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The genus Botanophila Lioy has several species distributed in North America, but none had been recorded from Mexico. Here we describe three new species of Botanophila from the highlands of the Mexican Transition Zone. We include images of habitus, drawings of the terminalia and a key to facilitate the identification of species. Remarkably, the male of the new species has dichoptic eyes, an unusual characteristic in Anthomyiidae.
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Dípteros , Animais , Masculino , MéxicoRESUMO
Stomopogon Malloch (Diptera, Muscidae) is a Neotropical genus recorded from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile and Peru. In this contribution, the genus is revised, and three new species are described, one from Bolivia (Murillo, La Paz), one from Brazil (Palmas, Paraná) and one from Peru (Wayqecha, Cuzco). The descriptions include color images, illustrations and ultrastructural morphology of the terminalia of the adult. We provide an identification key to the species of Stomopogon and an updated map with species' distributions. Stomopogon acuta (Malloch, 1934) is proposed as a new junior synonym of S. inculta Stein, 1911.
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Dípteros , Muscidae , AnimaisRESUMO
The new genus, Sumapazomyia gen. nov., is proposed for a new species, S. inusitata sp. nov., from the National Natural Park Sumapaz, Bogota, Colombia. The unique morphology of the head and mouthparts, in combination with characters from the male and female terminalia, demonstrate that this new species represents a new and remarkable genus within the muscid tribe Coenosiini.
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Dípteros , Muscidae , Animais , Colômbia , Feminino , Masculino , Parques RecreativosRESUMO
Except for the introduced species, Telostylinus lineolatus Wiedemann, all Neriidae occurring in the Ethiopian Region belong to the genus Chaetonerius Hendel and only one species, C. alluaudi (Giglio-Tos), is known from the East African islands, described from Seychelles and also recorded for Madagascar and Mauritius. Herein, we describe four new species of Chaetonerius from the East African islands, including the first species of Neriidae from the Comoros (C. kotrbae sp. n.) and three new species from Madagascar (C. ebejeri sp. n., C. kirkspriggsi sp. n. and C. madagasikara sp. n.). Additionally, a redescription of C. alluaudi (Giglio-Tos) with new record for Réunion and a key for identification of Chaetonerius from the East African islands are provided.
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Dípteros , Animais , Comores , Ilhas , Madagáscar , Maurício , SeichelesRESUMO
Traditional conservation techniques for mapping highly biodiverse areas assume there to be satisfactory knowledge about the geographic distribution of biodiversity. There are, however, large gaps in biological sampling and hence knowledge shortfalls. This problem is even more pronounced in the tropics. Indeed, the use of only a few taxonomic groups or environmental surrogates for modelling biodiversity is not viable in mega-diverse countries, such as Brazil. To overcome these limitations, we developed a comprehensive spatial model that includes phylogenetic information and other several biodiversity dimensions aimed at mapping areas with high relevance for biodiversity conservation. Our model applies a genetic algorithm tool for identifying the smallest possible region within a unique biota that contains the most number of species and phylogenetic diversity, as well as the highest endemicity and phylogenetic endemism. The model successfully pinpoints small highly biodiverse areas alongside regions with knowledge shortfalls where further sampling should be conducted. Our results suggest that conservation strategies should consider several taxonomic groups, the multiple dimensions of biodiversity, and associated sampling uncertainties.
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Biodiversidade , Modelos Teóricos , Biota , Brasil , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , GeografiaRESUMO
The monotypic genus Loxozus Enderlein, 1922 is redescribed. After examining the holotypes of Tetanocera cornuta Walker, 1853 and Loxozus clavicornis Enderlein, 1922, we confirm that these species are synonyms and reiterate that the correct name of the nominal species is Loxozus cornutus (Walker, 1853). The male of L. cornutus is described for the first time and notes on the species sexual dimorphism and illustrations of the genitalia are provided, together with distribution data, including new records for Venezuela, Brazil and Peru.(AU)
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The monotypic genus Loxozus Enderlein, 1922 is redescribed. After examining the holotypes of Tetanocera cornuta Walker, 1853 and Loxozus clavicornis Enderlein, 1922, we confirm that these species are synonyms and reiterate that the correct name of the nominal species is Loxozus cornutus (Walker, 1853). The male of L. cornutus is described for the first time and notes on the species sexual dimorphism and illustrations of the genitalia are provided, together with distribution data, including new records for Venezuela, Brazil and Peru.
