RESUMO
The remarkably diverse plant communities of the Neotropics are the result of diversification driven by multiple biotic (for example, speciation, extinction and dispersal) and abiotic (for example, climatic and tectonic) processes. However, in the absence of a well-preserved, thoroughly sampled and critically assessed fossil record, the associated processes of dispersal and extinction are poorly understood. We report an exceptional case study documenting patterns of extinction in the grape family (Vitaceae Juss.) on the basis of fossil seeds discovered in four Neotropical palaeofloras dated between 60 and 19 Ma. These include a new species that provides the earliest evidence of Vitaceae in the Western Hemisphere. Eight additional species reveal the former presence of major clades of the family that are currently absent from the Neotropics and elucidate previously unknown dispersal events. Our results indicate that regional extinction and dispersal have substantially impacted the evolutionary history of Vitaceae in the Neotropics. They also suggest that while the Neotropics have been dynamic centres of diversification through the Cenozoic, extant Neotropical botanical diversity has also been shaped by extensive extinction over the past 66 million years.
Assuntos
Extinção Biológica , Fósseis , Sementes , Dispersão de Sementes , América do Sul , Evolução Biológica , Biodiversidade , FilogeniaRESUMO
Por meio de pesquisa de campo qualitativa, este estudo busca compreender as diferentes possibilidades de alcance de programas de diversidade em trabalhadoras de grupos sociais distintos. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com três trabalhadoras de empresas que contam com programas de diversidade. A análise se deu a partir da abordagem da psicologia sócio-histórica, dado seu caráter dialético, tendo como ferramenta metodológica principal a análise dos núcleos de significação. Os resultados indicam influência positiva da existência de programas de diversidade organizacional no sentimento de pertencimento organizacional dos trabalhadores que compõem esses grupos. Também se observou que dificuldades relacionadas à identificação com os grupos de diversidade podem levar trabalhadores a não aderirem a essas políticas organizacionais. Conclui-se que empresas com programas de diversidade efetivos apresentam maiores chances de atração e retenção de pessoas pertencentes a grupos minorizados, entretanto essa eficácia está diretamente ligada à adesão dos trabalhadores às iniciativas de diversidade promovidas pelas organizações
By a qualitative field research, this study sought to understand the different possibilities of diversity programs to reach workers from several social groups. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with three workers from companies that have diversity programs. The analysis was based on socio-historical psychology due to its dialectical character, having as its main tool the analysis of meaning cores. Results indicate the positive influence of organizational diversity programs on organizational belonging for workers who make up these groups. This study also observed that difficulties related to identification with diversity groups can lead workers to fail to adhere to these organizational policies. This research concluded that companies that have effective diversity programs show greater chances of attracting and retaining people belonging to minority groups. However, this effectiveness is directly linked to the adherence of workers to the diversity initiatives promoted by organizations
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Percepção Social , Mulheres Trabalhadoras/psicologia , Representação Social , Pertencimento , Diversidade de Recursos Humanos , Inovação Organizacional , Psicologia Social , Mudança SocialRESUMO
Introduction: Human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis of great importance to public health due to its epidemiological diversity, with emphasis on the possibility of aggravation by coinfection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Objective: The aim was to study the epidemiological characteristics of VL cases associated with HIV coinfection in Pará. Methods. Reported cases of VL from January 2006 to December 2016 were investigated. A descriptive epidemiological method related to age, gender, area of residence and coinfection with HIV was used. To calculate variance and test equity, the F-test (Fisher) was performed. To observe the influence of one aspect on another, the chi-square was used to verify if there was dependence or independence between the variables. Results: A total of 1171 cases of VL were reported during the study period. There was an annual mean of LV of 94.9, with a statistical difference (p<0.05) between age groups, with the highest number of cases being observed in children aged 1 to 4 years (27.16%). Males and the urban area had a higher number of cases. There were 57 cases of VL/HIV coinfection, with emphasis on the year 2013 and the municipality of Santarém, which had the highest number of cases. During the ten years studied, there was a correlation between coinfection VL/ HIV, with significant differences between patients with and without HIV who contracted VL (p<0.001). Conclusion: The data reveal the endemic nature of VL in the region, with a high percentage of infection in children living in urban areas. Although the studied region is not identified as a predominant area of HIV cases, this study showed a high annual average (10.3) of cases of VL/HIV coinfection being the first time that cases of VL/HIV coinfection were reported in the Mesoregion of the Lower Amazon and Southwest Pará.
