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Considering the need for more information about productivity increases and nutritional improvement of soils, the present study evaluated the effects of alternative fertilization on grain yield and nutritional levels of bean crops. It was a randomized block study with four treatments and five replicates. The treatments were the absence of nitrogen fertilization, fertilizer use, chicken litter, and cattle manure. Organic fertilization provided lower variations in soil water availability during flowering and grain filling and increased nutrient concentrations, especially phosphorus and potassium. Chicken litter promoted the highest means for the number of legumes, the number of legumes on branches, the number of six-grain legumes, the mass of a thousand grains, grain mass per plant, and the normalized green-red difference index. However, the two organic fertilizers had significantly higher differences from chemical and no fertilization, showing that organic fertilizer applications must occur when nutrient availability coincides with the phenological stages essential for producing these fertilizers. High yields combined with favorable rainfall conditions occurred during crop development, as high soil moisture allowed faster mineralization of essential organic fertilizer nutrients, directly affecting yield. Pearson's linear correlation allowed a better understanding of the participation of each plant trait in productivity, and the highest grain yield occurred with organic fertilization.

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Monoculture for timber production has been replacing natural environments as the demand for renewable energy sources increases. The lack of nutrient compensation may increase the risk of soil depletion, thus changing soil properties. To summarize the impact of forestry activities in edaphic environments, we present a meta-analysis on the rhizosphere effects of coniferous and broadleaved trees established as monoculture and natural regeneration on soil physicochemical properties. Records of soil attributes published in peer-reviewed journals from eight countries were collected. Clay content changed only in monoculture sites, decreasing 55.51% in the rhizosphere, while silt and sand presented significant variations in both monoculture and naturally regenerated areas. Conifers affected the soil more than broadleaved trees, evidenced by higher pH reduction (-2.96% vs. -1.98%) and higher increase of Al3+ (197.43% vs. 50.68%), K+ (80.40% vs. 69.90%), CEC (24.61% vs. 17.35%), and total organic carbon (82.21% vs. 69.89%). Also, the rhizosphere affected regeneration soils more than monoculture, indicated by higher Al3+ (50.68% vs. ns) and available P (32.31% vs. ns), K+ (203.44% vs. ns), CEC (34.90% vs. 20.93), and total organic carbon (91.55% vs. 63.23%). These results indicate higher nutrient availability in naturally regenerated than monoculture sites, as higher species diversity and better plant litter quality are expected. This meta-analysis shows that coniferous and naturally regenerated trees had a higher influence on the rhizosphere and soil properties than broadleaved and monocultures. Management practices must be revisited to ensure the long-term sustainability of forestry activity, and studies in tropical zones must be intensified.

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Nitrate (NO3 - ) nutrition is known to mitigate the damages caused by individual stresses of waterlogging and salinity. Here, we investigated the role of NO3 - in soybean plants exposed to these stresses in combination. Nodulated soybean cultivated under greenhouse conditions and daily fertilised with a nutrient solution without nitrogen were subjected to the following treatments: Water, NO3 - , NaCl, and NaCl+NO3 - . Then, plants were exposed to waterlogging (6days) and drainage (2days). Compared to plants exposed to isolated stress, the saline waterlogging resulted in higher concentrations of H2 O2 , O2 ˙- , and lipid peroxidation at the whole-plant level, mainly during drainage. Furthermore, saline waterlogging increased fermentation and the concentrations of Na+ and K+ in roots and leaves both during waterlogging and drainage. NO3 - supplementation led to augments in NO3 - and NO levels, and stimulated nitrate reductase activity in both organs. In addition, NO3 - nutrition alleviated oxidative stress and fermentation besides increasing the K+ /Na+ ratio in plants exposed to saline waterlogging. In conclusion, NO3 - supplementation is a useful strategy to help soybean plants overcome saline waterlogging stress. These findings are of high relevance for agriculture as soybean is an important commodity and has been cultivated in areas prone to saline waterlogging.