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ABSTRACT ItatingamyiaAlbuquerque, 1979 is rare in collections, with only nine specimens preserved in museums. Two species are known, and their placement within Muscidae was never tested using molecular data. Here, we estimate the position of Itatingamyia within Muscidae with mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (AATS, CAD, and EF1-α) markers using Maximum likelihood and Bayesian posterior probabilities as optimality criteria. According to our results, we propose to classify Itatingamyia as a Cyrtoneurininae. We also describe the previously unknown female and egg of Itatingamyia couriaeHaseyama and de Carvalho, 2011 and expand the known distribution of this species to the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, through the discovery of 13 new specimens there. We also argue that Itatingamyia distribution is restricted to Atlantic Forest areas.
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ABSTRACT Plagiocephalus is a genus composed of three species mainly recognized by the males with stalked-eyes. Plagiocephalus lobularis is distributed from Northeastern Brazil to North of Argentina, P. latifrons is distributed from Mexico to Bolivia, and P. intermedius occurs in Costa Rica. We review the species of the genus, providing new diagnostic characters, an identification key, and new information on the terminalia of Plagiocephalus. Also, we update the geographic distribution of the species of the genus.
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In the neotropics, vegetation formations at high elevations are often unique, with their own characteristic vegetation because of unique and complex evolutionary histories. The complexity of the biogeographic and ecological structure of the fauna is demonstrated by the specialized fauna and flora occurring in these regions. Fanniidae (Diptera) is one of these specialized groups that became very diversified in the highlands. Currently, of the 91 species of Fanniidae in the Neotropical region, 43 (8 Euryomma, 35 Fannia) occur exclusively in Andean and Central American highlands. Here, we increase that highland diversity by describing 14 new species from 1000-4150 m.a.s.l. in the Andes and Central America: Fannia awa sp. nov., F. bari sp. nov., F. boruca sp. nov., F. bribri sp. nov., F. huetare sp. nov., F. humahuaca sp. nov., F. kabekwa sp. nov., F. palta sp. nov., F. polleti sp. nov., F. quillacingas sp. nov., F. teribi sp. nov., F. terraba sp. nov., F. tsachilas sp. nov. and F. yukpa sp. nov. We also provide an identification key for male specimens and diagnoses and descriptions of the species, along with photographs and illustrations of the male terminalia. New records and updated distributions are also provided for the Andean species.
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Dípteros , Animais , Biodiversidade , Evolução Biológica , América Central , Ecologia , MasculinoRESUMO
Traditional conservation techniques for mapping highly biodiverse areas assume there to be satisfactory knowledge about the geographic distribution of biodiversity. There are, however, large gaps in biological sampling and hence knowledge shortfalls. This problem is even more pronounced in the tropics. Indeed, the use of only a few taxonomic groups or environmental surrogates for modelling biodiversity is not viable in mega-diverse countries, such as Brazil. To overcome these limitations, we developed a comprehensive spatial model that includes phylogenetic information and other several biodiversity dimensions aimed at mapping areas with high relevance for biodiversity conservation. Our model applies a genetic algorithm tool for identifying the smallest possible region within a unique biota that contains the most number of species and phylogenetic diversity, as well as the highest endemicity and phylogenetic endemism. The model successfully pinpoints small highly biodiverse areas alongside regions with knowledge shortfalls where further sampling should be conducted. Our results suggest that conservation strategies should consider several taxonomic groups, the multiple dimensions of biodiversity, and associated sampling uncertainties.
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After a 20 years hiatus, we describe a new species, Polietina ponti sp. nov., from Madre de Dios, Tambopata River, Peru. Additionally, we propose Polietina nigra Couri Carvalho, 1996 as a junior synonym of Polietina prima (Couri Medeiros, 1990). A previous phylogenetic hypothesis was updated with the inclusion of the new taxon described here, which yielded a single most parsimonious tree that is similar to a previously published hypothesis (Pyrellina marsya (Pyrellina distincta (Deltotus facetus ((Polietina steini (Polietina ponti sp. nov., P. prima (P. bicolor, P. minor, P. univittata)(P. flavithorax, P. major)))(P. flavidicincta (P. rubella (P. concinna (P. orbitalis, P. wulpi)))))))). The identity of Polietina vouchers with nucleotide sequences registered in the GenBank were also verified and corrected.
