RESUMO

A disfunção femoropatelar é descrita como uma condição de dor anterior no joelho, agravada por movimentos que aumentam as forças compressivas na articulação femoropatelar. Acomete principalmente mulheres jovens fisicamente ativas e sabe-se que sua etiologia é multifatorial, e fatores extrínsecos e intrínsecos ao corpo estão envolvidos. Em virtude da complexidade e inúmeras intervenções fisioterapêuticas, o objetivo dessa revisão sistemática foi discutir as evidências de maior relevância clínica na prática fisioterapêutica para intervenção baseada em exercícios nos pacientes com disfunção femoropatelar. O procedimento de busca e avaliação seguiu o método recomendado pelo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols e dessa forma, realizou-se uma consulta a base eletrônica de dados PubMed, no idioma inglês, entre os anos de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2017, com as palavras-chave: "patellofemoral pain syndrome", "physiotherapy", "exercise" e "treatment". Para os critérios de inclusão adotaram-se apenas ensaios clínicos randomizados, caracterizados por tratamento fisioterapêutico e intervenção baseada em exercícios e classificação maior ou igual a 7/10 na escala Physiotherapy Evidence Datebase. Foram encontrados na busca 269 ensaios clínicos randomizados, com 177 artigos selecionados por títulos relacionados ao tema. Após o processo de seleção e avaliação dos artigos, 11 estudos foram selecionados para discussão. Desses, 7 ensaios clínicos randomizados abrangeram exercícios de estabilização de quadril e joelho, sendo que 2 desses estudos acrescentaram exercícios de estabilização de tronco a intervenção. Portanto, o tratamento conservador é uma estratégia eficaz e uma intervenção baseada em exercícios envolvendo fatores proximais e locais ao joelho promovem alívio da dor e melhora da função em indivíduos com disfunção femoropatelar....(AU)

Patellofemoral pain syndrome is described as an anterior pain condition in the knee, aggravated by movements that increase the compressive forces at the patellofemoral joint. It mainly affects young physically active women and it is known that its etiology is multifactorial, and extrinsic and intrinsic factors to the body are involved. Due to the complexity and numerous physiotherapeutic interventions, the objective of this systematic review was to discuss evidence of greater clinical relevance in the physiotherapeutic practice for exercise-based intervention in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. The search and evaluation procedure followed the method recommended by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols and, in this way, an electronic database of PubMed data was performed in the English language between January 2005 to December 2017, with the keywords: "patellofemoral pain syndrome", "physiotherapy", "exercise" and "treatment". For the inclusion criteria, only randomized clinical trials, characterized by physical therapy and exercisebased intervention, with a score greater than or equal to 7/10 on the Physiotherapy Evidence Datebase scale were adopted. 269 randomized clinical trials were found in the search, with 177 articles selected by titles related to the topic. After the selection process and evaluation of the articles, 11 studies were selected for discussion. Of these, 7 randomized clinical trials included hip and knee stabilization exercises, and 2 of these studies added trunk stabilization exercises to intervention. Therefore, conservative treatment is an effective strategy and an exercise-based intervention involving proximal and local factors to the knee promotes pain relief and improvement of function in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome....(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aphid Sipha flava (Forbes) is a pest on elephant grass, but little is known about its biology. The objective of this work was to evaluate the temperature effects on the development, survival and reproduction of S. flava fed on Pennisetum purpureum. Twelve-hour-old nymphs were individualized on sections of elephant grass blades and maintained at 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32 degrees C+/-1 degrees C, UR 70+/-10% and 12 h photophase. A total of 150 nymphs were used per treatment divided in 30 replicates, using a totally random design. The lower threshold temperatures (LTT) for first, second, third and fourth instars were 0.83, 1.05, 3.01 and 4.98 degrees C, respectively, indicating a change in thermal requirements as the development progress. The LTT for the whole nymphal stage was 2.08 degrees C, pointing to the tolerance of this species to low temperatures. A significant reduction in survival was observed at high temperatures (28 and 32 degrees C). Although the reproductive periods were longer and insects lived longer at 12 degrees C as compared with those at higher temperatures, the total fecundity was substantially reduced. The overall life cycle duration was almost twice as long at 12 degrees C than at 24 degrees C. The greatest daily production of nymphs and greatest number of nymphs produced overall occurred at 24 degrees C. The temperatures of 20 degrees C and 24 degrees C were more suitable to S. flava development and reproduction.

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RESUMO

O afídeo Sipha flava (Forbes) ocasiona injúrias em capim-elefante e sua biologia é pouco conhecida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da temperatura no desenvolvimento, sobrevivência e reprodução de S. flava alimentada com Pennisetum purpureum. Ninfas com até 12h de idade foram individualizadas sobre seções foliares de capim-elefante e mantidas em condições controladas (12, 16, 20, 24, 28 e 32ºC ± 1ºC, UR 70 ± 10 por cento e fotofase de 12h). O total de 150 ninfas foi usado por tratamento, divididas em 30 repetições, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A temperatura base (Tb) foi de 0,83, 1,05, 3,01 e 4,98 para ninfas de primeiro, segundo, terceiro e quarto ínstares, respectivamente, indicando exigências térmicas distintas para os diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento. A Tb foi de 2,08 para a fase ninfal, verificando-se a tolerância a baixas temperaturas. Em temperaturas elevadas (28 e 32ºC), constatou-se redução significativa na sobrevivência. Embora tenha sido constatado maior período reprodutivo e longevidade a 12ºC, quando comparado às temperaturas mais altas, a fecundidade total foi substancialmente reduzida. A duração do ciclo de vida foi cerca de duas vezes maior a 12ºC em relação a 24ºC. A maior produção diária e total de ninfas foi a 24ºC. As temperaturas de 20ºC e 24ºC foram as mais favoráveis para o desenvolvimento e reprodução de S. flava.

The aphid Sipha flava (Forbes) is a pest on elephant grass, but little is known about its biology. The objective of this work was to evaluate the temperature effects on the development, survival and reproduction of S. flava fed on Pennisetum purpureum. Twelve-hour-old nymphs were individualized on sections of elephant grass blades and maintained at 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32ºC ± 1ºC, UR 70 ± 10 percent and 12h photophase. A total of 150 nymphs were used per treatment divided in 30 replicates, using a totally random design. The lower threshold temperatures (LTT) for first, second, third and fourth instars were 0.83, 1.05, 3.01 and 4.98ºC, respectively, indicating a change in thermal requirements as the development progress. The LTT for the whole nymphal stage was 2.08ºC, pointing to the tolerance of this species to low temperatures. A significant reduction in survival was observed at high temperatures (28 and 32ºC). Although the reproductive periods were longer and insects lived longer at 12ºC as compared with those at higher temperatures, the total fecundity was substantially reduced. The overall life cycle duration was almost twice as long at 12ºC than at 24ºC. The greatest daily production of nymphs and greatest number of nymphs produced overall occurred at 24ºC. The temperatures of 20ºC and 24ºC were more suitable to S. flava development and reproduction.

Assuntos