RESUMO
Epilepsy represents a condition in which abnormal neuronal discharges or the hyperexcitability of neurons occur with synchronicity, presenting a significant public health challenge. Prognostic factors, such as etiology, electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities, the type and number of seizures before treatment, as well as the initial unsatisfactory effects of medications, are important considerations. Although there are several third-generation antiepileptic drugs currently available, their multiple side effects can negatively affect patient quality of life. The inheritance and etiology of epilepsy are complex, involving multiple underlying genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Different neurotransmitters play crucial roles in maintaining the normal physiology of different neurons. Dysregulations in neurotransmission, due to abnormal transmitter levels or changes in their receptors, can result in seizures. In this review, we address the roles played by various neurotransmitters and their receptors in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Furthermore, we extensively explore the neurological mechanisms involved in the development and progression of epilepsy, along with its risk factors. Furthermore, we highlight the new therapeutic targets, along with pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies currently employed in the treatment of epileptic syndromes, including drug interventions employed in clinical trials related to epilepsy.
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Abstract Endophytic microorganisms are those that inhabit the interior of plant tissues and organs without causing damage to the plant, triggering a mutualistic interaction. These endophytes are known to produce compounds with various applications in the areas of biotechnology, pharmaceutical industry and agriculture; therefore, molecular methods are used to investigate the phylogeny of these organisms. The Brazilian Cerrado is the second largest biome in Brazil and is considered a hotspot, with a high diversity of endemic fauna and flora. The objective of this work was to analyze, through in silico analysis, the phylogeny of cultivable endophytic fungi isolated from plants found in the Brazilian Cerrado biome. A search was carried out for articles that worked with endophytes in the period between 2012 and 2022. The dendrogram was generated using the Neighbor-joining method based on the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 conserved region obtained by GenBank codes of isolated endophytes. The genera Xylaria, Diaporthe, and Colletotrichum were isolated in more than three plants in the seven articles found. Most of the articles found related to the biodiversity of endophytic fungi from the Brazilian Cerrado aim at the bioprospecting of bioactive compounds, through culture-dependent methods; as such, a part of endophytic diversity may be lost due to the inability of certain endophytes to grow in artificial media. In silico analysis can assist in the investigation of phylogenetic relationships between endophytic fungi and has the potential to guide future work aimed at prospecting for bioactive compounds, phylogenetic identification, or biodiversity of this group of endophytes.
Resumo Microrganismos endofíticos são aqueles que vivem no interior de tecidos e órgãos vegetais sem causar dano à planta, desencadeando uma interação mutualística. Esses endófitos são conhecidos por produzir compostos com diversas aplicações nas áreas de biotecnologia, indústria farmacêutica e agricultura; logo, métodos moleculares são utilizados para investigar a filogenia destes organismos. O Cerrado brasileiro é o segundo maior bioma do Brasil e é considerado um hotspot, com uma alta diversidade de fauna e flora endêmica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar, por meio da análise in silico, a filogenia de fungos endofíticos cultiváveis isolados de plantas encontradas no bioma Cerrado brasileiro. Foi realizada uma busca por artigos que trabalharam com endófitos no período entre 2012 e 2022. O dendrograma foi gerado usando o método Neighbor-joining baseado na região conservada ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 obtida pelos códigos GenBank de endófitos isolados. Os gêneros Xylaria, Diaporthe e Colletotrichum foram isolados em mais de três plantas nos sete artigos encontrados. A maior parte dos artigos encontrados relacionados à biodiversidade de fungos endofíticos do Cerrado brasileiro visam à bioprospecção de compostos bioativos, através de métodos dependentes de cultura; como tal, uma parte da diversidade endofítica pode ser perdida devido à incapacidade de certos endófitos crescerem em meios artificiais. A análise in silico pode auxiliar na investigação das relações filogenéticas entre fungos endofíticos e tem potencial para orientar trabalhos futuros voltados à prospecção de compostos bioativos, identificação filogenética ou biodiversidade deste grupo de endófitos.