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Muscidae , Animais , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos , Dípteros , Peru , Filogenia , América do SulRESUMO
Sixty years ago, Willi Hennig last catalogued the Anthomyiidae, Fanniidae and Muscidae fauna of the Juan Fernández Archipelago. This archipelago, composed of three main volcanic islands (Robinson Crusoe, Alejandro Selkirk and Santa Clara), has many endemic species. We describe Fannia hennigi sp. n. from the Robinson Crusoe Island, and record 11 species in 10 genera of Anthomyiidae, Fanniidae and Muscidae. A key to the identification of all species found in Juan Fernández Archipelago and a table with all species found in the Archipelago are presented, including four new records from Robinson Crusoe Island: Delia platura (Meigen, 1826); Fannia hennigi sp. n.; Lispoides insularis Hennig, 1957 and Schoenomyzina emdeni Hennig, 1955.
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Dípteros , Animais , Chile , Ilhas , MuscidaeRESUMO
A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.
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Although Brazil is a megadiverse country and thus a conservation priority, no study has yet quantified conservation gaps in the Brazilian protected areas (PAs) using extensive empirical data. Here, we evaluate the degree of biodiversity protection and knowledge within all the Brazilian PAs through a gap analysis of vertebrate, arthropod and angiosperm occurrences and phylogenetic data. Our results show that the knowledge on biodiversity in most Brazilian PAs remain scant as 71% of PAs have less than 0.01 species records per km2. Almost 55% of Brazilian species and about 40% of evolutionary lineages are not found in PAs, while most species have less than 30% of their geographic distribution within PAs. Moreover, the current PA network fails to protect the majority of endemic species. Most importantly, these results are similar for all taxonomic groups analysed here. The methods and results of our countrywide assessment are suggested to help design further inventories in order to map and secure the key biodiversity of the Brazilian PAs. In addition, our study illustrates the most common biodiversity knowledge shortfalls in the tropics.
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Artrópodes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Magnoliopsida/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Vertebrados/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Artrópodes/classificação , Biodiversidade , Brasil , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Magnoliopsida/classificação , Filogenia , Vertebrados/classificaçãoRESUMO
A checklist of the Fanniidae species in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, is provided. There are 11 species recorded, which represent 21% of all Fanniidae species known in Brazil.(AU)
Nesse artigo é fornecida uma lista de espécies de Fanniidae do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Até o momento são registradas 11 espécies, o que representa 21% das espécies de Fanniidae conhecidas para o Brasil.(AU)
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Animais , Dípteros , Grupos de População Animal , BrasilRESUMO
A checklist of Muscidae species in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil is provided. There are 65 species recorded, which represent 17% of all Brazilian species of Muscidae known.(AU)
É apresentada uma lista de espécies do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Existem 65 espécies registradas, representado 17% de todas as espécies de Muscidae conhecidas no Brasil.(AU)
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Animais , Muscidae , Dípteros , BrasilRESUMO
ABSTRACT A checklist of the Fanniidae species in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, is provided. There are 11 species recorded, which represent 21% of all Fanniidae species known in Brazil.
RESUMO Nesse artigo é fornecida uma lista de espécies de Fanniidae do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Até o momento são registradas 11 espécies, o que representa 21% das espécies de Fanniidae conhecidas para o Brasil.
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ABSTRACT A checklist of Muscidae species in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil is provided. There are 65 species recorded, which represent 17% of all Brazilian species of Muscidae known.
RESUMO É apresentada uma lista de espécies do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Existem 65 espécies registradas, representado 17% de todas as espécies de Muscidae conhecidas no Brasil.
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A checklist of Muscidae species in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil is provided. There are 65 species recorded, which represent 17% of all Brazilian species of Muscidae known.
É apresentada uma lista de espécies do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Existem 65 espécies registradas, representado 17% de todas as espécies de Muscidae conhecidas no Brasil.