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Hidrocistoma , Neoplasias das Glândulas Sudoríparas , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Hidrocistoma/patologia , Hidrocistoma/tratamento farmacológico , Hidrocistoma/diagnóstico , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias das Glândulas Sudoríparas/patologia , Neoplasias das Glândulas Sudoríparas/diagnóstico , Adulto , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Neoplasias Orbitárias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Orbitárias/diagnóstico , Idoso , Toxinas Botulínicas Tipo A/administração & dosagem , Toxinas Botulínicas/administração & dosagemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The sofosbuvir-velpatasvir (SOF/VEL) combination is a direct-acting antiviral therapy that is authorized and available in Mexico, making the performance of a real-world multicenter study that evaluates the sustained virologic response at 12 weeks post-treatment a relevant undertaking. METHODS: A retrospective review of the case records of 241 patients seen at 20 hospitals in Mexico was conducted to assess hepatitis C treatment with the SOF/VEL combination (nâ¯=â¯231) and the sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/ribavirin (SOF/VEL/RBV) combination (nâ¯=â¯10). The primary efficacy endpoint was the percentage of patients that achieved SVR at 12 weeks after the end of treatment. RESULTS: Overall SVR was 98.8% (95% CI 97.35-100%). Only three patients did not achieve SVR, two of whom had cirrhosis and a history of previous treatment with peg-IFN. Of the subgroups analyzed, all the patients with HIV coinfection, three patients with genotype 3, and the patients treated with the SOF/VEL/RBV combination achieved SVR. The subgroups with the lower success rates were patients that were treatment-experienced (96.8%) and patients with F1 fibrosis (95.5%). The most frequent adverse events were fatigue, headache, and insomnia. No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: Treatments with SOF/VEL and SOF/VEL/RBV were highly safe and effective, results coinciding with those of other international real-world studies.
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Hepatite C Crônica , Hepatite C , Antivirais/efeitos adversos , Carbamatos , Genótipo , Hepatite C/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatite C Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Compostos Heterocíclicos de 4 ou mais Anéis , Humanos , México , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sofosbuvir/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease (GD), an autoimmune disorder arising from the activity of T lymphocytes against antigens that infiltrate thyroid tissue, orbital tissue and extraocular muscles. An increase in oxidative stress has been discovered in autoimmune thyroid disease, encouraging investigation into new forms of treatment. Selenium has been described as a treatment option given its antioxidant properties. The present study evaluates the decrease of progression and inflammatory signs in patients with mild GO with oral selenium supplementation. METHODS: Controlled, randomized, single center trial at an ophthalmology referral center in Mexico City. Patients at least 18years of age with mild GO according to the CAS classification were included; exclusion criteria in addition to corticosteroid treatment included smokers or selenium allergy. Each patient was randomized into one of two groups. Group A took placebo tablets which consisted of 100µg of starch twice a day for 6months, and group B took a 100µg selenium tablet twice a day for 6months. The patients from both groups were examined and evaluated using a CAS score before and after the first, third and sixth month of treatment. RESULTS: Thirty eyes of 30 patients were studied. The pretreatment values showed no statistically significant differences between groups (P>0.05). Intergroup analysis showed statistically significant differences in palpebral fissure and CAS score between the pretreatment values and six months after treatment in the selenium group (P<0.05). No differences were found in any variables in the placebo group during the study period (P>0.05). No adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study in a Mexican population demonstrating that oral selenium decreases clinical activity and stops progression in patients with mild GO.
