RESUMO
The vaginal microbiota has been shown to be important in local immune regulation and may play a role in reproduction and fertility. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have been used to characterize the bovine vaginal microbiota, mainly using short-read sequencing (Illumina). However, the main limitation of this technique is its inability to classify bacteria at the species level. The objective of this study was to characterize the bovine vaginal microbiota at the species level using long-read sequencing (PacBio) and to compare it with the results of short-read sequencing. In addition, the vaginal microbiota of cows that became pregnant after artificial insemination (AI) was compared with that of infertile animals. Thirteen Holstein cows had vaginal swabs collected prior to AI. DNA was extracted and subjected to Illumina and PacBio sequencing to characterize the V4 region and the entire 16S rRNA gene, respectively. PacBio sequencing yielded 366,509 reads that were assigned to 476 species from 27 phyla. However, none of the most abundant reads (>1%) could be classified at the species level. Illumina sequencing yielded more reads and consequently was able to detect a more observed species, but PacBio sequencing was able to detect more unique and rare species. The composition of the vaginal microbiota varies according to the sequencing method used, which might complicate the interpretation of results obtained in the majority of the current studies. The present study expands on the current knowledge of bovine microbiota, highlighting the need for further efforts to improve the current databanks.
Assuntos
Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Microbiota , Feminino , Gravidez , Animais , Bovinos , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Bases de Dados Factuais , Fertilidade , Microbiota/genéticaRESUMO
Previous studies showed that Nelore calves active production of immunoglobulins is delayed compared to Canchim and Limousin calves, characterizing a possible physiologic difference between taurine and Zebu calves. In this study we compared serum proteins of Nelore and Holstein calves from birth to six months old. Blood samples were taken from 50 healthy calves (30 Nelore and 20 Holstein) in the following ages: 24 to 36 hours of life, and 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days. Serum total protein concentrations were measured by colorimetry; albumin, alfa, beta and gammaglobulin concentrations were measured by agarose gel electrophoresis; and IgG concentrations were estimated by the zinc sulphate turbidity test. A repeated measure ANOVA was used to test age effect. The passive transfer of immunity was successful in both breeds and the variation of serum proteins followed the normal pattern throughout the first six months of life. There were breed differences in serum gammaglobulin concentrations. The levels of gammaglobulin were higher at the end of the first day of life, and decreased to the lowest levels at 60 days in Nelore calves and 30 days in Holstein calves. The increase due to the active production of antibodies was precocious in Holstein calves (beginning at 60 days) and slower in Nelore calves (beginning at 90 days), demonstrating that Zebu calves can, in fact, develop
Estudos anteriores comprovaram que a produção ativa de imunoglobulinas é mais tardia em bezerros Nelore do que nos das raças Canchim ou Limousin, caracterizando possível diferença fisiológica entre zebuínos e taurinos. Esse trabalho tem o objetivo de comparar o proteinograma sérico de bezerros Nelore e Holandeses até os seis meses de vida. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas de 50 bezerros aparentemente sadios, 30 da raça Nelore e 20 da raça Holandesa, entre 24 e 36 horas de vida e aos 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias. Determinaram-se as concentrações séricas de proteína total por colorimetria, das frações albumina, alfa, beta e gamaglobulinas por eletroforese em gel de agarose e de IgG estimada por meio do método de turvação pelo sulfato de zinco. Empregou-se a análise de variância de medidas repetidas. A transferência de imunidade passiva foi bem sucedida nos bezerros das duas raças e as variações das proteínas séricas obedeceram a um padrão de comportamento fisiológico ao longo dos seis primeiros meses de vida. A curva de variação das gamaglobulinas representou a principal diferença entre as raças. As concentrações mais elevadas ao término do primeiro dia de vida declinaram até os valores mais reduzidos aos 60 dias na raça Nelore e aos 30 dias na raça Holandesa. A elevação subsequente resultante da produção ativa de anticorpos foi mais precoce nos bezerros Holandeses (a par
RESUMO
Previous studies showed that Nelore calves active production of immunoglobulins is delayed compared to Canchim and Limousin calves, characterizing a possible physiologic difference between taurine and Zebu calves. In this study we compared serum proteins of Nelore and Holstein calves from birth to six months old. Blood samples were taken from 50 healthy calves (30 Nelore and 20 Holstein) in the following ages: 24 to 36 hours of life, and 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days. Serum total protein concentrations were measured by colorimetry; albumin, alfa, beta and gammaglobulin concentrations were measured by agarose gel electrophoresis; and IgG concentrations were estimated by the zinc sulphate turbidity test. A repeated measure ANOVA was used to test age effect. The passive transfer of immunity was successful in both breeds and the variation of serum proteins followed the normal pattern throughout the first six months of life. There were breed differences in serum gammaglobulin concentrations. The levels of gammaglobulin were higher at the end of the first day of life, and decreased to the lowest levels at 60 days in Nelore calves and 30 days in Holstein calves. The increase due to the active production of antibodies was precocious in Holstein calves (beginning at 60 days) and slower in Nelore calves (beginning at 90 days), demonstrating that Zebu calves can, in fact, develop
Estudos anteriores comprovaram que a produção ativa de imunoglobulinas é mais tardia em bezerros Nelore do que nos das raças Canchim ou Limousin, caracterizando possível diferença fisiológica entre zebuínos e taurinos. Esse trabalho tem o objetivo de comparar o proteinograma sérico de bezerros Nelore e Holandeses até os seis meses de vida. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas de 50 bezerros aparentemente sadios, 30 da raça Nelore e 20 da raça Holandesa, entre 24 e 36 horas de vida e aos 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias. Determinaram-se as concentrações séricas de proteína total por colorimetria, das frações albumina, alfa, beta e gamaglobulinas por eletroforese em gel de agarose e de IgG estimada por meio do método de turvação pelo sulfato de zinco. Empregou-se a análise de variância de medidas repetidas. A transferência de imunidade passiva foi bem sucedida nos bezerros das duas raças e as variações das proteínas séricas obedeceram a um padrão de comportamento fisiológico ao longo dos seis primeiros meses de vida. A curva de variação das gamaglobulinas representou a principal diferença entre as raças. As concentrações mais elevadas ao término do primeiro dia de vida declinaram até os valores mais reduzidos aos 60 dias na raça Nelore e aos 30 dias na raça Holandesa. A elevação subsequente resultante da produção ativa de anticorpos foi mais precoce nos bezerros Holandeses (a par
RESUMO
Evaluation and observation was carried out with 24 equidae put on oxytetracycline hydrochloride medication, a drug incriminated as potential cause of severe colitis with diarrhea manifestations for this species. The animals of this study were natural carriers of affections that required antimicrobial use. During 4 to 19 uninterrupted days intravenous doses of 7, 15 or 20mg/kg were administered, every 24 hours. No side effects were observed during the period of treatment or after it. Thus, at the doses and intervals described above, oxytetracycline showed to be safe for equidae.
Foram avaliados e acompanhados 24 eqüídeos medicados com cloridrato de oxitetraciclina, fármaco incriminado como potencial causador de colite severa com manifestação de diarréia nesta espécie. Os eqüídeos estudados eram portadores naturais de afecções que requeriam o emprego de antimicrobianos. Administraram-se doses de 7, 15 ou 20mg/kg, a cada 24 horas, por via intravenosa, durante 4 a até 19 dias seguidos. Não se observou qualquer efeito colateral aparente durante o período de tratamento e após o seu término. A oxitetraciclina mostrou-se, portanto, segura para os eqüídeos, nas doses e intervalo entre doses utilizados.