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This research determined the adaptability and stability of soybean yield for organic systems in different environments. Grain yield data (GY, kg ha-1) from experiments with six soybean genotypes evaluated in six environments in Brazil and one environment in Paraguay were used. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, organized in an incomplete factorial scheme, with six environments in Brazil (Toledo- PR, Palotina- PR, Mangueirinha- PR, Três Passos- RS, Passo Fundo- RS, Major Vieira- SC) and one in Paraguay (Bela Vista do Norte- PY) with six soybean genotypes (BRS 284, BRS 391, BRS 511, BRS 523, BRS 525, BRS 535) arranged in four replications per environment. BRS 511 genotype was characterized by high average grain yield and stability by the AMMI method. BRS 284 genotype was identified as the ideal genotype in the GGE biplot method. WAASBY and BLUP index selected BRS511 and BRS284 genotypes.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade da produtividade da soja para sistemas orgânicos em diferentes ambientes. Foram utilizados dados de produtividade de grãos (GY, kg ha-1) de experimentos com seis genótipos de soja avaliados em seis ambientes no Brasil e um ambiente no Paraguai. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados, organizados em esquema fatorial incompleto, com seis ambientes no Brasil (Toledo - PR, Palotina - PR, Mangueirinha - ​​PR, Três Passos - RS, Passo Fundo - RS, Major Vieira - SC) e um no Paraguai (Bela Vista do Norte - PY) com seis genótipos de soja (BRS 284, BRS 391, BRS 511, BRS 523, BRS 525, BRS 535) dispostos em quatro repetições por ambiente. O genótipo BRS 511 foi caracterizado por alta produtividade média de grãos e estabilidade pelo método AMMI. O genótipo BRS 284 foi identificado como o genótipo ideal pelo método GGE biplot. Os índices WAASBY e BLUP selecionaram os genótipos BRS511 e BRS284.

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The fluctuations in yield and consequently in production occurred due to climatic adversities in the main producing states of Brazil. Farming has changed over time, and past scenarios have shown high exploitation of natural resources focusing on soil tillage and conventional seeding methods. This study aimed to determine the yield performance of soybean grown under 10 consolidated crop succession systems. The experiment was conducted during the 2018/2019 crop season, before the research project entitled "Sustainable production systems with better use of biological and natural resources, with treatments arranged in a randomized block design and four replications". The treatments consisted of the following predecessor crops: Avena sativa, Avena strigosa, Triticum aestivum, Secale cereale, Brassica napus, Raphanus sativus, Avena strigosa + Raphanus sativus + Vicia sativa, Fallow, Avena strigosa + Lolium multiflorum, and Triticum aestivum ­ Fodder. Soybean was subsequently sown across winter crops. The succession that showed superior yield was Avena strigosa + Lolium multiflorum. This attribute was established by associating taller plants with the maximization of the number of grains per pod, hundred-grain mass, grain mass, and plant dry mass; in contrast, there was a lower emphasis on plant residue. The determining attributes for soybean yield were plant stand, plant height, the number of pods per plant, and total grain mass, with contrasts among groups composed of the succession of Avena sativa, Avena strigosa, Triticum aestivum, Secale cereale, and Brassica napus, distanced from Raphanus sativus, Avena strigosa + Raphanus sativus + Vicia sativa, Fallow, Avena strigosa + Lolium multiflorum, and Triticum aestivum - Fodder.

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The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters for the morphometric measurements of withers height (WH), thoracic circumference (TC) and cannon bone circumference (CBC) of Criollo horses, stratified for maternal and paternal effects. Statistical genetic design of factor crossings was used to evaluate the offspring of full siblings and half-siblings. Fifty stallions were selected (n = 50) who had been crossed with six mares each (n = 6), to provide 300 parental pairings in which two offspring were born per mare (n = 600). WH in females and TC in males were highly influenced by additive genetic effects, while the other morphometric measures were found to be closely related to the general effects of the environment. WH had the greatest additive genetic influence on female offspring (47.06%), while TC presented the greatest additive genetic influence on male offspring (58.73%). When comparing the parental influence on the morphometric characteristics evaluated, TC and CBC had greater additive genetic influence from maternal effects, regardless of offspring sex. However, the WH in female offspring showed greater maternal additive genetic contribution, while in males this characteristic presented greater paternal additive genetic influence. For WH in male offspring, narrow sense heritability ( h r 2 : 0.26) was more influenced by paternal effects, while for WH in females ( h r 2 : 0.47), TC in females ( h r 2 : 0.08) and males ( h r 2 : 0.59), and CBC in females ( h r 2 : 0.07) and males ( h r 2 : 0.05) the maternal effects were the most important. Therefore, the phenotypic expression of WH in males and females and TC in males is influenced by the additive genetic effect of the genes. On the other hand, the TC in female progenies and CBC in progenies of both sexes are closely related to the effects of the environment. The results obtained in this study could be useful in the selection process of Criollo horses.