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Doença de Graves , Oftalmopatia de Graves , Selênio , Antioxidantes , Oftalmopatia de Graves/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Estresse OxidativoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The sofosbuvir-velpatasvir (SOF/VEL) combination is a direct-acting antiviral therapy that is authorized and available in Mexico, making the performance of a real-world multicenter study that evaluates the sustained virologic response at 12 weeks post-treatment a relevant undertaking. METHODS: A retrospective review of the case records of 241 patients seen at 20 hospitals in Mexico was conducted to assess hepatitis C treatment with the SOF/VEL combination (n = 231) and the sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/ribavirin (SOF/VEL/RBV) combination (n = 10). The primary efficacy endpoint was the percentage of patients that achieved SVR at 12 weeks after the end of treatment. RESULTS: Overall SVR was 98.8% (95% CI 97.35-100%). Only three patients did not achieve SVR, two of whom had cirrhosis and a history of previous treatment with peg-IFN. Of the subgroups analyzed, all the patients with HIV coinfection, three patients with genotype 3, and the patients treated with the SOF/VEL/RBV combination achieved SVR. The subgroups with the lower success rates were patients that were treatment-experienced (96.8%) and patients with F1 fibrosis (95.5%). The most frequent adverse events were fatigue, headache, and insomnia. No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: Treatments with SOF/VEL and SOF/VEL/RBV were highly safe and effective, results coinciding with those of other international real-world studies.
RESUMO
PURPOSE: The COVID-19 pandemic has forced healthcare stakeholders towards challenging decisions. We analyse the impact of the pandemic on the conduct of phase I-II trials for paediatric cancer during the first month of state of alarm in Spain. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to all five ITCC-accredited Spanish Paediatric Oncology Early Phase Clinical Trial Units, including questions about impact on staff activities, recruitment, patient care, supply of investigational products, and legal aspects. RESULTS: All units suffered personnel shortages and difficulties in enrolling patients, treatment continuity, or performing trial assessments. Monitoring activity was frequently postponed (73%), and 49% of on-going trials interrupted recruitment. Only two patients could be recruited during this period (75% reduction in the expected rate). CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 crisis has significantly impacted clinical research practice and access to innovation for children with cancer. Structural and functional changes are under way to better cope with the expected future restrictions.
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COVID-19/epidemiologia , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Neoplasias/terapia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Criança , Humanos , Oncologia/organização & administração , Oncologia/estatística & dados numéricos , Corpo Clínico Hospitalar/provisão & distribuição , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Assistência ao Paciente , Seleção de Pacientes , SARS-CoV-2 , Espanha/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Some species of fusaria are well-known pathogens of humans, animals and plants. Fusarium oxysporum and Neocosmospora solani (formerly Fusarium solani) cause human infections that range from onychomycosis or keratitis to severe disseminated infections. In general, these infections are difficult to treat due to poor therapeutic responses in immunocompromised patients. Despite that, little is known about the molecular mechanisms and transcriptional changes responsible for the antifungal resistance in fusaria. To shed light on the transcriptional response to antifungals, we carried out the first reported high-throughput RNA-seq analysis for F. oxysporum and N. solani that had been exposed to amphotericin B (AMB) and posaconazole (PSC). We detected significant differences between the transcriptional profiles of the two species and we found that some oxidation-reduction, metabolic, cellular and transport processes were regulated differentially by both fungi. The same was found with several genes from the ergosterol synthesis, efflux pumps, oxidative stress response and membrane biosynthesis pathways. A significant up-regulation of the C-22 sterol desaturase (ERG5), the sterol 24-C-methyltransferase (ERG6) gene, the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene and of several members of the major facilitator superfamily (MSF) was demonstrated in this study after treating F. oxysporum with AMB. These results offer a good overview of transcriptional changes after exposure to commonly used antifungals, highlights the genes that are related to resistance mechanisms of these fungi, which will be a valuable tool for identifying causes of failure of treatments.
