RESUMO
Las campañas de comunicación son instrumentos útiles para aumentar la concientización e involucrar a la ciudadanía en distintas problemáticas. OBJETIVOS detectar y analizar las actitudes y percepciones de los y las adolescentes frente a las campañas de comunicación que buscan promover una alimentación saludable en Argentina. MÉTODOS 6 grupos focales (n=6) de adolescentes entre 13 y 15 años de distintos niveles socioeconómicos. RESULTADOS Según los relatos de los participantes, una campaña eficaz debería incluir los siguientes conceptos principales a) temáticas de interés de la población objetivo, que les resulte cercana y cotidiana b) mensajes informativos con énfasis en la libertad de elección (y no con tono imperativo o directivo), y/o mensajes informativos de pérdida para comunicar consecuencias o riesgos de determinadas acciones c) Imágenes relacionadas directamente con la temática; d) textos cortos, claros y concisos; frases cortas que generen impacto con información novedosa y con lenguaje comprensible; e) contenido claro, simples, impactantes visualmente y de corta duración; f) material con imágenes estáticas por sobre el uso de videos, publicaciones con bajo contenido de texto, uso de colores, tipografías. DISCUSIÓN Este estudio brinda elementos, tanto desde la matriz de comunicación-persuasión como desde el marketing social,representando un insumo para el diseño de campañas más efectivas para la promoción de la alimentación saludable en población que interpelen a los adolescentes.
Assuntos
Mulheres , Processo Saúde-Doença , Promoção da Saúde , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de SaúdeRESUMO
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the major causes of respiratory infections in children, and it is the main pathogen causing bronchiolitis in infants. The binding and entry mechanism by which RSV infects respiratory epithelial cells has not yet been determined. In this study, the earliest stages of RSV infection in normal human bronchial epithelial cells were probed by tracking virions with fluorescent lipophilic dyes in their membranes. Virions colocalized with cholesterol-containing plasma membrane microdomains, identified by their ability to bind cholera toxin subunit B. Consistent with an important role for cholesterol in RSV infection, cholesterol depletion profoundly inhibited RSV infection, while cholesterol repletion reversed this inhibition. Merger of the outer leaflets of the viral envelope and the cell membrane appeared to be triggered at these sites. Using small-molecule inhibitors, RSV infection was found to be sensitive to Pak1 inhibition, suggesting the requirement of a subsequent step of cytoskeletal reorganization that could involve plasma membrane rearrangements or endocytosis. It appears that RSV entry depends on its ability to dock to cholesterol-rich microdomains (lipid rafts) in the plasma membrane where hemifusion events begin, assisted by a Pak1-dependent process.
Assuntos
Brônquios/metabolismo , Colesterol/metabolismo , Fusão de Membrana , Vírus Sinciciais Respiratórios/fisiologia , Brônquios/citologia , Linhagem Celular , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Citometria de Fluxo , Corantes Fluorescentes , HumanosRESUMO
Objetivos. Evaluar y determinar el punto de corte para la detección de IgM anti-Toxoplasma por el método ELISA, en muestras de sangre de cordónumbilical, mediante dos ensayos comerciales diferentes, y correlacionar los resultados obtenidos con el diagnóstico de toxoplasmosis congénitarealizado por seguimiento serológico y los datos clínicos. Métodos. Se evaluó la prueba IgM anti-Toxoplasma ELISA de Vircell®, frente a los resultados por Western blot e IgM ELISA de Labsystems®. Seestudiaron 105 muestras de cordón umbilical de niños colombianos, obtenidas de seis ciudades diferentes por Western blot y seguimiento clínico yserológico en aquellos positivos. Se obtuvo una curva receptor-operador (ROC) para la prueba ELISA IgM anti-Toxoplasma de Vircell® y de Labsystems®. Se analizó la concordancia entre pruebas en 105 sueros obtenidos de cordón umbilical. Resultados. El mejor desempeño para la prueba Vircell® fue con un punto de corte de índice 8 y la prueba de Labsystems® con un punto de cortede 16 inmunounidades enzimáticas. Frente al Western blot, la prueba Vircell® tuvo una sensibilidad de 100 % (IC 95%; 71,8-100) y una especificidadde 78 % (IC 95%; 69-85,7), la prueba Labsystems® tuvo una sensibilidad de 100 % (IC95%; 71,8-100) y una especificidad de 100 % (IC95%; 96-100). Laconcordancia entre ambas pruebas (Labsystems® y Vircell®) fue de 80 %, con un índice kappa de 0,45. Conclusiones. Un punto de corte de un índice 8 para la prueba ELISA IgM anti-Toxoplasma de Vircell® y un punto de corte de 16 inmunounidadesenzimáticas por Labsystems®, permiten identificar infecciones congénitas en sangre de cordón umbilical en niños colombianos.