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The differentiation of seedling growth and development is the result of the vigor level of the seed lot. Because of this, knowing the seedling growth curve is essential for the evaluation of the seedling length test, to be carried out at the moment when any differences in vigor really manifest, thus being able to reduce the time of evaluation of the test. In this research, the objective was to determine the most efficient time interval to perform the seedling length test in soybean seeds, depending on the vigor levels. The evaluated characteristics were percentage of seed germination, first germination count, emergency, days for emergence, aerial, root and total length (evaluated every 12 hours), aerial, root and total dry mass in completely randomized design. High vigor seeds originated seedlings with higher growth rates (cm. h-1), with vigor being one of the factors that interfere in the seedling length test. After 96 hours of the seedling length test, there was a statistical differentiation between the three vigor levels tested. The soybean seedling length test between lots, with different vigor, can be performed 96 hours after sowing.(AU)

A diferenciação do crescimento e desenvolvimento das plântulas, é resultado do nível de vigor do lote das sementes. Em virtude disto, conhecer a curva de crescimento das plântulas é fundamental para que a avaliação do teste de comprimento de plântulas, seja realizada no momento em que realmente se manifestem as eventuais diferenças de vigor, podendo assim reduzir o tempo de avaliação do teste. No trabalho, o objetivo foi determinar o intervalo de tempo mais eficiente para realizar o teste de comprimento de plântula em sementes de soja, em função dos níveis de vigor. As características avaliadas foram germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, emergência, dias para emergência, comprimento de parte aérea, raiz e total (avaliados de 12 em 12 horas), massa seca de parte aérea, raiz e total em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As sementes de alto vigor originaram plântulas com maiores taxas de crescimento (cm. h-1), sendo o vigor um dos fatores que interfere no teste de comprimento de plântulas. Após 96 horas do teste de comprimento de plântula ocorreu a diferenciação estatística entre os três níveis de vigor testados. O teste de comprimento de plântula de soja entre lotes, com vigor distinto, pode ser realizado 96 horas após a semeadura.(AU)

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ABSTRACT: The differentiation of seedling growth and development is the result of the vigor level of the seed lot. Because of this, knowing the seedling growth curve is essential for the evaluation of the seedling length test, to be carried out at the moment when any differences in vigor really manifest, thus being able to reduce the time of evaluation of the test. In this research, the objective was to determine the most efficient time interval to perform the seedling length test in soybean seeds, depending on the vigor levels. The evaluated characteristics were percentage of seed germination, first germination count, emergency, days for emergence, aerial, root and total length (evaluated every 12 hours), aerial, root and total dry mass in completely randomized design. High vigor seeds originated seedlings with higher growth rates (cm. h-1), with vigor being one of the factors that interfere in the seedling length test. After 96 hours of the seedling length test, there was a statistical differentiation between the three vigor levels tested. The soybean seedling length test between lots, with different vigor, can be performed 96 hours after sowing.

RESUMO: A diferenciação do crescimento e desenvolvimento das plântulas, é resultado do nível de vigor do lote das sementes. Em virtude disto, conhecer a curva de crescimento das plântulas é fundamental para que a avaliação do teste de comprimento de plântulas, seja realizada no momento em que realmente se manifestem as eventuais diferenças de vigor, podendo assim reduzir o tempo de avaliação do teste. No trabalho, o objetivo foi determinar o intervalo de tempo mais eficiente para realizar o teste de comprimento de plântula em sementes de soja, em função dos níveis de vigor. As características avaliadas foram germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, emergência, dias para emergência, comprimento de parte aérea, raiz e total (avaliados de 12 em 12 horas), massa seca de parte aérea, raiz e total em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As sementes de alto vigor originaram plântulas com maiores taxas de crescimento (cm. h-1), sendo o vigor um dos fatores que interfere no teste de comprimento de plântulas. Após 96 horas do teste de comprimento de plântula ocorreu a diferenciação estatística entre os três níveis de vigor testados. O teste de comprimento de plântula de soja entre lotes, com vigor distinto, pode ser realizado 96 horas após a semeadura.

RESUMO

The selection of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) that are efficient in the use of phosphorus (P) plays an important role in increasing crop productivity, reducing the cost of production due to the high price of phosphate fertilizers, as well as reducing the pollution of the environment due to the better use of the applied fertilizers. The objective of this work was to compare the method of selection of potato clones for the efficiency of use and response to P between in vitro and off - soil systems with the use of sand as substrate. To that end, potato clones SMIC 148-A, Dakota Rose, SMINIA 793101-3, SMIB 106-7, SMIF 212-3, SMIJ 319-1 and P 150 were cultivated at low and high levels of P in the culture systems in vitro (1,935 and 19,346 mg P L-1) and off-soil (2.32 and 23.2 mg P L-1). The selection of potato clones using only as a criterion the accumulation of P under low nutrient level is not adequate, both in off-soil and in vitro cultivation. Clones selected as being more efficient in the use of P in in vitro cultivation do not prove to be necessarily more efficient in off-soil cultivation. No clone remains in the same classification group regarding the efficiency of use and response to P, based on the production of dry mass, in the two cropping systems.