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The importance of neuroinflammation in neurology is becoming increasingly apparent. In addition to neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis, the role of neuroinflammation has been identified in many non-inflammatory neurological disorders such as stroke, epilepsy, and cancer. The immune response within the brain involves the presence of CNS resident cells; mainly glial cells, such as microglia, the CNS resident macrophages. We evaluated the peptide Ca-MAP1 bioinspired on the C. albicans immature cytolytic toxin candidalysin to develop a less hemolytic peptide with anti-neuroinflammatory, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activity against tumor cells. In silico and in vitro studies were performed at various concentrations. Ca-MAP1 exhibits low hemolytic activity at lower concentrations and was not cytotoxic to MRC-5 and BV-2 cells. Ca-MAP1 showed activity against Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli ATCC, E. coli KPC, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC. Furthermore, Ca-MAP1 exhibits anti-neuroinflammatory activity in the BV-2 microglia model, with 93.78% inhibition of nitrate production at 18.1 µM. Ca-MAP1 presents cytotoxic activity against tumor cell line NCI-H292 at 36.3 µM, with an IC50 of 38.4 µM. Ca-MAP1 demonstrates results that qualify it to be evaluated in the next steps to promote the control of infections and provide an alternative antitumor therapy.
Assuntos
Escherichia coli , Micotoxinas , Micotoxinas/toxicidade , Micotoxinas/metabolismo , Nitratos/metabolismo , Candida albicans , Antibacterianos/química , Peptídeos/química , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Nature presents a wide range of biomolecules with pharmacological potential, including venomous animal proteins. Among the protein components from snake venoms, phospholipases (PLA2) are of great importance for the development of new anticancer compounds. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the PLA2 anticancer properties from Bothrops moojeni venom. The crude venom was purified through three chromatographic steps, monitored by enzymatic activity and SDS-PAGE (12%). The purified PLA2 denominated BmPLA2 had its molecular mass and N-terminal sequence identified by mass spectrometry and Edman degradation, respectively. BmPLA2 was assayed against human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2), human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lung (NCI-H292), using human fibroblast cells (MRC-5) and microglia cells (BV-2) as a cytotoxicity control. BmPLA2 presented 13,836 Da and a 24 amino acid-residue homologue with snake PLA2, which showed a 90% similarity with other Bothrops moojeni PLA2. BmPLA2 displayed an IC50 of 0.6 µM against Caco-2, and demonstrated a selectivity index of 1.85 (compared to MRC-5) and 6.33 (compared to BV-2), supporting its selectivity for cancer cells. In conclusion, we describe a new acidic phospholipase, which showed antitumor activity and is a potential candidate in the development of new biotechnological tools.
RESUMO
The health-disease process can be influenced by the intestinal microbiota. As this plays a fundamental role in protecting the organism, the importance of studying the composition and diversity of this community becomes increasingly evident. Changes in the composition of the intestinal bacterial community may result in dysbiosis, and this process may contribute to triggering various diseases in all biological systems. This imbalance of intestinal microbiota homeostasis may alter commensal bacteria and the host metabolism, as well as immune function. Dysbiosis also causes an increase in intestinal permeability due to exposure to molecular patterns associated with the pathogen and lipopolysaccharides, leading to a chronic inflammatory process that can result in diseases for all biological systems. In this context, dietary intervention through the use of probiotics, prebiotics and antioxidant foods can be considered a contribution to the modulation of intestinal microbiota. Probiotics have been used to provide up to 10 billion colony forming units, and probiotic foods, Kefir and fermented natural yogurt are also used. Prebiotics, in turn, are found in supplemental formulations of processed foods and in functional foods that are also sources of phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory substances, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. In this review, we will discuss the relationship between an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota with the development of diseases, besides indicating the need for future studies that can establish bacterial parameters for the gastrointestinal tract by modulating the intestinal microbiota, associated with the adoption of healthy habits during all life cycles.
Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Probióticos , Dieta , Disbiose/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Intestinos , PrebióticosRESUMO
Functional clinical nutrition is an integrative science; it uses dietary strategies, functional foods and medicinal plants, as well as combinations thereof. Both functional foods and medicinal plants, whether associated or not, form nutraceuticals, which can bring benefits to health, in addition to being included in the prevention and treatment of diseases. Some functional food effects from Avena sativa L. (oats), Linum usitatissimum L. (brown flaxseed), Glycine max L. (soya) and Moringa oleifera have been proposed for nutritional disorders through in vitro and in vivo tests. A formulation called a bioactive food compound (BFC) showed efficiency in the association of oats, flaxseed and soy for dyslipidemia and obesity. In this review, we discuss the effects of BFC in other nutritional disorders, as well as the beneficial effects of M. oleifera in obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, metabolic syndrome, intestinal inflammatory diseases/colorectal carcinogenesis and malnutrition. In addition, we hypothesized that a BFC enriched with M. oleifera could present a synergistic effect and play a potential benefit in nutritional disorders. The traditional consumption of M. oleifera preparations can allow associations with other formulations, such as BFC. These nutraceutical formulations can be easily accepted and can be used in sweet preparations (fruit and/or vegetable juices, fruit and/or vegetable vitamins, porridges, yogurt, cream, mousses or fruit salads, cakes and cookies) or savory (vegetable purees, soups, broths and various sauces), cooked or not. These formulations can be low-cost and easy-to-use. The association of bioactive food substances in dietary formulations can facilitate adherence to consumption and, thus, contribute to the planning of future nutritional interventions for the prevention and adjuvant treatment of the clinical conditions presented in this study. This can be extended to the general population. However, an investigation through clinical studies is needed to prove applicability in humans.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais , Alimento Funcional , Distúrbios Nutricionais/terapia , Terapia Nutricional/métodos , Compostos Fitoquímicos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Avena , Linho , Humanos , Moringa oleifera , Glycine maxRESUMO
Leishmaniasis is a disease complex with various clinical symptoms caused by different species of parasites of the genus Leishmania. The visceral form of the disease, characterized by severe symptoms is fatal, if not treated. The high toxicity of current antileishmanial drugs and the need for long-term treatment make the therapy complicated, especially in a large number of infected children. Hence, the search for new therapies must be intensified. Oral administration of the trace element zinc has been considered in alternative treatments against different clinical forms of leishmaniasis. This study revealed that the administration of zinc in children with visceral leishmaniasis, during treatment with amphotericin B or glucantime, accelerates the regression of the spleen enlargement without interfering with the recovery of hematological parameters.
Assuntos
Anfotericina B/administração & dosagem , Antiprotozoários/administração & dosagem , Suplementos Nutricionais , Leishmaniose Visceral/tratamento farmacológico , Meglumina/administração & dosagem , Compostos Organometálicos/administração & dosagem , Zinco/administração & dosagem , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Doenças Endêmicas , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Leishmaniose Visceral/sangue , Leishmaniose Visceral/patologia , Fígado/parasitologia , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Antimoniato de Meglumina , Baço/parasitologia , Baço/patologia , Zinco/sangueRESUMO
Polydextrose (PDX) ingestion may increase the intestinal absorption of iron. This study evaluated the effects of 7.5% polydextrose supplementation on markers of iron uptake, transport and storage in partially gastrectomized rats. Half of a batch of 40 male Wistar rats (250 g) underwent Billroth II partial gastrectomy with anterior truncal vagotomy (GXT), while the other half underwent sham gastrectomy (SHAM). At 7 postoperative days, the animals were subdivided into four groups (n = 10): Sham Control and GXT Control (no polydextrose); Sham PDX and GXT PDX (with 7.5% PDX). The animals were euthanized after 60 day of PDX treatment. Organ weight, cecal pH, the characterization and quantification of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), hematological parameters, hepatic iron content and the expression of ferroportin (FPT) in the jejunum, cecum, colon and liver were evaluated. PDX caused changes in the cecum of the supplemented animals, where there was a decrease in pH, increase in cecal wall and marked production of SCFA, especially acetic and propionic acids (p < 0.05). Hepatic iron levels were lower in GXT animals. PDX increased hemoglobin (HGB) values by 29.2% and hematocrit (HCT) by 55.8% in the GXT PDX group compared to the GXT Control group. The GXT PDX group had lower hepatic FPT expression (p < 0.05). PDX led to increased SCFA concentration in the supplemented animals. Considering that SCFAs play a central role in the increasing nutrients uptake, this mechanism may be involved in altering the hematology profile observed in these animals but not enough to reverse iron deficiency anemia in post-gastrectomy rats.