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BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer exhibits a very diverse behaviour, with some patients dying from the disease and others never needing treatment. Active surveillance (AS) consists of periodic PSA assessment (prostate-specific antigen), DRE (digital rectal examination) and periodic prostate biopsies. According to the main guidelines, AS is the preferred strategy for low-risk patients, to avoid or delay definitive treatment. However, concerns remain regarding its applicability in certain patient subgroups, such as African American men, who were underrepresented in the main cohorts. Brazil has a very racially diverse population, with 56.1% self-reporting as brown or black. The aim of this study is to evaluate and validate the AS strategy in low-risk prostate cancer patients following an AS protocol in the Brazilian public health system. METHODS: This is a multicentre AS prospective cohort study that will include 200 patients from all regions of Brazil in the public health system. Patients with prostate adenocarcinoma and low-risk criteria, defined as clinical staging T1-T2a, Gleason score ≤ 6, and PSA < 10 ng/ml, will be enrolled. Archival prostate cancer tissue will be centrally reviewed. Patients enrolled in the study will follow the AS strategy, which involves PSA and physical examination every 6 months as well as multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) every two years and prostate biopsy at month 12 and then every two years. The primary objective is to evaluate the reclassification rate at 12 months, and secondary objectives include determining the treatment-free survival rate, metastasis-free survival, and specific and overall survival. Exploratory objectives include the evaluation of quality of life and anxiety, the impact of PTEN loss and the economic impact of AS on the Brazilian public health system. DISCUSSION: This is the first Brazilian prospective study of patients with low-risk prostate cancer under AS. To our knowledge, this is one of the largest AS study cohort with a majority of nonwhite patients. We believe that this study is an opportunity to better understand the outcomes of AS in populations underrepresented in studies. Based on these data, an AS national clinical guideline will be developed, which may have a beneficial impact on the quality of life of patients and on public health. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials registration is NCT05343936.

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PURPOSE: To generate and present the survey results on critical issues relevant to screening, diagnosis, and staging tools for prostate cancer (PCa) focused on developing countries. METHODS: A total of 36 of 300 questions concern the main areas of interest of this paper: (1) screening, (2) diagnosis, and (3) staging for various risk levels of PCa in developing countries. A panel of 99 international multidisciplinary cancer experts voted on these questions to create recommendations for screening, diagnosing, and staging tools for PCa in areas of limited resources discussed in this manuscript. RESULTS: The panel voted publicly but anonymously on the predefined questions. Each question was deemed consensus if 75% or more of the full panel had selected a particular answer. These answers are based on panelist opinion not a literature review or meta-analysis. For questions that refer to an area of limited resources, the recommendations consider cost-effectiveness and the possible therapies with easier and greater access. Each question had five to seven relevant answers including two nonanswers. The results were tabulated in real time. CONCLUSION: The voting results and recommendations presented in this document can be used by physicians to support the screening, diagnosis, and staging of PCa in areas of limited resources. Individual clinical decision making should be supported by available data; however, as guidelines for screening, diagnosis, and staging of PCa in developing countries have not been developed, this document will serve as a point of reference when confronted with this disease.

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PURPOSE: A group of international urology and medical oncology experts developed and completed a survey on prostate cancer (PCa) in developing countries. The results are reviewed and summarized, and recommendations on consensus statements for very low-, low-, and intermediate-risk PCa focused on developing countries were developed. METHODS: A panel of experts developed more than 300 survey questions of which 66 questions concern the principal areas of interest of this paper: very low, low, and intermediate risk of PCa in developing countries. A larger panel of 99 international multidisciplinary cancer experts voted on these questions to create the recommendations for treatment and follow-up for very low-, low-, and intermediate-risk PCa in areas of limited resources discussed in this manuscript. RESULTS: The panel voted publicly but anonymously on the predefined questions. Each question was deemed consensus if 75% or more of the full panel had selected a particular answer. These answers are based on panelist opinion not a literature review or meta-analysis. For questions that refer to an area of limited resources, the recommendations consider cost-effectiveness and the possible therapies with easier and greater access. Each question had five to seven relevant answers including two nonanswers. The results were tabulated in real time. CONCLUSION: The voting results and recommendations presented in this document can be used by physicians to support management for very low, low, and intermediate risk of PCa in areas of limited resources. Individual clinical decision making should be supported by available data; however, as guidelines for treatment for very low, low, and intermediate risk of PCa in developing countries have not been developed, this document will serve as a point of reference when confronted with this disease.