Objectives: To evaluate and validate the detection of anti-Toxoplasma IgM ELISA in umbilical cord blood by means of two different commercialassays and to correlate the results with the diagnosis of congenital infection in children by serological follow up and clinical data. Materials and methods: We evaluated the commercial anti-Toxoplasma IgM ELISA kitÔ from Vircell (Granada, Spain) compared to the results of Toxoplasma IgM Western blotÔ (LDbio, Lyon, France) and IgM ELISA testÔ from Labsystems (Finland). We obtained the receptor-operator curve (ROC) for the IgMELISA assay form Vircell and Labsystems. We studied 105 umbilical cord blood serum samples from Colombian children from six different cities by Westernblot, and clinical and serological follow up for positive cases. The kappa agreement index was determined for the 105 sera obtained from umbilical cords. Results: The Vircell assay showed a better performance with a cut-off index of 8 against a 16 for Labsystems for enzyme immunounits (EUI). Whenthe results were evaluated against the Western blot assay, the Vircell IgM assay had a sensitivity of 100% (IC95%: 71.8-100) and a specificity of 78%(IC95%: 69-85.7), the IgM assay from Labsystems had a sensitivity of 100% (IC95%; 71.8-100) and a specificity of 100% (IC95%; 96-100). Agreement between both tests (Labsystems and Vircell) was 80% and had a kappa index of 0.45. Conclusions: A cut-off point of 8 for the anti-Toxoplasma IgM ELISA assay from Vircell and 16 EIU for the Labsystems assay allow the identificationof congenital infections in umbilical cord blood samples from Colombian children.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Toxoplasmose , Recém-Nascido , Triagem Neonatal , Assistência ao Convalescente , InfecçõesRESUMO
The incidence of maternal-to-fetal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission is 25-30% in absence of antiretroviral therapy, and is inversely associated with Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) class-I discordance. Based on our earlier report that mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) induce a ribonuclease (RNase) that inhibits HIV-1 replication, we proposed that maternal-fetal alloantigen stimulation activates factors that protect the fetus against vertically-transmitted infections. We investigate here whether the degree of mother-infant HLA discordance associates with the ability to produce anti-HIV-1 alloantigen-stimulated factor (ASF), and affects placental RNases. We also determine whether such HLA association is influenced by the mother's HIV-1 status. Paired maternal and cord blood leukocytes were tested for the induction of ASF by MLR, and typed for HLA-A and -B. The placentas were tested for mRNA expression of three RNases. Neonate anti-mother, but not mother anti-neonate MLR generated supernatants with anti-HIV-1 activity, that was associated with HLA class I discordance. This HLA association was not seen in the HIV-infected cohort. HLA class I discordance was also associated with expression of placental RNase 1. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that HLA class I discordance induces expression of RNases in the placenta that contribute to innate host resistance to HIV-1 and other viral infections.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/metabolismo , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Histocompatibilidade Materno-Fetal/imunologia , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Placenta/enzimologia , Ribonucleases/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Antígenos HLA-A/imunologia , Antígenos HLA-A/metabolismo , Antígenos HLA-B/imunologia , Antígenos HLA-B/metabolismo , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Isoantígenos/imunologia , Teste de Cultura Mista de Linfócitos , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/imunologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/virologia , Ribonucleases/farmacologia , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The HIV Rev protein is known to facilitate export of incompletely spliced and unspliced viral transcripts to the cytoplasm, a necessary step in virus life cycle. The Rev-mediated nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of nascent viral transcripts, dependents on interaction of Rev with the RRE RNA structural element present in the target RNAs. The C-terminal variant of dsRNA-binding nuclear protein 90 (NF90ctv) has been shown to markedly attenuate viral replication in stably transduced HIV-1 target cell line. Here we examined a mechanism of interference of viral life cycle involving Rev-NF90ctv interaction. RESULTS: Since Rev:RRE complex formations depend on protein:RNA and protein:protein interactions, we investigated whether the expression of NF90ctv might interfere with Rev-mediated export of RRE-containing transcripts. When HeLa cells expressed both NF90ctv and Rev protein, we observed that NF90ctv inhibited the Rev-mediated RNA transport. In particular, three regions of NF90ctv protein are involved in blocking Rev function. Moreover, interaction of NF90ctv with the RRE RNA resulted in the expression of a reporter protein coding sequences linked to the RRE structure. Moreover, Rev influenced the subcellular localization of NF90ctv, and this process is leptomycin B sensitive. CONCLUSION: The dsRNA binding protein, NF90ctv competes with HIV Rev function at two levels, by competitive protein:protein interaction involving Rev binding to specific domains of NF90ctv, as well as by its binding to the RRE-RNA structure. Our results are consistent with a model of Rev-mediated HIV-1 RNA export that envisions Rev-multimerization, a process interrupted by NF90ctv.