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/metabolismo , Gastrectomia , Glucanos/farmacologia , Ferro/metabolismo , Anemia Ferropriva , Animais , Fibras na Dieta , Glucanos/administração & dosagem , Hematócrito , Absorção Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Background: Melanomas are typically malignant neoplasms commonly observed in the oral cavity of dogs. The classical presentation of melanomas with characteristic melanin pigmentation is easy to diagnose; however, in some cases, the lack of melanin production in the amelanotic oral tumors cause a delay in establishing the precocious diagnosis and consequent treatment. The aim of this report was to evaluate the histopathological and immunohistochemical aspects of an oral amelanotic melanoma with osteocartilaginous formation and metastasis in a dog, in a temporal way.Case: A 10-year-old male German Shepherd dog, presenting mouth bleeding with an amelanotic melanoma located between the upper incisors was received at the Veterinary Hospital of the Catholic University Dom Bosco (UCDB), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. The animal was clinically evaluated and radiography was performed. The tumor was surgically removed and a sample was collected for histopathological examination that revealed spindloid and some epithelioid morphological cell types surrounded by a fibromatous matrix with moderate amounts of fibrovascular stroma. Approximately 1 month after surgical removal, recovery of the tumor was observed, and a second clinical analysis and collection of sample were performed. These procedures were repeated three times showing the same histopathological characteristics added by myxoid, chondroid, fibromatous tissue, and small groups of chondrocytes as well as central areas of irregular mineralized spicules. X-ray examination revealed proliferative and lytic bone infiltration in the jaw. Immunohistochemical analysis for melanocytic differentiation markers was performed showing positivity to Melan-A, tyrosinase and HMB-45 immunoreactivity, while no S100 reactivity was detected. After 11 months of the first biopsy, pleural effusion and radiopaque disseminated nodules of 1cm in the lungs were detected by X-ray. The animal died and necropsy was conducted.[...](AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Adulto , Cães , Melanoma Amelanótico/veterinária , Neoplasias Bucais/veterinária , Metástase Neoplásica/diagnóstico por imagem , Pulmão/patologia , Imuno-Histoquímica/métodosRESUMO
Background: Melanomas are typically malignant neoplasms commonly observed in the oral cavity of dogs. The classical presentation of melanomas with characteristic melanin pigmentation is easy to diagnose; however, in some cases, the lack of melanin production in the amelanotic oral tumors cause a delay in establishing the precocious diagnosis and consequent treatment. The aim of this report was to evaluate the histopathological and immunohistochemical aspects of an oral amelanotic melanoma with osteocartilaginous formation and metastasis in a dog, in a temporal way.Case: A 10-year-old male German Shepherd dog, presenting mouth bleeding with an amelanotic melanoma located between the upper incisors was received at the Veterinary Hospital of the Catholic University Dom Bosco (UCDB), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. The animal was clinically evaluated and radiography was performed. The tumor was surgically removed and a sample was collected for histopathological examination that revealed spindloid and some epithelioid morphological cell types surrounded by a fibromatous matrix with moderate amounts of fibrovascular stroma. Approximately 1 month after surgical removal, recovery of the tumor was observed, and a second clinical analysis and collection of sample were performed. These procedures were repeated three times showing the same histopathological characteristics added by myxoid, chondroid, fibromatous tissue, and small groups of chondrocytes as well as central areas of irregular mineralized spicules. X-ray examination revealed proliferative and lytic bone infiltration in the jaw. Immunohistochemical analysis for melanocytic differentiation markers was performed showing positivity to Melan-A, tyrosinase and HMB-45 immunoreactivity, while no S100 reactivity was detected. After 11 months of the first biopsy, pleural effusion and radiopaque disseminated nodules of 1cm in the lungs were detected by X-ray. The animal died and necropsy was conducted.[...]
Assuntos
Masculino , Animais , Adulto , Cães , Melanoma Amelanótico/veterinária , Metástase Neoplásica/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Bucais/veterinária , Imuno-Histoquímica/métodos , Pulmão/patologiaRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the performance and economic viability of including the aerial parts of cassava (PAM) in the feed of semi-confined lambs for partial reduction of food concentrates. Fifty-six sheep, including males and females of the Pantaneira genetic group weighing 18.84 ± 2.02 kg on an average were used. The experiment was conducted in a factorial randomized complete block design with four treatments, each with seven females and seven males. Each group of 14 animals received one of four treatments: control, 10% of food concentrate in diet replaced with PAM, 20% replaced with PAM, and 30% replaced with PAM. The average total gain in weight (GWT) of the male lambs was 26.89% higher than the gains observed in females. Based on the cost analysis, we