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Nephrogenic adenoma (nephrogenic metaplasia) is a rare benign urological condition, which may present with hematuria, dysuria, and urinary frequency. In the prostatic urethra, it can be misdiagnosed as adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Risk factors for prostatic NA include trauma, infection and prior endourological procedures. We report a case of prostatic NA, presenting with isolated macroscopic hematuria in a man with a history of laser therapy of the prostate for benign prostate hyperplasia, and review the recent literature on the subject.

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PURPOSE: To date, few studies have validated the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2 (PI-RADS v. 2) for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Our aim was to validate PI-RADS v.2 using 3 Tesla (T) MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 54 consecutive patients who underwent 3T MRI with a body-array coil for diagnostic confirmation of prostate cancer or cancer staging between June 2013 and June 2015. Sensitivity, specificity, and agreement were calculated based on a criterion of PI-RADS score = 3. Inter-examiner agreement was determined by the weighted kappa statistic. RESULTS: Histological findings were positive for cancer in 33 patients and negative in 21 patients. Considering a PI-RADS score of 3 as positive for cancer, the accuracy of each reader was 85.20% and 70.40%, respectively, and agreement coefficients were κ = 0.69 and κ = 0.35. Considering PI-RADS 3 as absence of cancer, the accuracy of each reader was 77.80% and 77.80%, respectively, and agreement was κ = 0.55 and κ = 0.54. Inter-reader agreement was moderate/good (weighted κ = 0.53; 95% confidence interval: 0.39-0.66; P = 0.038). CONCLUSION: High accuracy was obtained for the diagnosis of prostate cancer using 3T MRI with a body coil and the PI-RADS v.2 score. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:1354-1359.

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Não existem até o momento provas contundentes que a população coberta pelo plano de saúde UNIMED-POA deva ser submetida ao rastreamento sistemático do câncer de próstata com o intuito de reduzir a mortalidade decorrente deste tipo de câncer, uma vez que não existem estudos desenhados no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul que contemplem este aspecto. Recentemente, dois grandes estudos randomizados que visavam a esclarecer se o rastreamento populacional poderia reduzir a mortalidade por câncer de próstata concluíram: em estudo realizado nos Estados Unidos (prostate, lung, colorectal and ovary trial), não houve diferença na mortalidade da população rastreada ou não; no estudo europeu (European randomized of screening for prostate cancer), houve uma redução de 20 por cento da mortalidade da população rastreada em relação à não rastreada. Cabe ressaltar que ambos os estudos apresentaram, entre outros problemas, viés de seleção dos pacientes, onde mais de 50 por cento do grupo teoricamente não rastreado efetivamente realizou exames antes ou durante o estudo. Sendo assim, permanece recomendada realização de rastreamento nas diretrizes da Associação Americana de Urologia, Associação Europeia de Urologia e Sociedade Brasileira de Urologia.

So far, there is no compelling evidence that the local population covered by the health plan UNIMED-POA should be submitted to systematic screening for prostate cancer in order to reduce mortality resulting from this type of cancer, as no studies in Rio Grande do Sul have been performed to address this particular issue. In other countries, two large randomized studies aimed at clarifying whether such screening could reduce mortality from prostate cancer were conducted recently: the prostate, lung, colorectal and ovary trial in the United States, and the European randomized screening for prostate cancer. In the former, there was no difference in mortality between screened and non-screened groups; in the latter there was a 20 percent reduction in mortality in the screened as compared to the non-screened group. It should be highlighted that both studies had many design problems including biased selection of patients, as more than 50 percent of the supposedly non-screened group was in fact submitted to medical tests either before or during the trial. Therefore, screening still should be performed according to the guidelines of the American Association of Urology, European Association of Urology and the Brazilian Society of Urology.

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INTRODUCTION: Penetrating injury of the skull and brain is relatively uncommon, representing about 0.4% of head injuries. In this paper the Authors describe a case of patient victim of transorbital stab with brain injury with good recovery and review the literature about cranial stab wound. CASE REPORT: A 23-year-old man was involved in an altercation which resulted in the patient sustaining wounds to the head, with penetrating in left transorbital, affecting the eye. At arrival to the first trauma center the patient was conscent and complete responsive with 15 points in Glasgow Coma Scale, and motor deficit grade III. CT scan demonstrated left periventricular brain hematoma and supraorbital fracture. A four-vessel cerebral angiogram demonstrated no abnormality. In this evolution patient presented good neurologic outcome. CONCLUSION: In patients conscents with no surgical lesion like our patient, the hospital discharge must occur after the angiogram have excluded intracranial vascular lesion.

