RESUMO
This work presents data on the relative diversity, abundance, and distribution patterns of primates in a 20 km2 area of the Tapiche River in the Peruvian Amazon. Population data were collected while the study area was both inundated and dry (March to September 1997) using conventional line-transect census techniques. Survey results reflected the presence of 11 primate species, but population parameters on only eight of the species will be presented, including saddleback tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis), Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis), brown capuchins (Cebus apella), white-fronted capuchins (Cebus albifrons), monk sakis (Pithecia monachus), red titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus), red uakaris (Cacajao calvus), and red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus). Woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha), night monkeys (Aotus nancymaae), and pygmy marmosets (Callithrix pygmaea) were also seen in the area. The data for the smaller-bodied primates is similar to that reported almost 18 years earlier, but the data for the larger-bodied primates reflect a loss in the number of animals present in the area. Pressure from hunters and the timber industry may account for declining numbers of large-bodied primates, while it appears that natural features peculiar to the conservation area contribute to the patchy pattern of distribution.
Assuntos
Ecossistema , Primatas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Peru , Densidade Demográfica , Estações do AnoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To compare clinical features of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites in Albuquerque, New Mexico, occurring during the year 1993. DESIGN: Analysis of data collected during a study of ICH incidence in a community. METHODS: Review medical records with multiple relevant cerebrovascular diagnostic discharge codes in all 9 acute care hospitals in Albuquerque, and in the records of the State Medical Examiner. All suspected cases were verified by cerebral computed tomography or autopsy. Vascular risk factors, test results, and acute outcome were abstracted. RESULTS: There were 38 Hispanics and 46 non-Hispanic Whites with ICH. We found no statistically significant differences between these two ethnic groups in the prevalence of hypertension or diabetes mellitus, in hematoma volume, in seasonal fluctuation of ICH incidence, or in acute mortality. However, based on our sample size, only large differences in the prevalence of risk factors between these two ethnic groups could be detected with statistical significance (>20-30 percentage points). There was a trend toward a higher proportion of subcortical ICH (centered in the basal ganglia, brainstem, or cerebellum) in Hispanics (82%) than in non-Hispanic Whites (62%, P=.09). CONCLUSIONS: The higher proportion of subcortical ICH among the Hispanics suggests that chronic hypertension may play a greater role as a risk factor for ICH in this ethnic group than in non-Hispanic Whites in New Mexico. Our findings should be confirmed by larger community studies.
Assuntos
Hemorragia Cerebral/etnologia , Hispânico ou Latino , População Branca , Idoso , Hemorragia Cerebral/complicações , Hemorragia Cerebral/patologia , Complicações do Diabetes , Humanos , Hipertensão/complicações , Incidência , Masculino , New Mexico/epidemiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Thirty cystic echinococcosis (CE) patients in Uruguay with severe bone or secondary disseminated echinococcosis were immunologically assessed using cellular (lymphocyte transformation assay, LTA) and humoral (specific antibody and subclass responses, circulating antigen and circulating immune-complexes) immunological assays during the course of chemotherapy (albendazole and/or praziquantel). CE patients were divided into 4 groups, according to clinical treatment and outcome: (I) surgery and chemotherapy, (II) chemotherapy with outcome unchanged, (III) chemotherapy with outcome improved, and (IV) chemotherapy considered cured. Increased circulating antigen was of prognostic value in some severe CE cases where levels remained high and/or increased. The lymphoproliferative response in vitro to Echinococcus granulosus antigen was statistically greater in all patient groups compared to normal individuals but at lower levels in improved or cured CE patients. Levels of non-specific LTA response were significantly lower than controls for all groups during albendazole treatment (P < 0.001) but returned to normal levels in cured patients, a result consistent with parasite-induced suppression of cellular responses. This study suggests that, at least in severe osseous and secondary CE, immunosurveillance by specific antibodies, especially total specific immunoglobulin, was overall of more practical use than antigen-specific in-vitro lymphocyte transformation assays.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/sangue , Equinococose/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/análise , Adulto , Albendazol/uso terapêutico , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Complexo Antígeno-Anticorpo/sangue , Antígenos de Helmintos/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Doenças Ósseas/imunologia , Doenças Ósseas/parasitologia , Doenças Ósseas/terapia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Terapia Combinada , Quimioterapia Combinada , Equinococose/tratamento farmacológico , Equinococose/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Ativação Linfocitária , Masculino , Praziquantel/uso terapêutico , Resultado do Tratamento , UruguaiAssuntos
Hemorragia Cerebral/etnologia , Hemangioma Cavernoso do Sistema Nervoso Central/complicações , Hemangioma Cavernoso do Sistema Nervoso Central/etnologia , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Incidência , New Mexico/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , População Branca/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