observed a linear effect (P < 0.01), i.e., a decrease in the feed cost for male and female groups with increase in PAM content. For the study period, the expenditure for the control male group was the highest at $ 17.60 per animal. Expenditure for the PAM 30 male group was the lowest at $ 12.74 per animal. These figures reflect the actual operating costs (COE), i.e., the power is 75.78% and 74.77%, for male and female groups respectively. The total cost, decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with PAM 30 treatment costing the least at $ 47.90, which was $ 7.02 lower than the control. When assessing the net margin per kilogram among the female groups, we observed a quadratic effect (P < 0.01) with a maximum gain of 23.98% when adding PAM and $ 0.50 kg-1. Our results show that the raising of lambs in semi-confinement was economically viable, and the addition of the aerial part of processed cassava in the feed presented a higher economic return. Further, the addition of aerial parts of cassava did not affect the performance of the lambs.(AU)
Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo e viabilidade econômica da inclusão da parte aérea de mandioca in natura na ração de cordeiros semi-confinados, em busca da redução parcial de alimentos concentrados. Foram utilizados 56 ovinos da raça Pantaneira, sendo 28 machos e 28 fêmeas, com idade média de 75 dias, pesos médios de 18,84kg ± 2,02, avaliados durante os meses de janeiro a março de 2015, totalizando 65 dias. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados com quatro tratamentos, cada um com 7 fêmeas e 7 machos, sendo que foram divididos de forma que os pesos e os animais fossem o mais homogêneos. Cada grupo de 14 animais recebeu um dos quatro tratamentos: Controle; tratamento com adição de 10% PAM em substituição ao concentrado; tratamento com adição de 20% de PAM em substituição ao concentrado e tratamento com adição de 30% de PAM em substituição ao concentrado. O valor de ganho médio total (GPT) dos cordeiros machos foi 26,89% superior aos ganhos observados no grupamento de fêmeas. Com base no centro de custos foi observado efeito linear (P < 0,01) decrescente no valor da alimentação para os grupamentos de macho e fêmea. Sendo o tratamento controle o maior dispêndio no período com R$ 56,86 animal-1 e o tratamento PAM 30 o menor valor com R$ 41,17 animal-1 no grupamento de machos. Estes valores refletiram no custo operacional efetivo (COE), ou seja, a alimentação representa 75,78% e 74,77%, do COE para os grupamentos de macho e fêmea respectivamente. O custo total apresentou efeito linear (P < 0,05) decrescente, o tratamento PAM 30 o menor valor apurado R$ 154,72. Resultando em redução no custo total em R$ 22,69 em relação ao tratamento controle (R$ 177,41). Ao se avaliar a margem liquida por quilo dentre o grupamento de fêmeas observou efeito quadrático (P < 0,01) com ponto de máxima em 23,98% de adição de PAM e valor em R$ 1,61 Kg ganho-1. [...](AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Manihot , Ovinos , Ração Animal/análise , Dieta/veterinária , Análise Custo-BenefícioRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with three formulations of nutritional blocks and its consumption by 60 sheep from the Pantaneiro genetic group. The animals were weighed (35 kg ± 4.69) and separated into three groups of 20 each: G1 (control block), G2 (block with palatalising), and G3 (block + garlic extract). The solidified mineral supplement of silage of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) provided ad libitum had an estimated consumption of 0.6%/kg/day. The sheep were kept in pastures in a grazing system cultivated with the grass Brachiaria brizantha Marandu. The best performance was obtained by G2 (P < 0.05) for weight gain, with 105 g of feed conversion ratio 75% more efficient than G1 and 107% more efficient than G3. The provision of multinutrient blocks for sheep kept in pastures of U. brizantha Marandu contributed to the improvement of the animal"s nutritional status. Among the formulations tested, the block with palatalising showed the highest rate of food conversion. The block with garlic extract had an inhibitory effect on reinfection by gastrointestinal nematodes after 30 days.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ovinos , Aumento de Peso , Ração Animal/análise , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Alho , Análise Custo-Eficiência , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with three formulations of nutritional blocks and its consumption by 60 sheep from the Pantaneiro genetic group. The animals were weighed (35 kg ± 4.69) and separated into three groups of 20 each: G1 (control block), G2 (block with palatalising), and G3 (block + garlic extract). The solidified mineral supplement of silage of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) provided ad libitum had an estimated consumption of 0.6%/kg/day. The sheep were kept in pastures in a grazing system cultivated with the grass Brachiaria brizantha Marandu. The best performance was obtained by G2 (P < 0.05) for weight gain, with 105 g of feed conversion ratio 75% more efficient than G1 and 107% more efficient than G3. The provision of multinutrient blocks for sheep kept in pastures of U. brizantha Marandu contributed to the improvement of the animal"s nutritional status. Among the formulations tested, the block with palatalising showed the highest rate of food conversion. The block with garlic extract had an inhibitory effect on reinfection by gastrointestinal nematodes after 30 days.