A seleção de plantas de batata (Solanum tuberosum L.) que são eficientes no uso de fósforo (P) desempenha um papel importante no aumento da produtividade das culturas. reduzindo o custo de produção devido ao alto preço dos fertilizantes fosfatados. além de reduzir a poluição do meio ambiente devido ao melhor uso dos fertilizantes aplicados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o método de seleção de clones de batata quanto à eficiência de uso e resposta ao P entre sistemas in vitro e fora do solo com o uso de areia como substrato. Para o efeito. os clones de batata SMIC 148-A. Dakota Rose. SMINIA 793101-3. SMIB 106-7. SMIF 212-3. SMIJ 319-1 e P 150 foram cultivados a baixos e altos níveis de P nos sistemas de cultivo in vitro (1.935 e 19.346 mg P L-1) e fora do solo (2.32 e 23.2 mg P L-1). A seleção de clones de batata utilizando apenas como critério o acúmulo de P em baixo nível de nutrientes não é adequada. tanto no cultivo fora do solo quanto no in vitro. Clones selecionados como mais eficientes no uso de P em cultivo in vitro não se mostraram necessariamente mais eficientes no cultivo fora do solo. Nenhum clone permanece no mesmo grupo de classificação quanto à eficiência de uso e resposta ao P. baseado na produção de massa seca nos dois sistemas de cultivo.

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The dual-purpose wheat stands out as a complementary alternative for forage supply during the winter period. Therefore, this work had the objective of evaluate the performance characteristics in five genotypes of dual-purpose wheat submitted to different sowing densities and different clipping managements. The experiment was carried out during the 2016 and 2017 harvests. The experimental design was a randomized block design, organized in a factorial scheme, with five dual-purpose wheat genotypes (BRS Tarumã, BRS Umbu, BRS Figueira, BRS Guatambu and BRS 277) x five sowing densities (75, 150, 225, 300 and 375 seeds m²) x four clipping operations (zero, one, two and three clippings), arranged in three replicates. The measuring of characters were number of fertile tillers, seeds yield, angle of flag leaf, chlorophyll content and flowering. The genotype BRS Tarumâ is superior in number of fertile tillers and chlorophyll index for all the sowing densities, as well, the flowering is influenced direct by clipping managements. The sowing density of 75 seeds m-2 is not indicated for dual-purpose wheat independent of the clipping management. The seeds yield is amplified thought the increase in sowing density, however, advancing in clipping levels there is a decrease in forage yield.

O trigo de duplo propósito se destaca como uma alternativa complementar para o fornecimento de forragem durante o período de inverno. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características de desempenho de cinco genótipos de trigo de duplo propósito submetidos a diferentes densidades de semeadura e diferentes manejos de corte. O experimento foi realizado durante as safras de 2016 e 2017. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, organizado em esquema fatorial, com cinco genótipos de trigo de duplo propósito (BRS Tarumã, BRS Umbu, BRS Figueira, BRS Guatambu e BRS 277) x cinco densidades de semeadura (75, 150, 225, 300 e 375 m² de sementes) x quatro operações de clipagem (zero, um, dois e três recortes), dispostos em três repetições. As medidas dos caracteres foram número de perfilhos férteis, rendimento de sementes, ângulo de folha de bandeira, teor de clorofila e floração. O genótipo BRS Tarumâ é superior em número de perfilhos férteis e índice de clorofila para todas as densidades de semeadura, assim como o florescimento é influenciado diretamente pelos manejos de corte. A densidade de semeadura de 75 sementes m-2 não é indicada para trigo de dupla finalidade independente do manejo de corte. O rendimento das sementes é amplificado pelo aumento da densidade de semeadura, entretanto, avançando nos níveis de recorte, há uma diminuição no rendimento de forragem.

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Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is an economically important crop and its cultivation has been expanded across temperate and subtropical regions of Brazil. Growing raspberries under plastic cover has becoming more common worldwide. This study investigated the effect of plastic cover on productive and morphological performance of primocane-fruiting raspberry cultivars, in southern Brazil. The experiment was arranged in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design, with three raspberry cultivars, ‘Heritage; ‘Fallgold and ‘Alemãzinha; two cultivation systems, presence and absence of plastic cover; and two production cycles, fall and spring. We measured days from transplanting to flowering and harvesting. Plants were evaluated for dry mass of pruning, plant height, stem diameter, plant leaf area, fruit production, number of fruits, fruit weight, fruit longitudinal and transversal diameter, and harvesting period. Plastic cover reduced incident radiation on the canopy by 17 %. Cultivar ‘Heritage is early ripening in the fall cycle. The management under plastic cover prolonged the harvesting period of raspberries in the fall productive cycle for the cultivar ‘Heritage and, in spring, for cultivars ‘Alemãzinha and ‘Fallgold. In the spring cycle, plants increased their leaf area, fruit production and number of fruits. The cultivar ‘Alemãzinha performed better in the spring cycle when managed under plastic cover and was more productive, with a longer productive cycle and larger fruits.(AU)