RESUMO
No Brasil, o trabalho doméstico remunerado é essencialmente feminino e emprega cerca de 5,9 milhões de mulheres, correspondendo a 16,8% da ocupação feminina. Desse contingente, 61 % são compostos por mulheres negras. As empregadas domésticas estiveram historicamente submetidas a uma série de aspectos excludentes, como baixa remuneração, contratações à margem da legalidade e discriminação de gênero e raça. Esta pesquisa objetivou compreender a resistência enquanto categoria fundamental para compreensão do trabalho doméstico. Ao falar sobre essa categoria, destacamos a subjetividade que constitui os fenômenos sociais, partindo de uma compreensão dialética e histórica do sujeito e da relação indivíduo-sociedade, inserida em uma historicidade. Os resultados encontrados, coletados por meio de documentos, notícias, reportagens, participações no sindicato da categoria e da realização de entrevistas com cinco domésticas apontam a existência de formas de resistência no campo do trabalho doméstico, compondo movimentos de oposição e reação ao modus operandi colonial e às hierarquias de gênero-raça-classe que formam a sociedade brasileira. A psicologia sócio-histórica foi escolhida como abordagem teórico-metodológica, pois possibilita compreender do homem como ser ativo, social e histórico. Ao investigar as formas de resistência presentes nesse tipo de trabalho, compreende-se a trabalhadora doméstica não como mera consequência da realidade social em que se insere, mas como sujeito ativo que constitui essa realidade e é simultaneamente constituído por ela. Com esta pesquisa, pretende-se contribuir com a crítica à ideologia dominante que subalterniza essas trabalhadoras e as relega à subcidadania, uma condição sem reconhecimento e direitos.(AU)
In Brazil, paid domestic work is essentially female and employs about 5.9 million women, corresponding to 16.8% of the female occupation. Of this contingent, 61% is made up of black women. Domestic workers have historically been subjected to a series of exclusionary aspects, such as low remuneration, hiring outside the legal system and gender and race discrimination. This research aimed to understand resistance as a fundamental category for understanding domestic work. When talking about this category, we highlight the subjectivity that constitutes social phenomena, starting from a dialectical and historical understanding of the subject and the individual-society relationship, inserted in a historicity. The results found, collected from documents, news, reports, participation in the category union and interviews with five domestic workers, point to the existence of forms of resistance in the field of domestic work, composing movements of opposition and reaction to the colonial modus operandi and the gender-race-class hierarchies that make up Brazilian society.Socio-historical psychology was chosen as a theoretical-methodological approach, since it provides an understanding of man as an active, social and historical being. When investigating the forms of resistance present in this type of work, the domestic worker is understood not as a mere consequence of the social reality in which she is inserted, but, as an active subject, who constitutes this reality and is simultaneously constituted by it. This research intends to contribute to the criticism of the dominant ideology that subordinates these workers and relegates them to a sub-citizenship, a condition without recognition and rights.(AU)
El trabajo doméstico remunerado en Brasil es predominantemente femenino y emplea casi 5,9 millones de mujeres, lo que corresponde al 16,8% de la ocupación femenina. El 61% de este grupo está compuesto por mujeres negras. Históricamente, las trabajadoras del hogar han sido sometidas a una serie de aspectos excluyentes, como la baja remuneración, la contratación fuera del sistema legal y la discriminación de género y raza. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo comprender la resistencia como categoría fundamental para entender el trabajo doméstico. Al hablar de esta categoría, se destaca la subjetividad que constituye los fenómenos sociales a partir de una comprensión dialéctica e histórica del sujeto y la relación individuo-sociedad, insertada en una historicidad. Los datos recogidos de documentos, noticias, participación en la categoría unión y entrevistas con cinco sirvientas permitieron concluir que existen formas de resistencia en el ámbito del trabajo doméstico, que se componen de movimientos de oposición y reacción al modus operandi colonial y a jerarquías de género-raza-clase que conforman la sociedad brasileña. La psicología sociohistórica fue el enfoque teórico-metodológico utilizado, ya que proporciona una comprensión del ser humano como ser activo, social e histórico. El análisis de las formas de resistencia presentes en este tipo de trabajo permite identificar la trabajadora doméstica no como una mera consecuencia de la realidad social en la cual se inserta, sino como sujeto activo que constituye esta realidad y, a la vez, es constituido por ella. Se espera que esta investigación pueda contribuir a la crítica de la ideología dominante que subordina a estas trabajadoras, relegándolas a una subciudadanía, una condición sin reconocimiento y sin derechos.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Satisfação Pessoal , Características Culturais , Fatores Sociológicos , História , Zeladoria , Pobreza , Preconceito , Psicologia , Política Pública , Salários e Benefícios , Comportamento Social , Mudança Social , Classe Social , Condições Sociais , Meio Social , Justiça Social , Mobilidade Social , Problemas Sociais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estereotipagem , Direitos da Mulher , Características da População , Riscos Ocupacionais , Acidentes de Trabalho , Família , Áreas de Pobreza , Dinâmica Populacional , Fome , Carga de Trabalho , Direitos Civis , Gestão da Segurança , Serviços Contratados , Censos , Legislação , Acesso à Informação , Morte , Agressão , Violação de Direitos Humanos , População Negra , Economia , Escolaridade , Reivindicações Trabalhistas , Emprego , Mercado de Trabalho , Ética , Feminilidade , Participação Social , Racismo , Discriminação Social , Marginalização Social , Escravização , Alfabetização , Status Moral , Equilíbrio Trabalho-Vida , Ativismo Político , Fracasso Acadêmico , Direitos Culturais , Direitos Socioeconômicos , Opressão Social , Status Econômico , Respeito , Direito ao Trabalho , Empoderamento , Abuso Emocional , Desinformação , Ambiente Domiciliar , Minorias Étnicas e Raciais , Vulnerabilidade Social , Cidadania , Condições de Trabalho , Planos de Assistência de Saúde para Empregados , Hierarquia Social , Habitação , Sindicatos , Enganação , MãesRESUMO
This study focuses on a typical Brazilian household through the lens of sustainable development, regarding energy demand and GHG emissions. The analysis encompasses both the direct and indirect energy, exergy consumption, and GHG emissions (quantified by life cycle assessment) associated with the usual routine of a household. The household is modeled as a thermodynamic system to evaluate inputs (food, electricity, fuels for transportation) and outputs (solid and liquid residues). The hypothesis is that each input and output contains CO2,eq emissions and exergy derived from its physical-chemical characteristics or production chains. Each household appliance is modeled and tested as a function of external parameters. The contribution of several industries was obtained to the total GHG emissions and exergy flows entering and exiting the household (e.g., fuels for transportation, food, gas, electricity, wastewater treatment, solid waste). It was verified that urban transportation was the flow with the highest GHG and exergy intensity, ranging between 1.49 and 7.53 kgCO2,eq/day and achieving 94.7 MJ/day, almost five times higher than the calculated exergy demand due to electricity. The second largest flow in GHG emissions was food due to the characteristics of the production chains, ranging from 1.6 to 4.75 kgCO2,eq/day, depending on the adopted diet. On the other hand, the electricity presented low GHG emissions due to the main energy sources used to generate electricity, only 0.52 kgCO2,eq/day. Moreover, the chemical exergy of the solid waste was 9.7 MJ/day, and is not irrelevant compared to the other flows, representing an interesting improvement opportunity as it is entirely wasted in the baseline scenario.