Assuntos
Animais , Alho , Aumento de Peso , Ovinos , Ração Animal/análise , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Análise Custo-Eficiência , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the performance and economic viability of including the aerial parts of cassava (PAM) in the feed of semi-confined lambs for partial reduction of food concentrates. Fifty-six sheep, including males and females of the Pantaneira genetic group weighing 18.84 ± 2.02 kg on an average were used. The experiment was conducted in a factorial randomized complete block design with four treatments, each with seven females and seven males. Each group of 14 animals received one of four treatments: control, 10% of food concentrate in diet replaced with PAM, 20% replaced with PAM, and 30% replaced with PAM. The average total gain in weight (GWT) of the male lambs was 26.89% higher than the gains observed in females. Based on the cost analysis, we observed a linear effect (P < 0.01), i.e., a decrease in the feed cost for male and female groups with increase in PAM content. For the study period, the expenditure for the control male group was the highest at $ 17.60 per animal. Expenditure for the PAM 30 male group was the lowest at $ 12.74 per animal. These figures reflect the actual operating costs (COE), i.e., the power is 75.78% and 74.77%, for male and female groups respectively. The total cost, decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with PAM 30 treatment costing the least at $ 47.90, which was $ 7.02 lower than the control. When assessing the net margin per kilogram among the female groups, we observed a quadratic effect (P < 0.01) with a maximum gain of 23.98% when adding PAM and $ 0.50 kg-1. Our results show that the raising of lambs in semi-confinement was economically viable, and the addition of the aerial part of processed cassava in the feed presented a higher economic return. Further, the addition of aerial parts of cassava did not affect the performance of the lambs.
Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo e viabilidade econômica da inclusão da parte aérea de mandioca in natura na ração de cordeiros semi-confinados, em busca da redução parcial de alimentos concentrados. Foram utilizados 56 ovinos da raça Pantaneira, sendo 28 machos e 28 fêmeas, com idade média de 75 dias, pesos médios de 18,84kg ± 2,02, avaliados durante os meses de janeiro a março de 2015, totalizando 65 dias. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados com quatro tratamentos, cada um com 7 fêmeas e 7 machos, sendo que foram divididos de forma que os pesos e os animais fossem o mais homogêneos. Cada grupo de 14 animais recebeu um dos quatro tratamentos: Controle; tratamento com adição de 10% PAM em substituição ao concentrado; tratamento com adição de 20% de PAM em substituição ao concentrado e tratamento com adição de 30% de PAM em substituição ao concentrado. O valor de ganho médio total (GPT) dos cordeiros machos foi 26,89% superior aos ganhos observados no grupamento de fêmeas. Com base no centro de custos foi observado efeito linear (P < 0,01) decrescente no valor da alimentação para os grupamentos de macho e fêmea. Sendo o tratamento controle o maior dispêndio no período com R$ 56,86 animal-1 e o tratamento PAM 30 o menor valor com R$ 41,17 animal-1 no grupamento de machos. Estes valores refletiram no custo operacional efetivo (COE), ou seja, a alimentação representa 75,78% e 74,77%, do COE para os grupamentos de macho e fêmea respectivamente. O custo total apresentou efeito linear (P < 0,05) decrescente, o tratamento PAM 30 o menor valor apurado R$ 154,72. Resultando em redução no custo total em R$ 22,69 em relação ao tratamento controle (R$ 177,41). Ao se avaliar a margem liquida por quilo dentre o grupamento de fêmeas observou efeito quadrático (P < 0,01) com ponto de máxima em 23,98% de adição de PAM e valor em R$ 1,61 Kg ganho-1. [...]
Assuntos
Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Manihot , Ovinos , Ração Animal/análise , Análise Custo-BenefícioRESUMO
Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a influência da inclusão da rama de mandioca na dieta de cordeiros confinados, substituindo-se parcialmente de alimentos concentrados, a fim de reduzir custos de produção. O experimento foi conduzido no Centro de Tecnologia de Ovinos (CTO), no município de Campo Grande - MS. Foram utilizados 28 ovinos da raça Pantaneira, sendo 14 machos e 14 fêmeas, com idade média de 75 dias, pesos médios de 18,84 kg ± 2,02 durante 65 dias. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados em método fatorial (2x2), com dois fatores, distribuídos em 7 fêmeas e 7 machos. As dietas recebidas foram: tratamento 1 Controle e tratamento 2 10% Parte Aérea da Mandioca (PAM 10) em substituição ao concentrado, compondo dois fatores. A análise econômica do desempenho dos animais demonstrou os menores custos de alimentação, menores juros sobre o capital de giro e maior margem líquida para o tratamento PAM 10. Esse resultado permite concluir que inclusão da rama de mandioca na dieta de cordeiros confinados, em substituição parcial de alimentos concentrados pode resultar em maior lucratividade.(AU)
