented. The evaluation was made before surgery and at four, 30, 180 and 365 days after surgery by numerical pain scale (NPS), Oswestry (IDO) and MacNab criteria. We used nonparametric inferential statistics (Wilcoxon) for differences in proportions. Results: n = 21, six (28.57%) men, 15 (71.42%) women; average age: 37.95, (14-56) ± 10.60 years; the most affected vertebral level was L4-L5 in 57.14% of the patients; the NPS preoperative average was 7.75 (5-9) ± 1.12; at 365 days: average 2.14 (0-7) ± 2.37. The IDO preoperative average was 37% (28-40%) ± 3.06, and at 365 days: 9.52% (0-40%) ± 13.92. The prognosis (IDO) in the presurgical was good to zero (0%) patients and in 15 (71.42%) at 365 days, regular in five (23.80%) and poor in one (4.78%) (p = 0.00, CI 95% 0.00 to 0.13, Wilcoxon); according to MacNab criteria, in 15 (71.42%) patients were excellent and good, poor in four (19.04%) and bad in two (9.52%) (p = 0.00). Conclusions: Percutaneous discectomy provides good results for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation (L4-L5, L5-S1) at 365 days after surgery.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Discotomia Percutânea , Deslocamento do Disco Intervertebral/terapia , Estudos de Coortes , Resultado do Tratamento , Vértebras Lombares , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Percutaneous discectomy is a disc decompression technique approved by the FDA that is useful to improve pain caused by a herniated disc. However, its practice is under discussion because the benefits of the technique are controversial. OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical course of patients with low lumbar disc herniation (L4-L5, L5-S1) treated by percutaneous surgery within one year of surgery and prove that it is a useful surgical option for the relief of symptoms caused by this pathological entity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cohort study; the clinical course of 21 patients with lumbar disc herniation treated with percutaneous discectomy manually during March 2011-November 2013, is presented. The evaluation was made before surgery and at four, 30, 180 and 365 days after surgery by numerical pain scale (NPS), Oswestry (IDO) and MacNab criteria. We used nonparametric inferential statistics (Wilcoxon) for differences in proportions. RESULTS: n = 21, six (28.57%) men, 15 (71.42%) women; average age: 37.95, (14-56) ± 10.60 years; the most affected vertebral level was L4-L5 in 57.14% of the patients; the NPS preoperative average was 7.75 (5-9) ± 1.12; at 365 days: average 2.14 (0-7) ± 2.37. The IDO preoperative average was 37% (28-40%) ± 3.06, and at 365 days: 9.52% (0-40%) ± 13.92. The prognosis (IDO) in the presurgical was good to zero (0%) patients and in 15 (71.42%) at 365 days, regular in five (23.80%) and poor in one (4.78%) (p = 0.00, CI 95% 0.00 to 0.13, Wilcoxon); according to MacNab criteria, in 15 (71.42%) patients were excellent and good, poor in four (19.04%) and bad in two (9.52%) (p = 0.00). CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous discectomy provides good results for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation (L4-L5, L5-S1) at 365 days after surgery.
La nucleotomía percutánea es una técnica de descompresión discal aprobada por la FDA que ha mostrado ser útil para mejorar el dolor causado por hernia discal. No obstante, su práctica se encuentra en discusión debido a que los beneficios de la técnica son controversiales.
Assuntos
Discotomia Percutânea , Deslocamento do Disco Intervertebral , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Deslocamento do Disco Intervertebral/terapia , Vértebras Lombares , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Dengue disease statistics is mainly based on consulting patients with febrile illness, but misdiagnosed and asymptomatic cases are important to measure dengue epidemiology in endemic areas. The main objective of this work was to determine the prevalence of IgM and IgG antibodies or NS1 antigen and viral RNA in a group of healthy volunteers from an isolated village in Colombian Chocó rain forest. It found 51.7% of virologically PCR confirmed asymptomatic cases, despite low IgM seroprevalence. It was confirmed that all four serotypes are in the circulation and in 17.2% of individuals it detected natural coinfections of two or three different serotypes simultaneously. This is the first report in Colombia evaluating viremia in asymptomatic volunteers. These findings pose a big concern about the transmission of dengue virus by asymptomatic individuals because they can spread the virus without take appropriate control measures.