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Objective: To analyze the incidence and mortality trends from COVID-19 in Brazil as well as in federation units and their capitals. Method: An ecological study was performed using COVID-19 incidence and mortality data covering the period from 25 February 2020 (first case recorded in Brazil) to 31 July 2021. Data were grouped by month for calculation of crude rates (by 100 000 population) and assessment of time trends in federation units and capitals. Significant changes in time trends were analyzed by joinpoint regression. Results: Two waves of new cases and deaths were identified. The highest incidence rates were recorded in the states of Amapá, Rio Grande do Norte, Rondônia, and Roraima. The states of Amazonas and Rondônia had the highest mortality rates. In general, incidence and mortality rates were worse in the second wave. In the first wave, the mean number of months until the onset of reduction in new cases was higher in capitals, whereas in the second wave the onset of reduction in new cases took longer in the federation units. The decline in mortality began earlier in capital cities in both waves. Conclusion: The regional differences detected underscore the notion that COVID-19 incidence and mortality are associated with political, geographic, cultural, social, and economic factors.
Objetivo: Analizar las tendencias de la incidencia de COVID-19 y la mortalidad por esta enfermedad en Brasil (unidades federativas y capitales). Método: Se realizó un estudio ecológico con datos sobre incidencia de COVID-19 y la mortalidad por esta enfermedad en el período comprendido entre el 25 de febrero del 2020 (fecha del primer caso notificado en Brasil) y el 31 de julio del 2021. Los datos se agruparon por mes para calcular las tasas brutas (por 100 000 habitantes) y evaluar las tendencias temporales observadas en las unidades federativas y sus capitales. Las modificaciones significativas en las tendencias temporales se analizaron con el método de regresión de punto de inflexión (joinpoint). Resultados: Se identificaron dos olas de casos nuevos y muertes. Las unidades federativas con las mayores tasas de incidencia fueron Amapá, Rio Grande do Norte, Rondônia y Roraima; Amazonas y Rondônia tuvieron las mayores tasas de mortalidad. En general, la incidencia y la mortalidad fueron peores en la segunda ola. En la primera ola, el promedio de meses transcurridos hasta que empezó a reducirse el número de casos nuevos fue mayor en las capitales, mientras que, en la segunda ola, fue mayor en los estados. En ambas olas, el número de muertes se redujo en menos tiempo en las capitales. Conclusión: La heterogeneidad regional detectada refuerza la idea de que la incidencia de la COVID-19 y la mortalidad por esta enfermedad guardan relación con factores políticos, geográficos, culturales, sociales y económicos.
RESUMO
[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Analisar as tendências de incidência e mortalidade por COVID-19 no Brasil, nas unidades da fede- ração e nas capitais. Método. Realizou-se um estudo ecológico com dados de incidência e de mortalidade por COVID-19 referen- tes ao período de 25 de fevereiro de 2020 (primeiro caso notificado no Brasil) a 31 de julho de 2021. Os dados foram agrupados por mês para cálculo das taxas brutas (por 100 000 habitantes) e avaliação das tendências temporais das unidades da federação e de suas capitais. As modificações significativas nas tendências tem- porais foram analisadas pelo método de regressão por joinpoint. Resultados. Foram identificadas duas ondas de novos casos e óbitos. As unidades da federação com as maiores taxas de incidência foram Amapá, Rio Grande do Norte, Rondônia e Roraima; Amazonas e Rondônia tiveram as maiores taxas de mortalidade. Em geral, as taxas de incidência e mortalidade foram piores na segunda onda. Na primeira onda, a média de meses até o início de uma redução de casos novos foi maior nas capitais, enquanto na segunda onda, o início da redução demorou mais nos estados. Quanto aos óbitos, as capitais necessitaram de menos tempo para apresentar redução tanto na primeira quanto na segunda onda. Conclusão. A heterogeneidade regional detectada reforça a ideia de que a incidência e a mortalidade por COVID-19 estão associadas a fatores políticos, geográficos, culturais, sociais e econômicos.
[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To analyze the incidence and mortality trends from COVID-19 in Brazil as well as in federation units and their capitals. Method. An ecological study was performed using COVID-19 incidence and mortality data covering the period from 25 February 2020 (first case recorded in Brazil) to 31 July 2021. Data were grouped by month for calculation of crude rates (by 100 000 population) and assessment of time trends in federation units and capitals. Significant changes in time trends were analyzed by joinpoint regression. Results. Two waves of new cases and deaths were identified. The highest incidence rates were recorded in the states of Amapá, Rio Grande do Norte, Rondônia, and Roraima. The states of Amazonas and Rondônia had the highest mortality rates. In general, incidence and mortality rates were worse in the second wave. In the first wave, the mean number of months until the onset of reduction in new cases was higher in capitals, whe- reas in the second wave the onset of reduction in new cases took longer in the federation units. The decline in mortality began earlier in capital cities in both waves. Conclusion. The regional differences detected underscore the notion that COVID-19 incidence and mortality are associated with political, geographic, cultural, social, and economic factors.
