RESUMO
Herein, ruthenium complexes containing heterocyclic thioamidates [Ru(mmi)(bipy)(dppb)]PF6 (1), [Ru(tzdt)(bipy)(dppb)]PF6 (2), [Ru(dmp)(bipy)(dppb)]PF6 (3) and [Ru(mpca)(bipy)(dppb)]PF6 (4) were investigated for their cellular and molecular effects in cancer cell lines. Complexes 1 and 2 were the most potent of the four compounds against a panel of different cancer cell lines in monolayer cultures and showed potent cytotoxicity in a 3D model of multicellular spheroids that formed from human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. In addition, both complexes were able to bind to DNA in a calf thymus DNA model. Compared to the controls, a reduction in cell proliferation, phosphatidylserine externalization, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, and the loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential were observed in HepG2 cells that were treated with these complexes. Additionally, coincubation with a pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD(OMe)-FMK) reduced the levels of apoptosis that were induced by these compounds compared to those in the negative controls, indicating that cell death through apoptosis occurred via a caspase-dependent pathway. Moreover, these complexes also induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and coincubation with an MEK inhibitor (U0126), which is known to inhibit the activation of ERK1/2, but not JNK/SAPK and p38 MAPK inhibitors, reduced the complexes-induced apoptosis compared to that in the negative controls, indicating that the induction of apoptotic cell death occurred through ERK1/2 signaling in HepG2 cells. On the other hand, no increase in oxidative stress was observed in HepG2 cells treated with the complexes, and the complexes-induced apoptosis was not reduced with coincubation with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine or a p53 inhibitor compared to that in the negative controls, indicating that apoptosis occurred via oxidative stress- and p53-independent pathways. Finally, these complexes also reduced the growth of HepG2 cells that were engrafted in C.B-17 SCID mice compared to that in the negative controls. These results indicated that these complexes are novel anticancer drug candidates for liver cancer treatment.
RESUMO
Ruthenium-based compounds have gained great interest due to their potent cytotoxicity in cancer cells; however, much of their potential applications remain unexplored. In this paper, we report the synthesis of a novel ruthenium complex with xanthoxylin (RCX) and the investigation of its cellular and molecular action in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. We found that RCX exhibited a potent cytotoxic effect in a panel of cancer cell lines in monolayer cultures and in a 3D model of multicellular cancer spheroids formed from HepG2 cells. This compound is detected at a high concentration in the cell nuclei, induces DNA intercalation and inhibits DNA synthesis, arresting the cell cycle in the S-phase, which is followed by the activation of the caspase-mediated apoptosis pathway in HepG2 cells. Gene expression analysis revealed changes in the expression of genes related to cell cycle control, apoptosis and the MAPK pathway. In addition, RCX induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and pretreatment with U-0126, an MEK inhibitor known to inhibit the activation of ERK1/2, prevented RCX-induced apoptosis. In contrast, pretreatment with a p53 inhibitor (cyclic pifithrin-α) did not prevent RCX-induced apoptosis, indicating the activation of a p53-independent apoptosis pathway. RCX also presented a potent in vivo antitumor effect in C.B-17 SCID mice engrafted with HepG2 cells. Altogether, these results indicate that RCX is a novel anticancer drug candidate.
Assuntos
Acetofenonas/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Pontos de Checagem do Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Rutênio/farmacologia , Fase S/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Acetofenonas/síntese química , Acetofenonas/química , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Inibidores de Caspase/farmacologia , Caspases/metabolismo , DNA/biossíntese , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Substâncias Intercalantes/farmacologia , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos SCID , Modelos Biológicos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Espectroscopia de Prótons por Ressonância Magnética , Esferoides Celulares/efeitos dos fármacos , Esferoides Celulares/metabolismo , Esferoides Celulares/patologia , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Eudesmols are naturally occurring sesquiterpenoid alcohols that present cytotoxic effect to cancer cells. Herein, all eudesmol isomers displayed cytotoxicity to different tumour cell lines. α-Eudesmol showed IC50 values ranging from 5.38 ± 1.10 to 10.60 ± 1.33 µg/mL for B16-F10 and K562 cell lines, ß-eudesmol showed IC50 values ranging from 16.51 ± 1.21 to 24.57 ± 2.75 µg/mL for B16-F10 and HepG2 cell lines, and γ-eudesmol showed IC50 values ranging from 8.86 ± 1.27 to 15.15 ± 1.06 µg/mL for B16-F10 and K562 cell lines, respectively. In addition, in this work, we studied the mechanisms of cytotoxic action of eudesmol isomers (α-, ß- and γ-eudesmol) in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. After 24-hr incubation, HepG2 cells treated with eudesmol isomers presented typical hallmarks of apoptosis, as observed by morphological analysis in cells stained with haematoxylin-eosin and acridine orange/ethidium bromide. None of eudesmol isomers caused membrane disruption at any concentration tested. Moreover, eudesmol isomers induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in caspase-3 activation in HepG2 cells, suggesting the induction of caspase-mediated apoptotic cell death. In conclusion, the eudesmol isomers herein investigated are able to reduce cell proliferation and to induce tumour cell death by caspase-mediated apoptosis pathways.
Assuntos
Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Sesquiterpenos de Eudesmano/farmacologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Caspase 3/genética , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Células K562 , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Medicinal plants are one of the most important sources of drugs used in the pharmaceutical industry. Among traditional medicinal plants, Lippia gracilis Schauer (Verbenaceae) had been used for several medicinal purposes in Brazilian northeastern. In this study, leaf essential oil (EO) of L. gracilis was prepared using hydrodistillation. Followed by GC-MS analysis, its composition was characterized by the presence of thymol (55.50%), as major constituent. The effects of EO on cell proliferation and apoptosis induction were investigated in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, mice bearing Sarcoma 180 tumor cells were used to confirm its in vivo effectiveness. EO and its constituents (thymol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene and myrcene) displayed cytotoxicity to different tumor cell lines. EO treatment caused G1 arrest in HepG2 cells accompanied by the induction of DNA fragmentation without affecting cell membrane integrity. Cell morphology consistent with apoptosis and a remarkable activation of caspase-3 were also observed, suggesting induction of caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death. In vivo antitumor study showed tumor growth inhibition rates of 38.5-41.9%. In conclusion, the tested essential oil of L. gracilis leaves, which has thymol as its major constituent, possesses significant in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity. These data suggest that leaf essential oil of L. gracilis is a potential medicinal resource.