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Anfotericina B/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Fusarium/efeitos dos fármacos , Transcriptoma/efeitos dos fármacos , Triazóis/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Fúngica/efeitos dos fármacos , Farmacorresistência Fúngica/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Fusarium/classificação , Fusarium/genética , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Especificidade da EspécieAssuntos
Amiloidose/diagnóstico , Doenças do Aparelho Lacrimal/diagnóstico , Amiloidose/cirurgia , Exoftalmia/diagnóstico , Exoftalmia/etiologia , Exoftalmia/cirurgia , Humanos , Aparelho Lacrimal/diagnóstico por imagem , Aparelho Lacrimal/patologia , Doenças do Aparelho Lacrimal/cirurgia , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Centros de Cuidados de Saúde Secundários , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Despite increased research characterizing the adaptive capacity of households and communities, there are few empirical studies that test why farmers adopt costly climate-related adaptive strategies, which strategies are implemented, and farmers' perceptions of climate changes. In this study, we analyzed determinants for smallholder farmer adoption of adaptation strategies in Chiapas, Mexico. We conducted 291 surveys with landowners in eight coffee farming communities. Farmers were asked which of 21 adaptation strategies they had engaged in, within five categories: migration, storage, land use diversification, community investment, and market exchange. We found the most frequent strategies included planting shade coffee, diversifying crop varieties, shifting sow date, building living walls, reforesting, or engaging in soil conservation. Although many farmers have experienced natural disasters like hurricanes and earthquakes, they were most concerned by long-term threats to crops like coffee rust and higher temperatures, that require costly adaptive investments. We find farmers adapt to climate events because of their vulnerability context (i.e., experience with disasters and distance to markets). Land holdings (i.e., natural capital), farm equipment (i.e., physical capital), and group membership (i.e., social capital), were also key factors influencing adaptation. Finally, farmers with strong perceptions of drought and temperature change were most likely to adapt. These results suggest policy makers should have a multi-pronged approach to: improve farmers' resource base through explicitly promoting adaptation strategies like crop and income diversification; inform climate perceptions through workshops on climate and weather; and strengthen participation in community and producer organizations to increase smallholder adaptation.
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Mudança Climática , Fazendeiros , Agricultura , Animais , Fazendas , Feminino , Humanos , México , SuínosRESUMO
Objetivo: Comparar las actitudes de los estudiantes de enfermería de dos universidades: una de México y otra de Colombia, respecto al consumo de alcohol, el alcoholismo y los trastornos relacionados al abuso de este. Método: Estudio cuantitativo comparativo transversal. Muestra de 231 estudiantes del último año de la carrera de enfermería en dos universidades públicas latinoamericanas; participantes voluntarios mayores de edad que cursaron al menos 6 asignaturas práctico-teóricas, a quienes se les aplicó el instrumento Escala de Actitudes Frente al Alcohol, el Alcoholismo y la persona con trastornos relacionados al uso del alcohol- EAFAA, así como una encuesta sociodemográfica y académica. Se utilizó SPSS 22 y Microsoft Excel® para el análisis estadístico y se tuvieron en cuenta los principios bioéticos. Resultados: La percepción de los estudiantes respecto a las personas con trastornos relacionados al uso de alcohol (p=0.003), es diferente según la universidad, lo cual conlleva una visión distinta con relación a su fuerza de voluntad, competencia de autocuidado, entre otras características. Asimismo, se determinó que la formación brinda herramientas al estudiante para afrontar situaciones de miedo, inseguridad, frustración, que favorecen un mejor cuidado (p=0.045). Conclusiones: La presente investigación aporta al conocimiento de enfermería, ya que muestra en qué dimensiones la actitud puede afectar el trato brindado al paciente y cómo esta relación puede mejorarse a través de la formación en el área y de experiencias exitosas.