[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Analizar las tendencias de la incidencia de COVID-19 y la mortalidad por esta enfermedad en Brasil (unidades federativas y capitales). Método. Se realizó un estudio ecológico con datos sobre incidencia de COVID-19 y la mortalidad por esta enfermedad en el período comprendido entre el 25 de febrero del 2020 (fecha del primer caso notificado en Brasil) y el 31 de julio del 2021. Los datos se agruparon por mes para calcular las tasas brutas (por 100 000 habitantes) y evaluar las tendencias temporales observadas en las unidades federativas y sus capitales. Las modificaciones significativas en las tendencias temporales se analizaron con el método de regresión de punto de inflexión (joinpoint). Resultados. Se identificaron dos olas de casos nuevos y muertes. Las unidades federativas con las mayores tasas de incidencia fueron Amapá, Rio Grande do Norte, Rondônia y Roraima; Amazonas y Rondônia tuvieron las mayores tasas de mortalidad. En general, la incidencia y la mortalidad fueron peores en la segunda ola. En la primera ola, el promedio de meses transcurridos hasta que empezó a reducirse el número de casos nuevos fue mayor en las capitales, mientras que, en la segunda ola, fue mayor en los estados. En ambas olas, el número de muertes se redujo en menos tiempo en las capitales. Conclusión. La heterogeneidad regional detectada refuerza la idea de que la incidencia de la COVID-19 y la mortalidad por esta enfermedad guardan relación con factores políticos, geográficos, culturales, sociales y económicos.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Pandemias , Incidência , Mortalidade , Brasil , Incidência , Mortalidade , Pandemias , Incidência , Mortalidade , BrasilRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Rapid molecular methods such as the line probe assay (LPA) and Xpert® MTB/RIF assay (Xpert) have been recommended by the World Health Organization for drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) diagnosis. We conducted an interventional trial in DR-TB reference centers in Brazil to evaluate the impact of the use of LPA and Xpert. METHODS: Patients with DR-TB were eligible if their drug susceptibility testing results were available to the treating physician at the time of consultation. The standard reference MGITTM 960 was compared with Xpert (arm 1) and LPA (arm 2). Effectiveness was considered as the start of the appropriate TB regimen that matched drug susceptibility testing (DST) and the proportions of culture conversion and favorable treatment outcomes after 6 months. RESULTS: A higher rate of empirical treatment was observed with MGIT alone than with the Xpert assay (97.0% vs. 45.0%) and LPA (98.2% vs. 67.5%). Patients started appropriate TB treatment more quickly than those in the MGIT group (median 15.0 vs. 40.5 days; p<0.01) in arm 1. Compared to the MGIT group, culture conversion after 6 months was higher for Xpert in arm 1 (90.9% vs. 79.3%, p=0.39) and LPA in arm 2 (80.0% vs. 83.0%, p=0.81). CONCLUSIONS: In the Xpert arm, there was a significant reduction in days to the start of appropriate anti-TB treatment and a trend towards greater culture conversion in the sixth month.
Assuntos
Antibióticos Antituberculose , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Antibióticos Antituberculose/farmacologia , Antibióticos Antituberculose/uso terapêutico , Brasil , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Rifampina/farmacologia , Rifampina/uso terapêutico , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Despite the obvious negative effects caused by invasive species, some recent studies have shown that the impacts at local scale are diverse and not necessarily negative. Arborescent benthic organisms such as octocorals form three-dimensional structures capable of increasing the amount of substrate available and providing shelter for epibiont species. We investigated the role of the alien octocoral Carijoa riisei on the diversity of benthic communities in three shipwrecks on the north-eastern coast of Brazil. We expected that (a) the fauna associated with the octocoral are richer and more diverse compared to the adjacent; (b) some species are exclusively associated with C. riisei; (c) the species that are present both in the areas with and without C. riisei have a greater abundance when associated with the octocoral. For this, we compared the macrobenthic communities associated with C. riisei to those found in adjacent areas where the octocoral was absent. Our study showed that the communities associated with the octocoral were 1.5 times richer and 10 times more abundant than adjacent communities, with 29 exclusive taxa. The dominant taxa were the amphipods Ericthonius brasiliensis and Podocerus brasiliensis and polychaetes of the family Syllidae. These taxa were present in areas with presence and absence of C. riisei, but their abundance was significantly greater where the octocoral was present. Our results reinforce the idea that Carijoa riisei acts as an ecosystem engineer in coastal reefs, creating new habitats and increasing diversity at a local scale, even though it is an alien species.
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ABSTRACT Background: Rapid molecular methods such as the line probe assay (LPA) and Xpert® MTB/RIF assay (Xpert) have been recommended by the World Health Organization for drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) diagnosis. We conducted an interventional trial in DR-TB reference centers in Brazil to evaluate the impact of the use of LPA and Xpert. Methods: Patients with DR-TB were eligible if their drug susceptibility testing results were available to the treating physician at the time of consultation. The standard reference MGITTM 960 was compared with Xpert (arm 1) and LPA (arm 2). Effectiveness was considered as the start of the appropriate TB regimen that matched drug susceptibility testing (DST) and the proportions of culture conversion and favorable treatment outcomes after 6 months. Results: A higher rate of empirical treatment was observed with MGIT alone than with the Xpert assay (97.0% vs. 45.0%) and LPA (98.2% vs. 67.5%). Patients started appropriate TB treatment more quickly than those in the MGIT group (median 15.0 vs. 40.5 days; p<0.01) in arm 1. Compared to the MGIT group, culture conversion after 6 months was higher for Xpert in arm 1 (90.9% vs. 79.3%, p=0.39) and LPA in arm 2 (80.0% vs. 83.0%, p=0.81). Conclusions: In the Xpert arm, there was a significant reduction in days to the start of appropriate anti-TB treatment and a trend towards greater culture conversion in the sixth month.