RESUMO
We report herein the microwave assisted synthesis, without solvents and catalysts, of 6-substituted quinoxalines and 7-substituted pyrido[2,3b]pyrazines. The compounds were obtained in good yields and short reaction times using the mentioned procedure and two new structures are reported. A complete ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR assignment was performed using 1D and 2D-NMR. Additionally, an in vitro screening was performed on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using amoxicillin as positive reference. Compounds bearing a pyridyl group tended to have higher antibacterial activity, but the best activity against Bacillus subtilis and Proteus mirabilis was observed with quinoxaline derivatives.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/química , Micro-Ondas , Pirazinas/química , Quinoxalinas/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pirazinas/farmacologia , Quinoxalinas/farmacologia , SolventesRESUMO
The pathogenesis of SpA is considered to be a complex and multi-factorial process and, similar to other autoimmune diseases, includes the activity of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF alpha. Our study compared the -308 promoter polymorphism of TNF alpha with TNF alpha levels, HLA-B27 status, age at the onset of symptoms, SpA subtype and the clinical degree of activity in Colombian SpA patients and healthy subjects (HS). Comparisons of the TNF alpha-308A genotype among HS and SpA patients (P = 0.004), uSpA patients (P = 0.040), ReA patients (P = 0.001), were significantly different and AS patients (P = 0.110), as were alleles for SpAs (P = 0.007) between patients with SpAs and controls. Initial exploratory analyses demonstrated that the TNF alpha-308 SNP genotype frequencies were different among SpA patients and HS in the Colombian population studied. Furthermore, there was no significant correlation with activity and functional clinical index, serum TNF alpha level or HLA B27 status. Allele frequencies, on the other hand, were correlated with the activity clinical index.
Assuntos
Polimorfismo Genético , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Espondilite Anquilosante/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Adulto , Idade de Início , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Antígeno HLA-B27/análise , Humanos , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Proibitinas , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Espondilite Anquilosante/epidemiologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangue , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: There are few studies on congenital duodenal obstruction. The poor peristalsis of the proximal duodenum that causes functional obstruction is a well known problem that occurs in the immediate postoperative period. The optimum technique to address the problem is still controversial. OBJECTIVE: To compare the results obtained using two different surgical techniques to resolve congenital duodenal obstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A five-year retrospective review of the neonates who underwent surgery for duodenal obstruction was undertaken. Two different surgical techniques were used: the Kimura operation and Heinecke-Mikulicz enteroplasty. The clinical characteristics, operative time, onset of oral feeding, hospital stay, complications and mortality were analyzed. The results of both groups were compared. RESULTS: Forty-one patients were included; 27 were operated on with the Kimura technique and 14 underwent Heinecke-Mikulicz duodenoplasty.Thirty-five patients had duodenal atresia (86%) and 6 (14%) an annular pancreas. All of them had post-Vater's papilla obstruction and 8 (20%) had trisomy 21. The clinical characteristics of both groups were similar. No significant difference was found in the operative time, onset of oral feeding and hospital stay. Eight patients in each group developed septicemia (30% in the Kimura group vs. 57% in the Heinecke-Mikulicz group, p = 0.16) and one patient in each group died (4% in the Kimura group vs.7% in the Heinecke-Mikulicz group, p = 0.78). CONCLUSION: The Kimura duodenal-duodenal anastomosis and Heinecke-Mikulicz duodenoplasty seem to be useful procedures to resolve congenital duodenal obstruction.