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of inclusion of cassava raw in the diet of lambs, partially replacing concentrate food in order to reduce production costs. The experiment was conducted at Sheep Technology Centre, in Campo Grande - MS. 28 sheep were used in the Pantaneira race, 14 males and 14 females, mean age of 75 days, average weight 18.84 kg ± 2.02 for 65 days. The experimental design were in randomized blocks in a factorial method (2x2) with two factors, distributed in 7 females and 7 males. Received diets were: treatment 1 control and treatment 2 10% Air Part of Cassava (PAM 10) replacing concentrate, comprising two factors. The economic analysis of animal performance demonstrated the lowest feeding costs, lower interest on working capital and higher net margin for the treatment PAM 10. These results allow us to conclude that inclusion of raw cassava in the diet of lambs in partial replacement of concentrate can result in higher profitability.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ovinos , Dieta/veterinária , Manihot/metabolismo , Custos e Análise de CustoRESUMO
Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a influência da inclusão da rama de mandioca na dieta de cordeiros confinados, substituindo-se parcialmente de alimentos concentrados, a fim de reduzir custos de produção. O experimento foi conduzido no Centro de Tecnologia de Ovinos (CTO), no município de Campo Grande - MS. Foram utilizados 28 ovinos da raça Pantaneira, sendo 14 machos e 14 fêmeas, com idade média de 75 dias, pesos médios de 18,84 kg ± 2,02 durante 65 dias. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados em método fatorial (2x2), com dois fatores, distribuídos em 7 fêmeas e 7 machos. As dietas recebidas foram: tratamento 1 Controle e tratamento 2 10% Parte Aérea da Mandioca (PAM 10) em substituição ao concentrado, compondo dois fatores. A análise econômica do desempenho dos animais demonstrou os menores custos de alimentação, menores juros sobre o capital de giro e maior margem líquida para o tratamento PAM 10. Esse resultado permite concluir que inclusão da rama de mandioca na dieta de cordeiros confinados, em substituição parcial de alimentos concentrados pode resultar em maior lucratividade.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of inclusion of cassava raw in the diet of lambs, partially replacing concentrate food in order to reduce production costs. The experiment was conducted at Sheep Technology Centre, in Campo Grande - MS. 28 sheep were used in the Pantaneira race, 14 males and 14 females, mean age of 75 days, average weight 18.84 kg ± 2.02 for 65 days. The experimental design were in randomized blocks in a factorial method (2x2) with two factors, distributed in 7 females and 7 males. Received diets were: treatment 1 control and treatment 2 10% Air Part of Cassava (PAM 10) replacing concentrate, comprising two factors. The economic analysis of animal performance demonstrated the lowest feeding costs, lower interest on working capital and higher net margin for the treatment PAM 10. These results allow us to conclude that inclusion of raw cassava in the diet of lambs in partial replacement of concentrate can result in higher profitability.
Assuntos
Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Manihot/metabolismo , Ovinos , Custos e Análise de CustoRESUMO
Visceral leishmaniasis affects various organs including the kidneys; which can lead to renal failure and death. In order to verify this renal involvement, material was evaluated from 100 dogs naturally infected and with serological diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). Inflammatory changes were present in 25.3% of the tubules, in 67.0% of interstitium and in 52.0% of glomeruli. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the presence of glomerulonephritis in symptomatic and oligosymptomatic dogs. The membranous and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis were the most frequent, both with 18.0% frequency, followed by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with 14.0%. Changes such as cylindruria, tubular and fibrosis hypertrophy, periglomerular inflammatory infiltrate, and multifocal and diffuse peritubular inflammatory infiltrate were observed. The findings are consistent with those of other authors indicating that renal involvement is common in CVL and the standards of membranous and membranoploriferative glomerulonephritis, as well as the tubulointerstitial involvement, are frequent.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/patologia , Glomerulonefrite/veterinária , Rim/patologia , Leishmaniose Visceral/veterinária , Animais , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Cães , Feminino , Glomerulonefrite/parasitologia , Glomerulonefrite/patologia , Leishmaniose Visceral/complicações , Leishmaniose Visceral/patologia , MasculinoRESUMO
Visceral leishmaniasis affects various organs including the kidneys; which can lead to renal failure and death. In order to verify this renal involvement, material was evaluated from 100 dogs naturally infected and with serological diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). Inflammatory changes were present in 25.3% of the tubules, in 67.0% of interstitium and in 52.0% of glomeruli. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the presence of glomerulonephritis in symptomatic and oligosymptomatic dogs. The membranous and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis were the most frequent, both with 18.0% frequency, followed by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with 14.0%. Changes such as cylindruria, tubular and fibrosis hypertrophy, periglomerular inflammatory infiltrate, and multifocal and diffuse peritubular inflammatory infiltrate were observed. The findings are consistent with those of other authors indicating that renal involvement is common in CVL and the standards of membranous and membranoploriferative glomerulonephritis, as well as the tubulointerstitial involvement, are frequent.