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different doses of phosphorus in the growth and development of amaranth plants and in the physiological quality of the seeds produced, as well as to identify the interrelationships between the morphological and physiological attributes. The experiment was carried out in the agricultural crop 2016/2017 in Federal University of Pelotas. The experimental design was a randomized block in which the treatments were arranged in five replications. The analysis of variance revealed a significance of 5% probability through the characters, plant height, dry mass of the plant shoot, seed yield, germination and accelerated aging these results demonstrate that these attributes are influenced by the P2O5 doses, in contrast, the chlorophyll index. The Amaranthus cruentus species expresses variability to the morphological attributes, yield components and seed quality produced in relation to the use of phosphate fertilization. Doses comprising 100 to 200 kg ha-1 of P2O5 tend to potentiate plant height, dry biomass accumulation, yield, germination and vigor of the seeds produced. Plants with greater stature and accumulation of biomass increase the proportion of photosynthetic pigments, being these determinants for the production and quality of seeds produced of amaranth in the extreme south of Brazil.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de fósforo no crescimento e desenvolvimento de plântulas de amaranto e na qualidade fisiológica das sementes produzidas, bem como, identificar as inter-relações entre os atributos morfológicos e fisiológicos. O experimento foi realizado na safra agrícola 2016/2017 da Universidade Federal de Pelotas. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, em que os tratamentos foram dispostos em cinco repetições. A análise de variância revelou significância a 5% de probabilidade para os caracteres, altura da planta, massa seca da parte aérea, rendimento de sementes, germinação e envelhecimento acelerado. Os resultados demonstram que esses atributos são influenciados pelas doses de P2O5, resposta contraditória para o índice de clorofila. A espécie Amaranthus cruentus expressa variabilidade quanto aos atributos morfológicos, componentes de produção e qualidade das sementes produzidas em relação ao uso da adubação fosfatada. Doses compreendendo 100 a 200 kg ha-1de P2O5 tendem a potencializar a altura das plantas, o acúmulo de biomassa seca, o rendimento, a germinação e o vigor das sementes produzidas. Plantas com maior estatura e acúmulo de biomassa aumentam a proporção de pigmentos fotossintéticos, sendo esses determinantes para a produção e qualidade de sementes produzidas de amaranto no extremo sul do Brasil.(AU)

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Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is an economically important crop and its cultivation has been expanded across temperate and subtropical regions of Brazil. Growing raspberries under plastic cover has becoming more common worldwide. This study investigated the effect of plastic cover on productive and morphological performance of primocane-fruiting raspberry cultivars, in southern Brazil. The experiment was arranged in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design, with three raspberry cultivars, ‘Heritage’; ‘Fallgold’ and ‘Alemãzinha’; two cultivation systems, presence and absence of plastic cover; and two production cycles, fall and spring. We measured days from transplanting to flowering and harvesting. Plants were evaluated for dry mass of pruning, plant height, stem diameter, plant leaf area, fruit production, number of fruits, fruit weight, fruit longitudinal and transversal diameter, and harvesting period. Plastic cover reduced incident radiation on the canopy by 17 %. Cultivar ‘Heritage’ is early ripening in the fall cycle. The management under plastic cover prolonged the harvesting period of raspberries in the fall productive cycle for the cultivar ‘Heritage’ and, in spring, for cultivars ‘Alemãzinha’ and ‘Fallgold’. In the spring cycle, plants increased their leaf area, fruit production and number of fruits. The cultivar ‘Alemãzinha’ performed better in the spring cycle when managed under plastic cover and was more productive, with a longer productive cycle and larger fruits.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different doses of phosphorus in the growth and development of amaranth plants and in the physiological quality of the seeds produced, as well as to identify the interrelationships between the morphological and physiological attributes. The experiment was carried out in the agricultural crop 2016/2017 in Federal University of Pelotas. The experimental design was a randomized block in which the treatments were arranged in five replications. The analysis of variance revealed a significance of 5% probability through the characters, plant height, dry mass of the plant shoot, seed yield, germination and accelerated aging these results demonstrate that these attributes are influenced by the P2O5 doses, in contrast, the chlorophyll index. The Amaranthus cruentus species expresses variability to the morphological attributes, yield components and seed quality produced in relation to the use of phosphate fertilization. Doses comprising 100 to 200 kg ha-1 of P2O5 tend to potentiate plant height, dry biomass accumulation, yield, germination and vigor of the seeds produced. Plants with greater stature and accumulation of biomass increase the proportion of photosynthetic pigments, being these determinants for the production and quality of seeds produced of amaranth in the extreme south of Brazil.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de fósforo no crescimento e desenvolvimento de plântulas de amaranto e na qualidade fisiológica das sementes produzidas, bem como, identificar as inter-relações entre os atributos morfológicos e fisiológicos. O experimento foi realizado na safra agrícola 2016/2017 da Universidade Federal de Pelotas. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, em que os tratamentos foram dispostos em cinco repetições. A análise de variância revelou significância a 5% de probabilidade para os caracteres, altura da planta, massa seca da parte aérea, rendimento de sementes, germinação e envelhecimento acelerado. Os resultados demonstram que esses atributos são influenciados pelas doses de P2O5, resposta contraditória para o índice de clorofila. A espécie Amaranthus cruentus expressa variabilidade quanto aos atributos morfológicos, componentes de produção e qualidade das sementes produzidas em relação ao uso da adubação fosfatada. Doses compreendendo 100 a 200 kg ha-1de P2O5 tendem a potencializar a altura das plantas, o acúmulo de biomassa seca, o rendimento, a germinação e o vigor das sementes produzidas. Plantas com maior estatura e acúmulo de biomassa aumentam a proporção de pigmentos fotossintéticos, sendo esses determinantes para a produção e qualidade de sementes produzidas de amaranto no extremo sul do Brasil.