Assuntos
Obstrução Duodenal/congênito , Obstrução Duodenal/cirurgia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos do Sistema Digestório/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Red Lapacho (Tabebuia impetiginosa, syn. Tabebuia avellanedae), a canopy tree indigenous to the Amazonian rainforest and other parts of South America, has been acclaimed to be one of the "miraculous" cures for cancer and tumours. For the first time, during the 1960s, it attracted considerable attention in Brazil and Argentina as a 'wonder drug'. Traditionally, the botanical drug is widely used in local and traditional phytomedicine, usually ingested as a decoction prepared from the inner bark of the tree to treat numerous conditions like bacterial and fungal infections, fever, syphilis, malaria, trypanosomiasis, as well as stomach and bladder disorders. As early as 1873, biomedical uses of Red Lapacho ("Pau D'Arco") were reported. In 1967 after reports in the Brazilian press it came back to the light of clinicians (and the public in general). The news magazine O'Cruzeiro started reporting "miraculous" cures in cancer patients in a hospital. Natural sciences interest in the plant also began in the 1960s when the United States National Cancer Institute (NCI) systematically began researching plant extracts all over the world looking for active compounds against cancer and looked at Tabebuia impetiginosa in considerable detail. Two main bioactive components have been isolated from Tabebuia impetiginosa: lapachol and beta-lapachone. beta-Lapachone is considered to be the main anti-tumour compound, and pro-apoptotic effects were observed in vitro. Some mechanistic studies on this compound's molecular effects have been conducted. The other main constituents isolated from Red Lapacho are also reviewed briefly. The drug appears to be generally safe and one of the most important interactions of Tabebuia impetiginosa has been associated with interference in the biological cycle of Vitamin K in the body. The botanical (drug) material available on the international markets seems to be of varying quality and composition, making a specific assessment of the products' therapeutic claims problematic. This also highlights the need for appropriate analytical techniques, which are reviewed as well. The bioscientific evidence for products derived from Tabebuia impetiginosa is insufficient and one of the core challenges of future research will be--based on the recognition of the drug's widespread use--to establish appropriate quality control procedures. Further research into the clinical effects and the pharmacology of chemically characterized extracts is also warranted.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos , Medicina Tradicional , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Tabebuia/química , Animais , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/isolamento & purificação , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Fitoterapia , Casca de Planta , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , América do SulRESUMO
In this brief report, we present MMPI-2 basic validity and clinical scale data of Latino-descent persons from Puerto Rico (n = 290), Mexico (n = 1,920), and the United States (n = 28). All were administered one of three Spanish translations of the MMPI-2. A review of the mean scores of these respective groups indicates similarities across all scales. Differences among these three groups, with the exception of the Mf scale (which is keyed to sex), were well within the one standard deviation band. More importantly, these findings are promising given the fact that three different translations of the MMPI-2 were applied.
Assuntos
Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , MMPI/estatística & dados numéricos , Americanos Mexicanos/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Comparação Transcultural , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estudantes/psicologiaRESUMO
With the aim of determining if the proportion of rabies virus (RV)-infected adult neurons from dorsal root ganglion are affected by in vitro treatment with different neurotrophins, experiments using Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) or Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) as supplements for cells in culture were performed. Cultures treated with three different concentrations of each of the neurotrophins mentioned were infected with Challenge Virus Standard RV strain. An indirect immunoperoxidase technique was performed for the detection and counting of infected cells. NGF (2 ngml(-1) and 10 ngml(-1)) and NT-3 (1 ngml(-1) and 5 ngml(-1)) induced a significant reduction of infected neurons. None of the cultures treated with BDNF showed changes in the percentage of infected neurons. Likewise, the proportion of infected non-neuronal cells (Schwann cells and fibroblasts) was not altered by the treatment with neurotrophins. In addition, morphometric analysis of total and virus-immunoreactive neurons in culture were carried out, the neurotrophin treatment induced variations in the profile of neurons preferentially infected, since cell diameters in the infected cell population are different in the presence of NGF and NT-3. Data presented here could indicate a putative participation of neurotrophin receptor or biochemical modifications induced by neurotrophin treatment that affect the infection. The primary culture of dorsal root ganglion cells from adult mice is a very useful model for studying the basic phenomena of the RV-neuron interaction.
Assuntos
Gânglios Espinais/virologia , Fator de Crescimento Neural/farmacologia , Neurônios Aferentes/virologia , Neurotrofina 3/farmacologia , Vírus da Raiva/fisiologia , Animais , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/farmacologia , Contagem de Células , Células Cultivadas , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibroblastos/virologia , Gânglios Espinais/citologia , Gânglios Espinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Neurônios Aferentes/citologia , Neurônios Aferentes/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Raiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Células de Schwann/efeitos dos fármacos , Células de Schwann/virologiaRESUMO
Consumption of fruits from the genus Karwinskia may cause a flaccid paralysis that can be confused with the Guillan-Barré syndrome or poliomyelitis. Paralysis resulting from consumption of such fruit has emerged as a public health problem in certain regions of Mexico. The purpose of this study was to investigate geographical factors associated with this intoxication in the 72 cases reported in Mexico from 1990 to 1994. Location of cases coincides with the distribution of the 11 reported species of Karwinskia in the country. The majority of reported cases were related to the consumption of K. humboldtiana, with a smaller number involving K. mollis, K. parvifolia, K. johnstonii, and K. rzedowskii. Most cases were located in regions with dry climates (79.2%), arid vegetation (41. 7%), and altitudes under 1,000 meters above sea level (54.1%). The study establishes three different risk areas: the Balsas river region in the southwestern central part of the country; the arid northern area; and the arid and dry central area. Cases were from rural communities with low levels of schooling and poor socioeconomic conditions.