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Existem múltiplas alternativas para o tratamento intervencionista da litíase urinária atualmente. Cada vez mais opta-se por procedimentos endourológicos, com mais rápida recuperação. A escolha terapêutica deve ser baseada nas características e na localização do cálculo, assim como nas condições clínicas do paciente. As principais modalidades disponíveis atualmente são a litotripsia extracorpórea , a ureteroscopia com ou sem litotripsia intracorpórea , a nefrolitomia percutânea e a cirurgia laparoscópoca . De forma consistente e universal, a cirurgia aberta convencional dá lugar às alternativas minimamente invasivas.

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Para o câncer de cabeça pancreática, a ressecçäo do tumor é o único tratamento curativo existente. No entanto, a cirurgia paliativa é a mais realizada porque a grande maioria dos pacientes no momento do diagnóstico apresenta tumor incurável. Os autores apresentam sua experiência com 53 pacientes portadores de adenocarcinoma de cabeça pancreática submetidos à cirurgia paliativa, focalizando o alívio da obstruçäo biliar, da obstruçäo duodenal e da dor e discutem as alternativas da paliaçäo à luz de uma revisäo atualizada da literatura

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O sangramento gastrintestinal macico e uma complicacao incomum da febre tifoide, ocorrendo em 4 por cento dos pacientes com esta patologia. Neste artigo os autores revisam a literatura e relatam o caso de uma paciente jovem com sangramento importante devido a febre tifoide

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Alguns equivocos de traducao e o uso inadequado de novos termos descrevendo os ruidos adventicios na ausculta pulmonar sao responsaveis pela falta de padronizacao desta nomenclatura, dificultando a comunicacao na pratica e ensino medicos. Em 382 prontuarios revisados quanto ao registro de ruidos adventicios no momento da internacao no HCPA, foram tabulados 18 termos didtintos utilizados, independentemente da sua frequencia de aparecimento. Em apenas 8 dos 165 prontuarios com registro de ausculta alterada, houve caracterizacao correta dos ruidos quanto ao tempo no ciclo respiratorio. A variabilidade de termos encontrada sugere a falta de padronizacao da nomenclatura da ausculta em nosso meio, bem como a nao utilizacao da terminologia internacional de sons respiratorios existente. Os autores discutem a importancia da uniformizacao destes termos e apresentam a classificacao atualmente proposta

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Nesta revisao sao explicados cada um dos quatro mecanismos de defesa da bile contra a infecçao por microorganismos patógenos, bem como suas açoes integradas. Nesse contexto, incluem-se as barreiras anatômicas (complexos unitivos e esfíncter de Oddid), os mecanismos físicos (fluxo biliar e muco), os fatores químicos (sais biliares) e os mecanismos imunológicos (células de Kupffer e imunoglobulina A secretada). A quebra do funcionamento harmônico desses mecanismos pode levar a sérias infecçoes. Nesse sentido, o aumento da pressao intra-biliar (causada por obstruçao parcial ou completa do fluxo biliar) e doenças do parênquima hepático desempenham papel fundamental. Dessa forma, confirma-se a importância da preservaçao desses mecanismos de defesa no indivíduo saudável.

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Apos a instituicao do novo curriculo da Faculdade de Medicina da UFRGS, no segundo semestre de 1990, a atividade de Monitoria do Departamento de Medicina Interna permanece um importante instrumento de ensino/aprendizagem, tendo sido ampliado seu campo de atuacao. Das 6 disciplinas do Departamento de Medicina Interna, em 3 sao desenvolvidas atividades didaticas pelo grupo de 9 monitores deste departamento. As adaptacoes do programa de monitoria para o novo curriculo da Medicina e as atividades desenvolvidas pelo monitor, tradicionalmente com otima aceitacao por parte de alunos e professores, sao descritas neste artigo. Salienta-se a importancia deste processo de aquisicao e transmissao de conhecimentos para a formacao do monitor como aluno, alem de seu papel de intregracao entre os corpos docente e discente nas atividades de ensino

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