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O azevém é uma das principais gramíneas utilizadas nos estados do sul do Brasil para fins de produção de forragem durante os meses de inverno. Sua grande importância é apresentada devido às espécies de ocorrência natural nos campos do sul do Brasil apresentarem baixa produção de matéria seca durante o inverno. Nesse contexto, a qualidade de sementes de azevém apresenta grande importância para o correto estabelecimento de pastagens cultivadas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o benefício da utilização de mesa densimétrica no beneficiamento de lotes de sementes de azevém. Para tanto, foram utilizados dois lotes de sementes de azevém com diferentes níveis de qualidade inicial, os tratamentos foram compostos por quatro pontos de coleta na parte terminal da mesa densimétrica e o controle. Para avaliar o efeito do equipamento, foram realizados testes de germinação, emergência, condutividade elétrica, comprimento de plântulas, comprimento de raízes, peso de hectolitro e capacidade operacional. Observou-se que a mesa densimétrica favorece a qualidade dos lotes de sementes, porém a qualidade inicial dos lotes é um fator decisivo na eficiência dos equipamentos.(AU)

Ryegrass is one of the main grasses used in the southern Brazilian states for forage production during the winter months. Its great importance is presented due to the species of natural occurrence in the fields of southern Brazil presenting low dry matter production during the winter. In this context, the quality of ryegrass seeds is of great importance for the correct establishment of cultivated pastures. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the benefit of the use of densimetric table in the processing of lots of ryegrass seeds. For this, two lots of ryegrass seeds with different levels of initial quality were used, the treatments were composed by four points of collection in the terminal part of the densimetric table and the control. To evaluate the effect of the equipment, tests of germination, emergence, electrical conductivity, seedling length, root length, hectoliter weight and operational capacity were performed. It was observed that the densimetric table favors the quality of the seed lots, but the initial quality of the lots is a decisive factor in the efficiency of the equipment.(AU)

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RESUMO

O azevém é uma das principais gramíneas utilizadas nos estados do sul do Brasil para fins de produção de forragem durante os meses de inverno. Sua grande importância é apresentada devido às espécies de ocorrência natural nos campos do sul do Brasil apresentarem baixa produção de matéria seca durante o inverno. Nesse contexto, a qualidade de sementes de azevém apresenta grande importância para o correto estabelecimento de pastagens cultivadas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o benefício da utilização de mesa densimétrica no beneficiamento de lotes de sementes de azevém. Para tanto, foram utilizados dois lotes de sementes de azevém com diferentes níveis de qualidade inicial, os tratamentos foram compostos por quatro pontos de coleta na parte terminal da mesa densimétrica e o controle. Para avaliar o efeito do equipamento, foram realizados testes de germinação, emergência, condutividade elétrica, comprimento de plântulas, comprimento de raízes, peso de hectolitro e capacidade operacional. Observou-se que a mesa densimétrica favorece a qualidade dos lotes de sementes, porém a qualidade inicial dos lotes é um fator decisivo na eficiência dos equipamentos.

