RESUMO
The aim of this study was to characterize Heliconia genotypes phenotypically using 26 qualitative descriptors. The evaluations were conducted in five flowering stems per clump in three replicates of 22 Heliconia genotypes. Data were subjected to multivariate analysis, the Mahalanobis dissimilarity measure was estimated, and the dendrogram was generated using the nearest neighbor method. From the values generated by the dissimilarity matrix and the clusters formed among the Heliconia genotypes studied, the phenotypic characterizations that best differentiated the genotypes were: pseudostem and wax green tone (light or dark green), leaf-wax petiole, the petiole hair, cleft margin at the base of the petiole, midrib underside shade of green, wax midrib underside, color sheet (light or dark green), unequal lamina base, torn limb, inflorescence-wax, position of inflorescence, bract leaf in apex, twisting of the rachis, and type of bloom. These results will be applied in the preparation of a catalog for Heliconia descriptors, in the selection of different genotypes with most promising characteristics for crosses, and for the characterization of new genotypes to be introduced in germplasm collections.
Assuntos
Flores/genética , Variação Genética , Heliconiaceae/genética , Folhas de Planta/genética , Flores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Genótipo , Heliconiaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Inflorescência/genética , Luz , FenótipoRESUMO
O patchouli possui óleo essencial nas folhas com utilização principalmente na indústria de perfumaria. O objetivo foi avaliar o melhor tempo de extração de óleo essencial de folhas secas de patchouli. Os tratamentos foram 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 e 8 horas de extração, através do método de hidrodestilação, com aparelho graduado do tipo Clevenger e balões com capacidade de 2 L.O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. O material destilado foi seco à sombra até atingir aproximadamente 20% de umidade. Para cada tratamento, foram utilizadas amostras de 50 g de massa seca foliar. Foram avaliados o rendimento e a composição do óleo essencial. Não houve diferença entre os diferentes tempos de extração no rendimento de óleo essencial, podendo a extração do óleo essencial de patchouli ser realizada com uma hora de extração. O tempo de extração aumenta as porcentagens relativas do beta-guaieno (0,81%), beta-patchouleno (1,26%), alfa-selineno (1,37%), cariofileno (2,44%), alfa-patchouleno (3,08%) e gama-patchouleno (4,82%). O teor de pogostol (5,11%) reduz com o aumento do tempo de extração. O patchoulol, alfa-guaieno, alfa-bulneseno e seicheleno não sofrem influencia do tempo de extração.
Patchouli accumulatea an essential oil on its leaves, and it is mainly used by the perfume industry. The purpose of this work was to determine the distillation time for the extraction of essential oils from the leaves of patchouli. The treatments included 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 hours of extraction through the hydrodistillation method, using a Clevenger apparatus. The experimental design was completely randomized with three replications. The leaves were dried at room temperature until they reached 20% of humidity. The essential oil yield was measured from samples containing 50g of leaf dry mass. The essential oil production and composition were evaluated. No differences among the treatments were found on the essential oil yield, suggesting that the essential oil extraction can be carried out for 1 hour according to the experimental conditions. However, extending the extraction time, an increase in the relative percentage of beta-patchoulene (1.26%), cariofilene (2.44%), gamma-patchoulene (4.82%), alpha-patchoulene (3.08%), beta-guaiene (0.81%) and alpha-selinene (1.37%) was observed. The pogostol (5.11%) content was reduced with the increase of the extraction time. Patchoulol, alpha-guaieno, alpha-bulneseno and seicheleno contents were not affected by the evaluated extraction times.
Assuntos
Óleos Voláteis/análise , Folhas de Planta , Pogostemon/classificação , Destilação/métodos , RemoçãoRESUMO
For this study we had 10 (ten) dead bodies of dogs bearing different constitutional types. The following procedure for fixation was done in each animal: on both sides, the common carotid artery was cannulated and a 10% formaldehyde solution was then stilled. After fixation, the heads were separated from the bodies and the dissection of the target-region was performed according to classical dissection protocols, which included the removal of the skin and muscle and nerve exposition plus a further magnifying glass-aided dissection of the trigeminal nerve [V]. This study aimed to describe the anatomy of the main trunk and branching of the trigeminal nerve [V] on mongrel dogs, compare its characterization to those described in human beings and to obtain, data that conclude whether structural or branching differences of this nerve are closely related to different constitutional types of mongrel dogs.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Artéria Celíaca/fisiologia , Nervo Lingual/anatomia & histologia , Nervo Trigêmeo/anatomia & histologia , Nervo Trigêmeo , Dissecação , Nervo Mandibular , Nervo Maxilar , Nervo Trigêmeo/fisiologiaRESUMO
ABSTRACT The stem bug (Tibraca limbativentris Stal, 1860) is one of the most harmful rice pests in Brazil. Resistant varieties can be an important method for controlling this pest. The present experiment was carried out in the greenhouse at Embrapa Arroz e Feijão. Evaluation was made of the antibiosis to nymphs of T. limbativentris in 16 rice varieties in an experimental design of randomized blocks in 8 replications. The parameters evaluated were the number of live nymphs, dry matter-mg, body surface-mm2, nymphs survival and development index, and insect days of life. There were three types of tests: a) considering only the data obtained in replications evaluated at 7, 13, 21 and 26 days after the infestation; b) considering only the data from 4 replications evaluated at 35 days after the infestation and; c) considering the data together on 8 replications. It was concluded that the varieties Arroz Comum and Desconhecido Branco, especially the former, showed some degree of antibiosis resistance to nymphs of T. limbativentris.
RESUMO O percevejo-do-colmo (Tibraca limbativentris Stal, 1860) é uma importante praga do arroz no Brasil. O uso de variedades resistentes a esse inseto é uma ferramenta importante para o seu controle. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação na Embrapa Arroz e Feijão. Foi avaliada resistência tipo antibiose em ninfas de T. limbativentris em 16 variedades de arroz em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em oito repetições. Os caracteres utilizados para detectar indícios de resistência do tipo antibiose foram: número de ninfas vivas, massa seca (mg)/ninfas, superfície corporal/mm2, índice de sobrevivência e desenvolvimento e dias de vida das ninfas. Realizaram-se três tipos de análises: a) considerando somente os dados obtidos nas repetições avaliadas aos 7, 13, 21 e 26 dias após a infestação; b) considerando somente os dados das quatro repetições avaliadas aos 35 dias após a infestação e c) considerando os dados obtidos conjuntamente nas oito repetições. Conclui-se que as variedades Arroz Comum e Desconhecido Branco, principalmente a primeira, evidenciam possuir características que lhes confere determinado grau de resistência do tipo antibiose a ninfas de T. limbativentris.