Objective: To compare the attitudes of nursing students towards alcohol consumption, alcoholism, and alcohol-related diseases, in two universities: one in Mexico and the other in Colombia. Method This is a quantitative, comparative, and transversal study with a sample of 231 legal aged senior nursing students from two public universities of Latin-America who volunteered to participate. The Scale of Attitudes Towards Alcohol, Alcoholism, and Persons with Alcohol Related Diseases (SATAAP) instrument was administered in conjunction with a sociodemographic and academic survey. SPSS 22 and Excel were used to carry out the calculations. The corresponding bioethical principles were respected. Results: The perception of students regarding to persons with alcohol-related diseases (p = 0.003) was not the same between the two universities, suggesting that differences in their views about strength of will and self-care competence, among other characteristics could be present. It was also found that the school formation gives the students tools to address situations of fear, insecurity, and frustration, thus fostering better self-care (p = 0.045). Conclusions The present research builds on the nursing knowledge because it shows the importance of the attitude towards the use of alcohol, as well as its associated relationship between good school formation and better health care provided.
Objetivo: Comparar atitudes sobre álcool, alcoolismo e pessoas com transtornos relacionados ao uso de álcool por estudantes de enfermagem sênior de duas universidades no México e na Colômbia. Método: Estudo quantitativo comparativo transversal. Com amostra censo de 231 estudantes sênior de enfermagem de duas universidades públicas latino-americanas, participantes voluntários maiores de idade que cursaram pelo menos 6 disciplinas prático-teóricas, para os que foi aplicado o instrumento Escala de Atitudes frente ao Álcool, ao Alcoolismo e ao Alcoolista-EAFAA, e um questionário demográfico e acadêmico. SPSS 22 e Microsoft Excel® foram utilizados para análise estatística e tiveram-se em conta os princípios bioéticos de autonomia, justiça, beneficência e não maleficência. Resultados: Encontrou-se diferenças entre as universidades sobre a percepção das pessoas com transtornos relacionados ao consumo de álcool (p=0,003), o que acarreta uma visão diferente em relação à sua força de vontade, competição pelo autocuidado, entre outras características. Da mesma forma, determinou-se que o treinamento proporciona ao aluno ferramentas para enfrentar situações de meda, insegurança, frustração, favorecendo um melhor cuidado (p=0.045). Conclusões: Essa pesquisa contribui para o conhecimento de enfermagem, pois mostra em quais dimensões a atitude pode afetar o tratamento proporcionado ao paciente e como essa relação pode ser melhorada por medio de treinamento na área e experiências bem-sucedidas.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Estudantes de Enfermagem , Atitude , AlcoolismoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of transconjunctival botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in the treatment of upper eyelid retraction in the active inflammatory phase of dysthyroid orbitopathy, establish the ideal dose, and evaluate side effects. METHODS: This is a comparative, prospective study in patients with thyroid orbitopathy, conducted at the Conde Ophthalmology Institute in Valenciana, Mexico. The patients included had dysthyroid orbitopathy in the inflammatory phase, and they were treated with subconjunctival injection of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in the upper eyelid. Five units (group 1) and ten units (group 2) of BTX-A, in a single subconjunctival dose were applied to the non-dominant eye. We evaluated visual acuity, margin-to-reflex distance (RPM1), crease height, ocular motility, diplopia and keratitis, before and after administration of the toxin. The patients were followed at one, 4 and 16 weeks, with the Student t-test as a statistical analysis. RESULTS: At week 4, 15 patients (100%) showed a reduced margin to reflex distance. The mean result for group 1 was -1.75mm (range -1 to -2.5mm) and group 2 was -2mm (range -1 to -4mm). Statistically significant differences were seen between pre-treatment and week 4 in both groups, but no differences between doses. Complete improvement of keratitis and lagophthalmos was observed in 5 and 2 patients, respectively. Visual acuity, ocular motility and crease height did not change in 93% of the patients. One patient (group 1) exhibited complete ptosis and vertical diplopia, which resolved spontaneously at week 6. CONCLUSION: Transconjunctival BTX-A application is safe and effective for the treatment of eyelid retraction in dysthyroid orbitopathy. No difference was found between doses. No severe side effects were reported.