In May 1996, the Georgia Division of Public Health was notified about a cluster of persons with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infections in Waycross, Georgia. A matched pair case-control study to determine risk factors for illness found a statistically significant association of SE infection with a history of having eaten at Restaurant A during the 5 days before onset of illness (relative risk = 13 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 3-62, P < 0.01]). In a second case-control study, to determine specific food exposures, consumption of a deep-fried Mexican dish (chile relleno) (4 of 21 cases vs. 0 of 26 controls, odds ratio undefined, 95% CI > 1.46, P = 0.034) was found to be significantly associated with SE infection. An environmental investigation found evidence of suboptimal food storage and cooking temperatures at Restaurant A; cross contamination of foods may have contributed to the low attributable risk identified for chile rellenos. Five of 37 Restaurant A food and environment specimens yielded SE strains. All five positive specimens were from chiles rellenos. Of the seven outbreak-associated strains (six patient isolates and one food isolate from Restaurant A) for which phage typing was conducted, all were phage type 34. A FDA traceback investigation through Restaurant A's single-egg supplier identified the potential source as three interrelated farms in South Carolina. Environmental culture from one of these farms yielded SE phage type 34. As a result of this outbreak, FDA helped institute a statewide egg quality-assurance programme in South Carolina to minimize SE contamination of eggs.
Assuntos
Ovos/microbiologia , Restaurantes , Infecções por Salmonella/epidemiologia , Infecções por Salmonella/microbiologia , Salmonella enteritidis/isolamento & purificação , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Galinhas , Surtos de Doenças , Feminino , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Georgia/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Restaurantes/normas , Infecções por Salmonella/prevenção & controle , Salmonelose Animal/epidemiologia , Salmonelose Animal/microbiologia , Salmonella enteritidis/classificaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There are differences in cerebrovascular disease incidence between racial and ethnic groups. Little is known about cerebrovascular disease among Hispanics living in the southwestern United States as compared to non-Hispanic whites. This is the first study which measures and compares the incidence of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) among Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites living in Bernalillo County, New Mexico. This information may help reduce the risk and incidence of SAH. METHODS: Medical records of all possible cases of spontaneous SAH occurring during a two-year period (January 1, 1993 to December 31, 1994) among residents of Bernalillo County, New Mexico, were reviewed in all local hospitals. Hospital records were identified by ICD-9-CM codes. Medical examiner records were also reviewed for additional SAH cases occurring during the same time period. The 1990 U.S. census provided the population base. RESULTS: There were 22 spontaneous SAHs among 267,965 non-Hispanic whites and 25 spontaneous SAHs among 178,310 Hispanics. Incidence of SAH increased with age in both groups. The age- and sex-adjusted total annual incidence of SAH per 100,000 people was 3.73 among non-Hispanic whites and 9.19 among Hispanics (relative risk for Hispanics 2.46, 95% confidence interval 1.37-4.43, P = 0.003). The incidence rates among men and women were not significantly different in either ethnic group. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of SAH among Hispanic residents of Bernalillo County, New Mexico, is approximately two and a half times higher than that among non-Hispanic whites. This suggests a higher prevalence or a greater tendency to rupture of berry aneurysms among Hispanics as compared to non-Hispanic whites. The reasons for this difference require further investigation.
Assuntos
Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/etnologia , População Branca , Distribuição por Idade , Aneurisma Roto/etnologia , Feminino , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Incidência , Aneurisma Intracraniano/etnologia , Masculino , New Mexico/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Medição de Risco , Distribuição por Sexo , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) among Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites living in Bernalillo County, NM. BACKGROUND: There are differences in cerebrovascular disease incidence between racial and ethnic groups. Knowing these differences is likely to optimize stroke prevention and evaluation. METHODS: Medical records review of all possible cases of ICH occurring between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 1993 among residents of Bernalillo County, NM, in all local hospitals. Hospital records were identified by ICD-9-CM codes. Also, State Medical Examiner records review for additional ICH cases occurring during the same time interval. The 1990 U.S. census provided the population base. RESULTS: There were 47 spontaneous ICHs among 267,965 non-Hispanic whites and 39 spontaneous ICHs among 178,310 Hispanics. Incidence of ICH rises exponentially with age in both groups. The age- and sex-adjusted total annual incidence of ICH per 100,000 people is 16.6 among non-Hispanic whites and 34.9 among Hispanics (relative risk for Hispanics 2.10, 95% confidence interval 1.35 to 3.26, p = 0.001). The age-adjusted incidence rates among men and women are not significantly different in either ethnic group. CONCLUSION: The incidence of spontaneous ICH among Hispanic residents of Bernalillo County, NM, is approximately twice that among non-Hispanic whites. The reasons for this difference require further investigation.