Ryegrass is one of the main grasses used in the southern Brazilian states for forage production during the winter months. Its great importance is presented due to the species of natural occurrence in the fields of southern Brazil presenting low dry matter production during the winter. In this context, the quality of ryegrass seeds is of great importance for the correct establishment of cultivated pastures. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the benefit of the use of densimetric table in the processing of lots of ryegrass seeds. For this, two lots of ryegrass seeds with different levels of initial quality were used, the treatments were composed by four points of collection in the terminal part of the densimetric table and the control. To evaluate the effect of the equipment, tests of germination, emergence, electrical conductivity, seedling length, root length, hectoliter weight and operational capacity were performed. It was observed that the densimetric table favors the quality of the seed lots, but the initial quality of the lots is a decisive factor in the efficiency of the equipment.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Strawberry crop is very sensitive to osmotic stress conditions. We investigated the effect of the stress induced by mild drought (DS) and salt (SS) stresses, on molecular, physiological, and metabolic processes in the strawberry crop (Fragaria ananassa), cv. Camarosa. The results showed that the fruit yield was not affected. Mild DS and SS also resulted in an increased content of phenolics, anthocyanins, and l-ascorbic acid, and an increased antioxidant activity. These effects were accompanied by increased levels of ABA and its derivatives (phaseic and dehydrophasic acids), alongside the upregulation of several genes involved on their synthesis. Therefore, the results obtained in this study suggest that mild DS and SS improve the functional quality of strawberry fruits through and ABA-dependent mechanism.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to assess the behavior of morphological components and yield of simple hybrid corn grains cultivated in different environments. Three field trials were conducted in the state of Rio Grande do Sul under an experimental randomized block design with factorial treatment: seven (simple hybrids) x three (cultivation environments) arranged in three replications. The analysis of variance showed significant interaction between genotype and environment for the traits ear diameter, number of kernels per row, cob diameter, grain mass per ear and grain yield. The number of grains per rows and thousand-grain weights were not influenced by environments, being intrinsic characteristics of each genotype. The length of the cob presents similar among the hybrids, being influenced only by the cultivation environment. The plant height and prolificacy were higher in Vista Gaúcha, RS, however, Tenente Portela, RS, had a higher ear insertion height, grain number per row, ear mass, grain mass per ear and grain yield. Hybrids DKB 290 PRO 3® and DKB 315 PRO 3® presented the highest yields in the average of the environments studied.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento dos caracteres morfológicos e o rendimento de grãos de híbridos simples de milho cultivados em diferentes ambientes. Foram conduzidos três ensaios no Rio Grande do Sul, utilizando o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial, sendo sete (híbridos simples) x três (ambientes de cultivo), dispostos em três repetições. Na análise de variância conjunta observou-se interação genótipos x ambientes para os caracteres diâmetro da espiga, número de grãos por fileira, diâmetro do sabugo, massa de grãos por espiga e rendimento de grãos. O número de fileiras por espiga e a massa de mil grãos não sofreram influência dos ambientes de cultivo sendo características intrínsecas de cada genótipo. O comprimento da espiga foi similar entre os híbridos, sendo influenciado apenas pelo ambiente de cultivo. A altura de planta e prolificidade foram maiores em Vista Gaúcha, RS, já em Tenente Portela foi observado maior altura de inserção de espiga, número de grãos por fileira, massa de espiga, massa de grãos por espiga e rendimento de grãos. Os híbridos DKB 290 PRO 3® e DKB 315 PRO 3® apresentaram as maiores produtividades na média dos ambientes estudados.(AU)

RESUMO

This study sought to evaluate the effects of sources and splitting of nitrogen on the morphological parameters and yield of genetically modified maize hybrids. This study was conducted during 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 growing seasons in Tenente Portela, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Randomized blocks design in factorial arrangement (2 x 2 x 11 x 3) were used for the growing seasons; seasons x maize hybrids x nitrogen management x nitrogen sources, with three replicates. Analysis of variance pointed to interaction between all factors through plant height and number of kernels per row. Significant interaction through season x maize hybrids x nitrogen management for ear insertion height and grain yield. The interaction seasons x nitrogen management x nitrogen sources, and maize hybrids x nitrogen management can be highlighted for the variable ear insertion height. The characteristic thousand grain weight showed interaction through seasons x maize hybrids. Maize hybrids respond similarly to nitrogen management, where different nitrogen sources show similar behavior for the studied variables, without response to grain yield. The different nitrogen management forms caused positive effects on the evaluated variables, especially when performed in the early stages of culture. The current recommendation of nitrogen splitting in maize is adequate, but for the hybrid DKB 250 VT PRO2 ® in water deficit, nitrogen can be applied until the V8 growth stage.(AU)