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RESUMO Objetivo. Analisar as tendências de incidência e mortalidade por COVID-19 no Brasil, nas unidades da federação e nas capitais. Método. Realizou-se um estudo ecológico com dados de incidência e de mortalidade por COVID-19 referentes ao período de 25 de fevereiro de 2020 (primeiro caso notificado no Brasil) a 31 de julho de 2021. Os dados foram agrupados por mês para cálculo das taxas brutas (por 100 000 habitantes) e avaliação das tendências temporais das unidades da federação e de suas capitais. As modificações significativas nas tendências temporais foram analisadas pelo método de regressão por joinpoint. Resultados. Foram identificadas duas ondas de novos casos e óbitos. As unidades da federação com as maiores taxas de incidência foram Amapá, Rio Grande do Norte, Rondônia e Roraima; Amazonas e Rondônia tiveram as maiores taxas de mortalidade. Em geral, as taxas de incidência e mortalidade foram piores na segunda onda. Na primeira onda, a média de meses até o início de uma redução de casos novos foi maior nas capitais, enquanto na segunda onda, o início da redução demorou mais nos estados. Quanto aos óbitos, as capitais necessitaram de menos tempo para apresentar redução tanto na primeira quanto na segunda onda. Conclusão. A heterogeneidade regional detectada reforça a ideia de que a incidência e a mortalidade por COVID-19 estão associadas a fatores políticos, geográficos, culturais, sociais e econômicos.
ABSTRACT Objective. To analyze the incidence and mortality trends from COVID-19 in Brazil as well as in federation units and their capitals. Method. An ecological study was performed using COVID-19 incidence and mortality data covering the period from 25 February 2020 (first case recorded in Brazil) to 31 July 2021. Data were grouped by month for calculation of crude rates (by 100 000 population) and assessment of time trends in federation units and capitals. Significant changes in time trends were analyzed by joinpoint regression. Results. Two waves of new cases and deaths were identified. The highest incidence rates were recorded in the states of Amapá, Rio Grande do Norte, Rondônia, and Roraima. The states of Amazonas and Rondônia had the highest mortality rates. In general, incidence and mortality rates were worse in the second wave. In the first wave, the mean number of months until the onset of reduction in new cases was higher in capitals, whereas in the second wave the onset of reduction in new cases took longer in the federation units. The decline in mortality began earlier in capital cities in both waves. Conclusion. The regional differences detected underscore the notion that COVID-19 incidence and mortality are associated with political, geographic, cultural, social, and economic factors.
RESUMEN Objetivo. Analizar las tendencias de la incidencia de COVID-19 y la mortalidad por esta enfermedad en Brasil (unidades federativas y capitales). Método. Se realizó un estudio ecológico con datos sobre incidencia de COVID-19 y la mortalidad por esta enfermedad en el período comprendido entre el 25 de febrero del 2020 (fecha del primer caso notificado en Brasil) y el 31 de julio del 2021. Los datos se agruparon por mes para calcular las tasas brutas (por 100 000 habitantes) y evaluar las tendencias temporales observadas en las unidades federativas y sus capitales. Las modificaciones significativas en las tendencias temporales se analizaron con el método de regresión de punto de inflexión (joinpoint). Resultados. Se identificaron dos olas de casos nuevos y muertes. Las unidades federativas con las mayores tasas de incidencia fueron Amapá, Rio Grande do Norte, Rondônia y Roraima; Amazonas y Rondônia tuvieron las mayores tasas de mortalidad. En general, la incidencia y la mortalidad fueron peores en la segunda ola. En la primera ola, el promedio de meses transcurridos hasta que empezó a reducirse el número de casos nuevos fue mayor en las capitales, mientras que, en la segunda ola, fue mayor en los estados. En ambas olas, el número de muertes se redujo en menos tiempo en las capitales. Conclusión. La heterogeneidad regional detectada refuerza la idea de que la incidencia de la COVID-19 y la mortalidad por esta enfermedad guardan relación con factores políticos, geográficos, culturales, sociales y económicos.
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RESUMO O artigo aborda a intersubjetividade, com destaque para um de seus indicadores, a interludicidade, a fim de pensar a importância das construções lúdicas entre o adulto e a pequena criança no desenvolvimento psíquico. O esquete escolhido para análise foi extraído de diários construídos a partir de observações-intervenções em uma turma de berçário, a fim de investigar a potência da interação lúdica na dupla: adulto e bebê. A permanência dos bebês na creche faz com que os profissionais acompanhem muitas aquisições no desenvolvimento do bebê. Dessa forma, os resultados apontam que a presença do adulto na cena do brincar possibilita novas experimentações ao bebê, as quais podem ser suporte para o seu desenvolvimento psíquico.
RESUMEN En el artículo se aborda la intersubjetividad, con hincapié para uno de sus indicadores, la Inter claridade, con la finalidad de pensar la importancia de las construcciones lúdicas entre el adulto y el pequeño niño, en el desarrollo psíquico. La encuesta elegida para análisis se extrae de diarios construidos a partir de observaciones-intervenciones en un grupo de guardería, con la finalidad de investigar la potencia de la interacción lúdica en la pareja: adulto y bebé. La permanencia de los bebés en la guardería hace con que los profesionales acompañen muchas adquisiciones en el desarrollo del bebé. De esta manera, los resultados apuntan que la presencia del adulto en la escena del jugar posibilita nuevas experimentaciones al bebé, las cuales pueden ser soporte en su desarrollo psíquico.