A leishmaniose visceral acomete vários órgãos entre eles os rins; o que pode levar a insuficiência renal e a morte. Com o objetivo de verificar este acometimento renal foram avaliados materiais de 100 cães naturalmente infectados e com diagnósticos sorológicos de leishmaniose visceral canina - LVC. As alterações inflamatórias estavam presentes em 25,3% dos túbulos, em 67,0% do interstício e em 52,0% dos glomérulos. Não houve diferença significativa (p > 0,05) entre a presença de glomerulonefrite em cães sintomáticos e oligossintomáticos. As glomerulonefrites membranosa e membrano proliferativa foram as mais freqüentes, ambas com 18,0% de freqüência seguidas da glomeruloesclerose segmentar e focal com 14,0%. Foram observadas alterações como cilindrúria, hipertrofia tubular e fibrose e infiltrados inflamatórios periglomerulares e peritubulares multifocais e difusos. Os achados concordam com os de outros autores indicando que o acometimento renal é comum na LVC e que os padrões de glomerulonefrites membranoploriferativa e membranosa; assim como o acometimento tubulointersticial são freqüentes.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Feminino , Masculino , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Glomerulonefrite/veterinária , Rim/patologia , Leishmaniose Visceral/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Glomerulonefrite/parasitologia , Glomerulonefrite/patologia , Leishmaniose Visceral/complicações , Leishmaniose Visceral/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The factors contributing to chronic Chagas' heart disease remain unknown. High nitric oxide (NO) levels have been shown to be associated with cardiomyopathy severity in patients. Further, NO produced via inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NOS2) is proposed to play a role in Trypanosoma cruzi control. However, the participation of iNOS/NOS2 and NO in T. cruzi control and heart injury has been questioned. Here, using chronically infected rhesus monkeys and iNOS/NOS2-deficient (Nos2(-/-)) mice we explored the participation of iNOS/NOS2-derived NO in heart injury in T. cruzi infection. METHODOLOGY: Rhesus monkeys and C57BL/6 and Nos2(-/-) mice were infected with the Colombian T. cruzi strain. Parasite DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction, T. cruzi antigens and iNOS/NOS2(+) cells were immunohistochemically detected in heart sections and NO levels in serum were determined by Griess reagent. Heart injury was assessed by electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram (ECHO), creatine kinase heart isoenzyme (CK-MB) activity levels in serum and connexin 43 (Cx43) expression in the cardiac tissue. RESULTS: Chronically infected monkeys presented conduction abnormalities, cardiac inflammation and fibrosis, which resembled the spectrum of human chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC). Importantly, chronic myocarditis was associated with parasite persistence. Moreover, Cx43 loss and increased CK-MB activity levels were primarily correlated with iNOS/NOS2(+) cells infiltrating the cardiac tissue and NO levels in serum. Studies in Nos2(-/-) mice reinforced that the iNOS/NOS2-NO pathway plays a pivotal role in T. cruzi-elicited cardiomyocyte injury and in conduction abnormalities that were associated with Cx43 loss in the cardiac tissue. CONCLUSION: T. cruzi-infected rhesus monkeys reproduce features of CCC. Moreover, our data support that in T. cruzi infection persistent parasite-triggered iNOS/NOS2 in the cardiac tissue and NO overproduction might contribute to CCC severity, mainly disturbing of the molecular pathway involved in electrical synchrony. These findings open a new avenue for therapeutic tools in Chagas' heart disease.
Assuntos
Cardiomiopatia Chagásica/patologia , Miocárdio/enzimologia , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/análise , Óxido Nítrico/sangue , Soro/química , Trypanosoma cruzi/patogenicidade , Animais , Cardiomiopatia Chagásica/parasitologia , Conexina 43/análise , Creatina Quinase/sangue , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ecocardiografia , Eletrocardiografia , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Macaca mulatta , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Miocárdio/patologiaRESUMO
One hundred years ago, Carlos Chagas discovered a new disease, the American trypanosomiasis. Chagas and co-workers later characterised the disease's common manifestation, chronic cardiomyopathy, and suggested that parasitic persistence coupled with inflammation was the key underlying pathogenic mechanism. Better comprehension of the molecular mechanisms leading to clinical heart afflictions is a prerequisite to developing new therapies that ameliorate inflammation and improve heart function without hampering parasite control. Here, we review recent data showing that distinct cell adhesion molecules, chemokines and chemokine receptors participate in anti-parasite immunity and/or detrimental leukocyte trafficking to the heart. Moreover, we offer evidence that CC-chemokine receptors may be attractive therapeutic targets aiming to regain homeostatic balance in parasite/host interaction thereby improving prognosis, supporting that it is becoming a non-phantasious proposal.