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Blefaroptose/tratamento farmacológico , Toxinas Botulínicas Tipo A/administração & dosagem , Oftalmopatia de Graves/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Neuromusculares/administração & dosagem , Reação de Fase Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Idoso , Blefaroptose/etiologia , Toxinas Botulínicas Tipo A/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Oftalmopatia de Graves/complicações , Humanos , Injeções , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fármacos Neuromusculares/efeitos adversos , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Lactoferrin (LF) is a breast milk glycoprotein with protective effects against neonatal infections, mainly in premature and low-birth-weight (LBW) neonates. The aims of this study were to determine LF concentration in breast milk of mothers of LBW infants during the first 2 months postpartum, and to identify the factors associated with LF concentration. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study conducted as a part of an ongoing clinical trial in three Neonatal Units in Peru. We included 346 mothers of neonates with a birth weight <2000 g. We measured LF concentration in four stages of lactation using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Multivariate analysis was performed to assess the association between maternal and neonatal factors, and LF concentration. RESULTS: We collected 695 milk samples. LF mean concentration±standard deviation was 14.92±7.96 mg ml-1 in colostrum (n=277), 10.73±5.67 in transitional milk (n=55), 10.34±6.27 at 1 month (n=259) and 8.52±6.47 at 2 months (n=104). There was a significant difference in LF concentration between different stages of lactation (P<0.001). Mothers with higher LF concentration in colostrum had higher values in the following 2 months. High maternal income and multiple gestation were significantly associated with higher LF levels; in contrast, maternal peripartum infections and male neonatal gender were associated with lower LF levels. CONCLUSIONS: LF concentration in breast milk of mothers of LBW infants was high and remained elevated even at 1 and 2 months postpartum. LF concentration in colostrum was higher in mothers with higher income and multiple pregnancies, and lower in mothers with peripartum infections.
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Colostro/química , Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Lactoferrina/análise , Leite Humano/química , Nascimento Prematuro , Adulto , Aleitamento Materno , Feminino , Humanos , Renda , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Lactação/fisiologia , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Análise Multivariada , Peru , Período Pós-Parto , Gravidez , Gravidez Múltipla , Estudos Prospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Evisceration is currently becoming the technique of choice in the treatment of certain eye diseases, including, among others, painful blind eye and endophthalmitis. The most widely used implants are currently the hydroxyapatite and porous polyethylene for the rehabilitation of the anophthalmic socket. OBJECTIVE: To describe the indications, type of implant material used, and complications in evisceration surgery. METHODS: A retrospective, observational, descriptive study based on clinical records of patients that underwent evisceration between 2008 and 2015 in the Instituto Fundación Conde de Valenciana, Mexico. RESULTS: A total of 186 evisceration surgeries were performed, of which 52.7% of the patients were men. The mean age was 54 years. The right eye was eviscerated in 53% of cases, and 79.2% had a vision of no light perception. Most patients had preoperative pain. The most common diagnosis for which evisceration was performed was endophthalmitis. Phthisis bulbi was reported in 20 eyes. A primary implant was inserted in 86.81% of the cases, with 34.81% of the implants being made of porous polyethylene. Four cases showed extrusion of the implant, with 2 cases of porous polyethylene. The ocular prosthesis was tolerated in 91% of cases. There were no cases of sympathetic ophthalmia. CONCLUSION: Evisceration is shown to be a good alternative to enucleation in cases where the sclera can be preserved, showing a low incidence of sympathetic ophthalmia.