ABSTRACT The article addresses intersubjectivity, highlighting one of its indicators, interplay, in order to reflect about the importance of playful constructions between adults and small children in psychic development. The skit chosen for analysis was extracted from diaries constructed from observations-interventions in a nursery class, in order to investigate the potency of playful interaction in the pair: adult and baby. The permanence of babies in nursery school makes professionals monitor many acquisitions in the baby's development. In this way, the results indicate that the presence of the adult in the play scene allows new experiments for the baby, which can be a support in their psychic development.
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The Pliocene-Pleistocene transition in the Neotropics is poorly understood despite the major climatic changes that occurred at the onset of the Quaternary. The San Gregorio Formation, the younger unit of the Urumaco Sequence, preserves a fauna that documents this critical transition. We report stingrays, freshwater bony fishes, amphibians, crocodiles, lizards, snakes, aquatic and terrestrial turtles, and mammals. A total of 49 taxa are reported from the Vergel Member (late Pliocene) and nine taxa from the Cocuiza Member (Early Pleistocene), with 28 and 18 taxa reported for the first time in the Urumaco sequence and Venezuela, respectively. Our findings include the first fossil record of the freshwater fishes Megaleporinus, Schizodon, Amblydoras, Scorpiodoras, and the pipesnake Anilius scytale, all from Pliocene strata. The late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene ages proposed here for the Vergel and Cocuiza members, respectively, are supported by their stratigraphic position, palynology, nannoplankton, and 86Sr/88Sr dating. Mammals from the Vergel Member are associated with the first major pulse of the Great American Biotic Interchange. In contrast to the dry conditions prevailing today, the San Gregorio Formation documents mixed open grassland/forest areas surrounding permanent freshwater systems, following the isolation of the northern South American basin from western Amazonia. These findings support the hypothesis that range contraction of many taxa to their current distribution in northern South America occurred rapidly during at least the last 1.5 million years.
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The end-Cretaceous event was catastrophic for terrestrial communities worldwide, yet its long-lasting effect on tropical forests remains largely unknown. We quantified plant extinction and ecological change in tropical forests resulting from the end-Cretaceous event using fossil pollen (>50,000 occurrences) and leaves (>6000 specimens) from localities in Colombia. Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) rainforests were characterized by an open canopy and diverse plant-insect interactions. Plant diversity declined by 45% at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary and did not recover for ~6 million years. Paleocene forests resembled modern Neotropical rainforests, with a closed canopy and multistratal structure dominated by angiosperms. The end-Cretaceous event triggered a long interval of low plant diversity in the Neotropics and the evolutionary assembly of today's most diverse terrestrial ecosystem.
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A elevada prevalência da doença renal crónica e a relevância social do seu tratamento exigem um aprofundamento do conhecimento sobre a população doente, tendo em conta a sua complexidade holística. O estudo pretendeu analisar os níveis de complexidade no processo de intervenção social com pessoas com doença renal crónica numa perspetiva de gênero e de escolaridade. A amostra integrou 584 doentes com idades compreendidas entre os 19 e os 93 anos, maioritariamente do sexo masculino, casados e com o 1.º ciclo ensino básico. Os participantes, com diagnóstico de doença renal crónica, foram avaliados através de um protocolo que inclui um questionário sociodemográfico e a Matriz de Complexidade Associada ao Processo de Intervenção Social com Doentes Renais Crónicos (MCAPIS_DRC). Encontrou-se uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre os três níveis de complexidade avaliados e as variáveis sexo (p = 0,002, phi = 0,146) e escolaridade (p > 0,001, phi = 0,277). Verificou-se, igualmente, uma interação entre a escolaridade e o índice de complexidade consoante o sexo (F(5, 572) = 6,647 p = < 0,001, Æp2 = 0,113). As mulheres apresentaram maiores pontuações no índice e as pessoas com maiores níveis de escolaridade pontuam menos no índice. A evidência permite ter uma abordagem diferenciadora na avaliação e intervenção social, priorizando grupos e situações problema.
The high prevalence of chronic kidney disease and the social relevance of its treatment require a deeper knowledge concerning this sick population, taking into account its overall complexity. The study aimed to analyze the levels of complexity in the social intervention process with people with chronic kidney disease from a gender and educational perspective. The sample included 584 patients aged between 19 and 93 years, mostly male, married and with the 1st cycle of primary education completed. Participants, diagnosed with chronic kidney disease, were assessed using a protocol that includes a sociodemographic questionnaire and The Matrix of Complexity Associated with the Process of Social Intervention with Chronic Kidney Disease Patients (MCAPIS_DRC). A statistically significant association was found between the three levels of complexity assessed and the variables gender (p=0.002, phi=0.146) and education (p>0.001, phi=0.277). There was also an interaction between education and the complexity index according to sex (F (5, 572) =6.647 p=<0.001, Æp2=0.113). Women had higher scores on the index and people with higher levels of education scored less on the index. The evidence allows for a different approach in the assessment and social intervention if this condition, prioritizing problematic groups and situations.