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar os efeitos do parcelamento e das fontes nitrogenadas aos parâmetros morfológicos e ao rendimento de grãos em híbridos de milho geneticamente modificados. Este estudo foi realizado nas safras agrícolas 2012/2013 e 2013/2014 em Tenente Portela, RS. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso organizado em esquema fatorial (2 x 2 x 11 x 3) sendo, safras agrícolas x híbridos de milho x manejo de nitrogênio x fontes nitrogenadas, dispostos em três repetições. A análise de variância evidenciou interação entre todos os fatores via altura de planta, número de grãos por fileira. Interação significativa via safras agrícolas x híbridos de milho x manejo de nitrogênio para a altura de inserção da espiga e rendimento de grãos. Evidenciou-se interação safras agrícola x manejo de nitrogênio x fontes nitrogenadas, e híbridos de milho x manejo de nitrogênio para a variável altura de inserção da espiga. A característica massa de mil grãos apontou interação via safras agrícolas x híbridos de milho. Os híbridos respondem de maneira similar ao manejo de nitrogênio, onde as diferentes fontes nitrogenadas demonstram comportamento semelhante para as variáveis estudadas, não havendo resposta ao rendimento de grãos. Os diferentes manejos de nitrogênio proporcionam efeitos positivos para as variáveis aferidas, principalmente quando estes foram realizados em estádios iniciais da cultura. A recomendação atual de parcelamento do nitrogênio na cultura do milho está adequada, porém para o híbrido DKB 250 VT PRO2®, em déficit hídrico, o nitrogênio pode ser aplicado até o estádio vegetativo V8.(AU)

RESUMO

This study sought to evaluate the effects of sources and splitting of nitrogen on the morphological parameters and yield of genetically modified maize hybrids. This study was conducted during 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 growing seasons in Tenente Portela, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Randomized blocks design in factorial arrangement (2 x 2 x 11 x 3) were used for the growing seasons; seasons x maize hybrids x nitrogen management x nitrogen sources, with three replicates. Analysis of variance pointed to interaction between all factors through plant height and number of kernels per row. Significant interaction through season x maize hybrids x nitrogen management for ear insertion height and grain yield. The interaction seasons x nitrogen management x nitrogen sources, and maize hybrids x nitrogen management can be highlighted for the variable ear insertion height. The characteristic thousand grain weight showed interaction through seasons x maize hybrids. Maize hybrids respond similarly to nitrogen management, where different nitrogen sources show similar behavior for the studied variables, without response to grain yield. The different nitrogen management forms caused positive effects on the evaluated variables, especially when performed in the early stages of culture. The current recommendation of nitrogen splitting in maize is adequate, but for the hybrid DKB 250 VT PRO2 ® in water deficit, nitrogen can be applied until the V8 growth stage.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar os efeitos do parcelamento e das fontes nitrogenadas aos parâmetros morfológicos e ao rendimento de grãos em híbridos de milho geneticamente modificados. Este estudo foi realizado nas safras agrícolas 2012/2013 e 2013/2014 em Tenente Portela, RS. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso organizado em esquema fatorial (2 x 2 x 11 x 3) sendo, safras agrícolas x híbridos de milho x manejo de nitrogênio x fontes nitrogenadas, dispostos em três repetições. A análise de variância evidenciou interação entre todos os fatores via altura de planta, número de grãos por fileira. Interação significativa via safras agrícolas x híbridos de milho x manejo de nitrogênio para a altura de inserção da espiga e rendimento de grãos. Evidenciou-se interação safras agrícola x manejo de nitrogênio x fontes nitrogenadas, e híbridos de milho x manejo de nitrogênio para a variável altura de inserção da espiga. A característica massa de mil grãos apontou interação via safras agrícolas x híbridos de milho. Os híbridos respondem de maneira similar ao manejo de nitrogênio, onde as diferentes fontes nitrogenadas demonstram comportamento semelhante para as variáveis estudadas, não havendo resposta ao rendimento de grãos. Os diferentes manejos de nitrogênio proporcionam efeitos positivos para as variáveis aferidas, principalmente quando estes foram realizados em estádios iniciais da cultura. A recomendação atual de parcelamento do nitrogênio na cultura do milho está adequada, porém para o híbrido DKB 250 VT PRO2®, em déficit hídrico, o nitrogênio pode ser aplicado até o estádio vegetativo V8.