Assuntos
Paralisia/etiologia , Intoxicação por Plantas/epidemiologia , Plantas Medicinais , Plantas Tóxicas , Rhamnus/intoxicação , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Escolaridade , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Paralisia/epidemiologia , Rhamnus/química , Rhamnus/classificação , População Rural , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Several data suggest that immature lymphoid cells are more prone to penetration and therefore are affected more by antibodies than their mature counterparts. In this study, we examined the penetration of monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies in several models of immature cells. Results confirm that most anti-DNA antibodies penetrate larger proportions of immature cells than normal adult cells. It was also proven that anti-DNA antibodies induce larger fractions of immature cells to undergo apoptosis than mature cells; however, there is not a numerical association between penetration and apoptosis. Additionally, the penetration and induction of apoptosis of several anti-DNA monoclonal antibodies into U937 and NIH-3T3 cells followed a rather heterogeneous pattern. When mature and immature cells were stimulated polyclonally, it was shown that polyreactive antibodies might act as an accessory signal to induce apoptosis in immature cells. This process could contribute to the edition of the immune repertoire. We propose that naturally occurring polyreactive antinuclear antibodies, through penetration and deletion of self-reacting cells, could participate, either as a unique or secondary signal, in the mechanism of self tolerance. If these polyreactive antibodies undergo affinity maturation, it is possible they may develop into pathogenic antibodies.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antinucleares/metabolismo , Linfócitos/citologia , Linfócitos/imunologia , Células 3T3 , Adulto , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/metabolismo , Apoptose/imunologia , Transporte Biológico Ativo , Linfoma de Burkitt/imunologia , Linfoma de Burkitt/patologia , Ciclo Celular , Diferenciação Celular , Feminino , Sangue Fetal/citologia , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Recém-Nascido , Linfócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Tolerância a Antígenos Próprios , Baço/citologia , Baço/imunologia , Acetato de Tetradecanoilforbol/farmacologia , Células U937 , Receptor fas/metabolismoRESUMO
A detailed knowledge of the consumer's preferences for the different classes of common bean is useful to define objectives in bean breeding and quality projects in a given region or country and it is also a valuable tool to design marketing strategies. The present work consisted on the application of a survey to 1514 common bean consumers in 14 states of Mexico. To facilitate the interpretation of the results the country was divided in four regions: North East, North West, Center and South. In the North West region, 98% of the surveyed individuals eat the "Azufrado" types (sulphur yellow); in the North East, 70% of the consumers prefer "pinto" (beige with brown mottles) and "Bayo" (cream) types; in the South, 90% of the consumers prefer the "Black" type; and in the Center of the country, all commercial classes are consumed. Within a commercial class, specific characteristics are demanded. For instance, in the black type, small and opaque seeds are preferred while in the "Flor de mayo" (Beige with pink mottles) type medium to large seeds having bright seed coat are preferred. The main characteristics utilized by consumers to select a given bean type are cooking time and flavor. It was observed that preferential classes are well established among the consumers since 70% responded that they would not change the preferred class even if the alternative class was sold to a lower price. Consumers do not soak the beans, because it changes the flavor and the aspect of the cooked beans and they do not add salt at the beginning of the cooking process due to the same reason. Organoleptic studies conducted in the laboratory confirmed that soaking of beans or addition of salts in the soaking water or at the beginning of the cooking process negatively affected acceptability of cooked beans by panelists. In this paper aspects related to ways of processing and consuming common beans as well as marketing aspects are discussed.
Assuntos
Fabaceae , Preferências Alimentares , Plantas Medicinais , Fabaceae/classificação , Fabaceae/genética , Manipulação de Alimentos , Humanos , México , PesquisaRESUMO
An in vitro model of adult dorsal root ganglion neurons infection by rabies virus is described, Viral marked neurotropism is observed, and the percentage and the degree of infection of the neurons is higher than in non neuronal cells, even if neurons are the minority of the cells in the culture. The neuritic tree is also heavily infected by the virus.