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Introdução: Os materiais educativos e didáticos distribuídos na Atenção Básica constituem importantes estratégias de promoção da saúde e de Educação Alimentar e Nutricional. Objetivo: Apresentar o processo de construção e validação de um material educativo sobre a alimentação de crianças menores de dois anos, dirigido aos profissionais de saúde. Método: Realizou-se estudo quantitativo com delineamento estruturado em duas etapas: construção e validação do material educativo. O processo de construção do material educativo se deu a partir da revisão da literatura e das atividades práticas desenvolvidas com mães e profissionais de saúde das unidades de saúde no município de Macaé-RJ. Na validação, o material educativo foi encaminhado por e-mail aos especialistas e, da mesma forma, após ajustes, enviado aos juízes. Calcularam-se as médias aritméticas, tendo como ponto de corte a nota ≥7 de cada item para verificar a importância/adequação atribuída e os desvios-padrão, tendo como ponto de corte o valor <3 para estimar o grau de consenso entre os especialistas e juízes. Resultados: O miniguia apresenta três módulos temáticos: Aleitamento materno, Alimentação Complementar partes 1 e 2. Na validação pelos especialistas, a média(±DP) foi 8,5(±1,2), sendo o material considerado importante/adequado e consensuado por todos; pelos juízes, a média(±DP) foi 9,9(±0,3), sendo considerado importante/adequado e consensuado por todos. Conclusão: O miniguia foi considerado "importante/adequado" e consensuado pelos avaliadores. (AU)
Introduction: Educational and didactic materials available at the Primary Care units are important strategies to promote health and food and nutrition education. Objective: To present the construction and validation process of an educational material about feeding of children under the age of two years, designed to healthcare professionals. Method: a quantitative study was carried out with a design structured in two stages: construction and validation of the educational material. The construction process was based on a literature review and practical activities developed with mothers and health professionals in primary care units in the city of Macaé- RJ. For validation, the educational material was sent by e-mail to specialists and, likewise, after adjustments, to a panel of judges. Arithmetic means were calculated, having the score ≥7 as the cutoff point of each item to verify the assigned importance/adequacy and standard deviations. The cutoff value of <3 was set to estimate the degree of consensus among specialists and judges. Results: The miniguide has three thematic modules: Breastfeeding, Complementary Feeding Parts 1 and 2. In the validation by specialists, the mean value(±SD) was 8.5(±1.2), and they all consensually considered the material important/appropriate; by judges, the mean value(±SD) was 9.9(±0.3), being consensually considered important/appropriate. Conclusion: All evaluators in consensus agreed that the miniguide was "important/appropriate". (AU)
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Atenção Primária à Saúde , Promoção da Saúde Alimentar e Nutricional , Pessoal de Saúde , Materiais Educativos e de Divulgação , Nutrição do Lactente , Dieta Saudável , Promoção da SaúdeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of an exercise program, based on the Pilates Matwork method, on posterior chain flexibility and trunk mobility in healthy school age children. DESIGN AND SETTING: The study was a parallel-group randomized clinical trial. The participants were randomly assigned to groups: Pilates Group (PG) and Control Group (CG). The program was developed at the Early Childhood Education Institute, Londrina-PR. PARTICIPANTS: 43 children with age between eight to 12 years, no prior knowledge of the Pilates method, and no exercise training in the last six months. INTERVENTION: Four months of twice a week 50 min Pilates Matwork exercises were administered. OUTCOME MEASURES: Flexibility and mobility, assessed using the sit-and-reach test, fingertip-to-floor test and photogrammetry. The assessors were blinded to the allocation of participants. RESULTS: Three children were excluded before randomization and 40 were randomized (PG n = 20; CG n = 20).12 children were excluded during the protocol (PG n = 7; CG n = 5) and included in the intention to treat analysis. No significant difference between groups was observed for flexibility measures. There was a significant difference in the following outcomes for the PG: distance reached in the sit-and-reach test between pre-test (median 14.25[11.25-28.38]) and post-test (median 20.25[12.00-29.63]) (ES = 0.29, SRM = 0.73); Posterior angle of the knee in the fingertip-to-floor test between pre-test (median 191.60[187.20-191.60]) and post-test (median 189.00[185.90-191.50]) (ES = 0.56, SRM = 0.54). CONCLUSION: There were no differences in posterior chain flexibility and trunk mobility between school age children who underwent Pilates Matwork exercises and the control. However, children who participated in the exercise program showed improvement in some results of flexibility. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (REBEC) (N° RBR-8t5p7d).
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Técnicas de Exercício e de Movimento , Brasil , Criança , Terapia por Exercício , Humanos , Instituições Acadêmicas , TroncoRESUMO
One of the strategies to reduce the environmental impacts associated with electricity is to employ renewable resources such as biomass or even waste. However, the evaluation of the sustainability of a power plant depends on the development of several analyses, which should encompass thermodynamic and environmental parameters. Energy, exergy, and exergoenvironmental assessments are carried out for a sugarcane bagasse cogeneration system, along with a Life Cycle Assessment for the Brazilian sugarcane bagasse, employing the Eco-indicator 99 method. The specific environmental impacts of electricity and steam are 6.023 mPt/MJ and 4.038 mPt/MJ, respectively, and the boiler feed pump and radiator presented the highest average environmental impact per exergy of fuel and product, respectively. The component with the highest exergoenvironmental factor was the furnace (60.32%), demonstrating margins for benefits in the formation of pollutants and destruction of exergy. Exergoenvironmental assessments can be utilized to support the adoption of more efficient (although more complex) cogeneration systems, especially in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis.