Assuntos
Produtos do Gene rev/antagonistas & inibidores , HIV-1/fisiologia , Proteínas do Fator Nuclear 90/fisiologia , RNA Viral/metabolismo , Transporte Ativo do Núcleo Celular , Linhagem Celular , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Produtos do Gene rev/metabolismo , Genes Reporter , HIV-1/metabolismo , Humanos , Proteínas do Fator Nuclear 90/química , Proteínas do Fator Nuclear 90/metabolismo , Mapeamento de Interação de Proteínas , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Replicação Viral/fisiologia , Produtos do Gene rev do Vírus da Imunodeficiência HumanaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Immunofluorenscence methods to detect pp65 antigenemia were implemented for identifying the circulating virus-infected cells in individuals known to have cytomegalovirus infection and disease symptoms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between December-2002 and July-2003, 110 peripheral blood samples were obtained from 46 immunosuppressed patients. pp65 antigenemia and the presence of circulating cells were determined by indirect immunofluorescence using a commercial kit to detect CMV pp65 antigen in peripheral blood leukocytes. Antigenemia was positive when one or more cells was observed with multilobulated, homogenous fluorescent stain in the nucleus. The presence of infected circulating cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) was determined when an extended pattern of fluorescent stain was observed throughout the cytoplasm in cells of 35 to 50 microm. RESULTS: Eight antigenemias from 7 patients (15%) were positive. Of these, 4 (57%) were also positive for circulating infected cells and consisted of 3 kidney transplant recipients and 1 liver transplant recipient. The number of positive cells in antigenemia was greater in kidney-transplant recipients than in the rest of immunosupressed patients (457 vs. 1.96, p < 0.005). No association was seen between the presence of infected circulating cells, morbidity, mortality or the development of GVHD (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: No correlation was observed between the presence of infected cells, antigenemia and mortality. To substantiate the lack of correlation amongst these factors, prospective studies with larger sample sizes are necessary. These studies will aid in better defining the clinical application in immunosupressed patients.
Assuntos
Infecções por Citomegalovirus/sangue , Citomegalovirus/isolamento & purificação , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido/imunologia , Fosfoproteínas/sangue , Proteínas da Matriz Viral/sangue , Antígenos Virais/sangue , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Citomegalovirus/imunologia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/imunologia , Humanos , Fosfoproteínas/imunologia , Proteínas da Matriz Viral/imunologiaRESUMO
Objetivo. Buscar la correlación entre la presencia de células citomegálicas circulantes con la antigenemia pp65 para citomegalovirus y el desarrollo de complicaciones clínicas inherentes a infección y enfermedad por citomegalovirus. Materiales y métodos. Entre diciembre de 2002 y julio de 2003 se procesaron 110 muestras de sangre periférica, obtenidas de 46 pacientes inmunosuprimidos. La antigenemia pp65 y la presencia de células citomegálicas circulantes se determinaron mediante inmuno-fluorescencia indirecta utilizando un estuche comercial para la detección del antígeno pp65 de citomegalovirus. En leucocitos de sangre periférica, la antigenemia fue positiva cuando se encontró una o más células con tinción fluorescente, multilobulada y homogénea en el núcleo celular. Se determinó la presencia de células citomegálicas circulantes cuando se observaron células de gran tamaño (35 a 50 mm) con un patrón de tinción fluorescente extendido en todo el citoplasma celular en células mononucleares de sangre periférica. Resultados. Se encontraron ocho pruebas con antigenemia positiva, procedentes de siete pacientes (15 por ciento). De éstos, cuatro (57 por ciento) también presentaron células citomegálicas circulantes, tres habían recibido un trasplante renal y uno un trasplante hepático. El número de células positivas en la antigenemia fue mayor en los pacientes con trasplante renal que en el resto de pacientes inmunosuprimidos (457 vs.1,96; p<0,005). No se encontró asociación entre la presencia de células citomegálicas circulantes, la morbilidad, la mortalidad y el desarrollo de enfermedad injerto contra huésped (GVHD) (p<0,001). Discusión. No encontramos correlación entre la detección de células citomegálicas circulantes, la antigenemia y la mortalidad en estos pacientes. Sin embargo, es necesario realizar estudios prospectivos con un mayor número de individuos para determinar mejor dicha correlación y definir su utilidad clínica en pacientes inmunosuprimidos
Assuntos
Humanos , Antígenos/sangue , HIV , Infecções por HIV , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/prevenção & controle , CitomegalovirusRESUMO
La resistencia del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1 (VIH-1) a medicamentos antivirales ha presionado la búsqueda de métodos alternativos de terapia. En esta revisión, se presenta un análisis de los avances más recientes en el estudio de la interacción entre las proteínas regulatorias y accesorias del VIH-1 con factores celulares, sus efectos en la célula huésped y los beneficios para el virus. Se muestra cómo estas proteínas virales alteran procesos fundamentales de la célula huésped de manera muy precisa y las utilizan para aumentar la replicación viral, evadir la respuesta inmune del hospedero y causar enfermedad