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Evisceração do Olho/estatística & dados numéricos , Academias e Institutos/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Materiais Biocompatíveis , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Úlcera da Córnea/cirurgia , Durapatita , Endoftalmite/cirurgia , Traumatismos Oculares/cirurgia , Olho Artificial , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Implantes Orbitários , Polietileno , Implantação de Prótese , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer is the second cause of death by cancer worldwide. Histologic classification may predict tumor biology, clinical behavior, and outcome. According to the Lauren classification, the disease is divided into 2 types, diffuse and intestinal, and the latter has a better prognosis. AIM: To determine the frequency of gastric adenocarcinoma and compare the histopathologic characteristics of intestinal and diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma in Mexican patients treated at a tertiary referral hospital. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study evaluated the pathology reports of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma corresponding to the time frame of January 2003 to December 2012. Adenocarcinomas of the gastric cardia were excluded. Frequencies were expressed as percentages and the categorical variables were compared with the chi-square test. Statistical significance was set at a P<.05. RESULTS: A total of 417 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma were found, 230 (55.2%) of which were diffuse-type and 118 (28.2%) were intestinal-type. The mean age of the patients with diffuse type gastric cancer was 54.02±14.93 and 119 (51.3%) of those patients were men. The mean age of the patients with intestinal-type gastric cancer was 63.43±13.78, and 69 (62.2%) were men. Ninety-two of the diffuse-type patients were under the age of 50 years, compared with 22 of the patients with intestinal-type carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study on the Mexican population to analyze the differences in the histologic types of adenocarcinoma. Diffuse-type gastric carcinoma was the most frequent subtype in our study population and it is associated with worse outcome.
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Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologia , Adenocarcinoma/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Neoplasias Gástricas/epidemiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Epiblepharon is characterized by a cutaneous horizontal fold adjacent to the lid margin. Some cases showed spontaneous resolution, others required surgical treatment. We propose a medical treatment with botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A). OBJECTIVE: To provide clinical evidence of the usefulness of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in patients with lower eyelid epiblepharon. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, non-randomized, nonmasked study. Patients with lower eyelid epiblepharon with corneal eyelash contact were included in the study. The scale proposed by Khwarg and Lee (1997) was used to assess the epiblepharon clinical evaluation. A single dose of 12.5 IU of BTX-A (Dysport ®) was directly injected into the medial pre-tarsal orbicularis muscle region in the lower eyelid. Patients were evaluated before the injection and at 1, 4, 12 and 24 weeks after the injection. We performed descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, comparing prior injection measurements to post injection measurements at the 24th week. A p less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Each eye was separately analyzed. RESULTS: Fourteen eyes of seven Hispanic patients were treated, five female and two male. The mean age was 8.4 months (4 - 14 months). The height of the skin-fold, the area of the cornea touched by the cilia and the symptoms score improved after the first week of BTX-A injection and remained so until the end of study (p less than 0.05). No major complications were noted. CONCLUSION: The effect of a single 12.5 IU injection of BTX-A (Dysport ®) into the medial orbicularis muscle portion in the lower eyelid epiblepharon patients successfully improves the clinical signs and symptoms.
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Toxinas Botulínicas Tipo A/administração & dosagem , Doenças da Córnea/prevenção & controle , Doenças Palpebrais/congênito , Pálpebras/anormalidades , Músculos Oculomotores/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças da Córnea/patologia , Pestanas/patologia , Doenças Palpebrais/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Palpebrais/patologia , Pálpebras/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , México , Neurotoxinas/administração & dosagem , Músculos Oculomotores/patologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Remissão Espontânea , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Objetivo. Determinar el efecto de dietas con diferentes proporciones de fuentes proteicas animales y vegetales suplementadas con plancton sobre el crecimiento y sobrevivencia en larvas de Rhamdia quelen. Materiales y métodos. Fueron formuladas dos dietas experimentales, dieta-1 con 70% de proteína de origen vegetal (torta de soya) y dieta-2 con 70% de proteína proveniente de animales (corazón bovino y harina de pescado); se utilizaron cuatro protocolos de alimentación (cinco réplicas por tratamiento): dieta-1 + plancton filtrado en tamiz de 50-200 micras (T1), dieta-2 + plancton filtrado en tamiz de 50-200 micras (T2), dieta-1 (T3), dieta-2 (T4). Las larvas fueron manejadas a una densidad de 20 animales L-1 suministrando alimento hasta aparente saciedad diariamente a las 07:00, 11:00, 16:00 y 21:00 horas; la suplementación con plancton se realizó a las 11:00 y 21:00 horas. Resultados. Entre T1 y T2 no se observaron diferencias estadísticas (p>0.05) en peso final (21.89 ± 15.17mg vs 20.37 ± 10.37mg), longitud total (13.41±2.34mm vs 13.39±1.99 mm), factor de condición (K) (0.80±0.13 vs 0.78±0.13 ) y sobrevivencia (46.6±2.68% vs 36.0±7.41%); las diferencias entre T3 y T4 tampoco fueron significativas (3.35±1.40 mg vs 2.98±1.48 mg; 7.54±0.91mm vs 7.33±0.96mm; 0.75±0.13 vs 0.71±0.12; 33.6±9.07% vs 24.8±6.76%, respectivamente); hubo diferencias significativas (p<0.05) entre los grupos suplementados con plancton y los alimentados solo con ración. Conclusiones. La suplementación con plancton fue más efectiva que el ofrecimiento solo de ración. La inclusión del 62.9% de torta de soya en la formulación (T1), aparentemente no afectó el crecimiento ni la sobrevivencia.