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No Brasil, o trabalho doméstico emprega 5,9 milhões de mulheres. Deste total, 66% são negras, residem em regiões periféricas e não dispõem de proteção trabalhista. Historicamente, as empregadas domésticas estiveram submetidas a uma série de aspectos excludentes, como baixa remuneração, contratações à margem da legalidade e discriminação de gênero e raça. O presente artigo discute teoricamente as articulações entre gênero, raça e classe presentes no trabalho doméstico brasileiro. Compreende-se tais questões a partir do conceito de nó proposto por Saffioti (2004) - que destacou o imbricamento das categorias patriarcado-racismo-capitalismo - e da perspectiva interseccional proposta por Lélia Gonzalez (2018) - que ressaltou a relação do racismo, patriarcalismo, opressões de classes e outros sistemas discriminatórios, reconhecendo estes como marcadores da desigualdade social no Brasil. Tais conceitos foram mobilizados a fim de se refletir a desvalorização social das empregadas domésticas. Por meio deste artigo, pretende-se evidenciar o modo como os sentidos relativos a gênero, classe e raça são articulados na produção de assimetrias sociais e na subalternização das trabalhadoras domésticas, contribuindo, também, para as resistências às alterações na legislação no que tange ao trabalho doméstico.
In Brazil, domestic work employs 5.9 million women. 66% of Brazilian domestic women are black, live in ghettos and do not have labor protection. Domestic workers have historically been subjected to a number of exclusionary aspects such as low payment, illegal hiring, and gender and race discrimination. This article theoretically discusses articulations between gender, race and class present in domestic work. These subjetcs are understood from the concept of 'knot' that was proposed by Saffioti (2004) - which emphasized the interrelationship of the categories patriarchy-racism-capitalism - and from the intersectional perspective proposed by Lélia Gonzalez (2018) - which highlighted the relation of racism, patriarchalism, class oppressions and other discriminatory systems, recognizing these as markers of social inequality in Brazil. These concepts were used to reflect on the social devaluation of domestic workers. Through this article we intend to highlight the way how the meanings related to gender, class and race are articulated in the production of social asymmetries and in the subordination of domestic workers. That also contributes to the resistance to changes in legislation regarding domestic work.
En Brasil el trabajo doméstico emplea a 5,9 millones de mujeres. El 66% de las domésticas brasileñas son negras, residen en regiones periféricas y no poseen protección laboral. Las empleadas domésticas estuvieron históricamente sometidas a una serie de aspectos excluyentes como baja remuneración, contrataciones al margen de la legalidad y discriminación de género y raza. El presente artículo discute teóricamente las articulaciones entre género, raza y clase presentes en el trabajo doméstico. Se comprende estas cuestiones a partir del concepto de nudo propuesto por Saffioti (2004) que, destacó el imbricamiento de las categorías patriarcado-racismo-capitalismo y, desde la perspectiva intersecional propuesta por Lélia González (2018), que destacó la relación del racismo, patriarcalismo, opresiones de clases y otros sistemas discriminatorios, los reconociendo como marcadores de la desigualdad social en Brasil. Tales conceptos se utilizaron para pensar la devaluación social de las empleadas domésticas. A través de este artículo se pretende evidenciar cómo los sentidos relativos a género, clase y raza se articulan en la producción de asimetrías sociales y en la subalternización de las trabajadoras domésticas contribuyendo, aún, a las resistencias a las alteraciones en la legislación en lo que se refiere al trabajo doméstico.
Au Brésil, le travail domestique emploie 5,9 millions de femmes. 66% de ces employées de maison sont noires, résidentes dans les régions périphériques et n'ont pas de protection ou réglementation du travail. Elles ont été historiquement soumises à une série d'aspects d'exclusion tels que la faible rémunération, l'embauche en marge de la légalité et la discrimination du genre et de la race. Le présent article montre en theorie les liens entre genre ,race et classe sociale présents dans les emplois domestiques. Nous comprenons ces questions dans les articulations proposées par S___ qui a mis en évidence la superposition des catégories patriarcales ,raciste capitalistes ; nous les comprenons aussi du point de vue intersectionnel proposé par Leila qui a mis en évidence la relation racisme ,patriarcat ,oppression de classe et d autres systèmes discriminatoires en les reconnaissant comme des indicateurs de l inégalité sociale au Brésil. Ces concepts ont été utilisés pour réfléchir sur la dévaluation sociale des employées domestiques. Cet article propose démontrer comment les sentiments par rapport au genre, à la classe et à la race sont articulés dans la production d'asymétries sociales et dans la position subalterne des employées domestiques, contribuant également à la résistance aux changements de la Législation concernant le travail domestique.
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It is paramount to expand the knowledge base and minimize the consequences of the pandemic caused by the new Coronavirus (SARS-Cov2). Spain is among the most affected countries that declared a countrywide lockdown. An ecological study is presented herein, assessing the trends for incidence, mortality, hospitalizations, Intensive Care Unit admissions, and recoveries per autonomous community in Spain. Trends were evaluated by the Joinpoint software. The timeframe employed was when the lockdown was declared on March 14, 2020. Daily percentage changes were also calculated, with CI = 95% and p<0.05. An increase was detected, followed by reduction, for the evaluated indicators in most of the communities. Approximately 18.33 days were required for the mortality rates to decrease. The highest mortality rate was verified in Madrid (118.89 per 100,000 inhabitants) and the lowest in Melilla (2.31). The highest daily percentage increase in mortality occurred in Catalonia. Decreasing trends were identified after approximately two weeks of the institution of the lockdown by the government. Immediately the lockdown was declared, an increase of up to 33.96% deaths per day was verified in Catalonia. In contrast, Ceuta and Melilla presented significantly lower rates because they were still at the early stages of the pandemic at the moment of lockdown. The findings presented herein emphasize the importance of early and assertive decision-making to contain the pandemic.