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Animais , Alimentos , PlânctonRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of an intervention program on the patterns of physical activity in 8- to 10-year-old Mexican children from lower socioeconomic status. This study performed a randomized controlled field trial in 498 children aged 8-10 years from 10 public schools of low socioeconomic status in Mexico City. Schools were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 5) or control (n = 5) groups and followed up during 12 months. Physical and sedentary activities were assessed at the beginning of the program and after 6 and 12 months. At the end of follow-up, there was a significant increase in the performance of moderate physical activity (MPA) among children in intervention group who had not performed MPA at baseline any day of the week (40%, P = 0.04) but not in the control group (8%, P = not significant). The intervention group also showed a significant reduction in the proportion of children who spent more than 3 hours a day playing video games (from 23 to 13%, P = 0.01), while control group did not show significant changes. Given these findings, we conclude that intervention was able to modify positively physical activity and reduce time spent on such sedentary activities as video games among those at highest risk studied children.
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Exercício Físico , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Instituições Acadêmicas , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pobreza , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Comportamento Sedentário , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is a late onset hereditary myopathy of autosomal dominant transmission characterised by ptosis, dysphagia and limb weakness. The disease is caused by short heterozygous expansions of a (GCN)(10) triplet located in the first exon of the PABPN1 gene at chromosome 14q11.1. Most affected individuals from North America and Europe carry a mutant (GCN)(13) allele. Although evidence for a founder mutation effect has been shown in several populations with OPMD, analysis of large groups of patients from different ethnic backgrounds will help to identify the relative contribution of each allele to the disease and a possible genotype-phenotype correlation. METHODS: 22 unrelated patients with OPMD from Mexico, a previously uncharacterised population, were clinically and molecularly analysed. Detailed ophthalmological and clinical examinations were performed in each proband and molecular analysis of the PABPN1 gene was carried out by PCR amplification and allele-specific cloning/sequencing. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to PABPN1 were determined in each individual and in a number of affected first-degree relatives. RESULTS: 15 subjects (68%) carried a mutant (GCN)(15) or (GCG)(11)(GCA)(3)(GCG) PABPN1 allele; the remaining 7 (32%) exhibited an abnormal (GCN)(13) or (GCG)(9)(GCA)(3)(GCG) allele. Analysis of two SNPs linked to PABPN1 strongly suggests that both expanded alleles originate from two independent founder effects. In addition, in this particular population the (GCN)(15) allele was associated with an earlier onset of the disease (mean 46.5 years) compared with the (GCN)(13) allele (mean 54.7 years). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that OPMD in the Mexican population is mostly due to (GCG)(11) or (GCG)(9) PABPN1 expanded alleles arising from two independent founder effect mutations. These findings add to the definition of the genetic features of the disease and to the establishment of a probable genotype-phenotype correlation.