Assuntos
Hemorragia Cerebral/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , New Mexico/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Entre marzo de 1992 y febrero de 1993, en el Servicio Salud Metropolitano Norte SSMN, se desarrolló un programa para mejorar la calidad de la atención médica y estudiar la epidemiología de las infecciones del tracto urinario (infección urinaria) en menores de 15 años. El programa incluyó la derivación de los casos sospechosos desde 7 de los 14 consultorios periféricos y la Unidad de Emergencias del servicio, a una unidad clínica habilitada en el Hospital Roberto del Río. A la fecha, la población óde 15 años del SSMN era de 188 329 habitantes, 108 221 de los cuales pertenecían a los siete consultorios adscritos al programa. Los pacientes referidos a la clínica de infección urinaria fueron estudiados y tratados en protocolos estándar y seguidos mensualmente. Se indicó ultrasonografía abdominal y uretrocistografía miccional a todos los niños con infección urinaria sin estudios previos. En 630 de los 1 275 niños referidos se confirmó la sospecha clínica de infección urinaria; la tasa de ataque de la enfermedad fue sigificativamente mayor en la población adscrita (3,7/1 000) que en la no adscrita al programa (2,7/1 000, p <0,0003). La pielonefritis aguda fue más frecuente en menores de 24 meses que en otras edades (OR= 3,3; IC 95 por ciento= 2,1-5,3); p <0,0000001). E. coli fue el microorganismo predominante en mabos sexos, pero el aislamiento de otros gérmenes fue significativamente más frecuente en varones (OR= 17,3; IC 95 por ciento= 8,0-38,0). 148 de 522 (28,4 por ciento; IC 95 por ciento= 24,5-32,3). 148 niños controlados tuvieron al menos una recurrencia de infección urinaria, 87,8 por ciento de ellas ocurrió antes del séptimo mes de seguimiento. El tramo de 48 a 71 meses de edad y los gérmenes diferentes a E. coli se asociaron a mayor riesgo de recurrir: OR= 2,5; (IC 95 por ciento= 1,5-4,0) y OR= 2,5; (IC 95 por ciento= 1,2-5,2), respectivamente. La pielonefritis aguda y el sexo masculino se asociaron a mayor riesgo de alteraciones en el estudio radiológico (OR= 2,0; IC 95 por ciento= 1,03-3,9 y OR= 2,0; IC 95 por ciento= 1,2-3,5), respectivamente
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Adolescente , Nefropatias , Recidiva , Infecções Urinárias/epidemiologia , Doenças Urológicas , Abdome , Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Planos e Programas de Saúde , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde , Estatísticas de Assistência Médica , Pielonefrite/epidemiologia , Infecções Urinárias/complicações , Infecções Urinárias/diagnóstico , Infecções Urinárias/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
A fin de examinar las posibilidades de un método de selección que permita disminuir la demanda urocultivos en los servicios de salud, el resultado de estudio bacteriológico de 900 muestras de orina obtenidas de pacientes ambulatorios con sospecha de infección urinaria fue usado como "estándar de oro" para evaluar la sensibilidad, especificidad y valores predictivos del aspecto macroscópico de la orina, límpido o no límpido, y las reacciones de nitritos, esterasa leucocitaria y proteínas en una tira reactiva, positiva o negativa. El diagnóstico confirmado de infección urinaria fue definido por el hallazgo de urocultivo positivo a un solo germen en recuento ó 10 5 UFC/ml en una muestra de orina con leucocituria ó 10 elementos por mm3, o dos urocultivos con iguales características, obtenidos dentro de un tiempo inferior a cinco días, sin mediar tratamiento. Los cálculos fueron aplicados a las cuatro pruebas de diagnóstico en forma aislada y a las resultantes de las combinaciones entre ellas. La prevalencia de infección urinaria en la muestra fue 35,15 por ciento; la prueba de mayor sensibilidad y valor predictivo negativo corresponde a la combinación de "orina de aspecto no límpido, o nitritos positivos, o esterasa leucocitaria positiva"; la detección de proteínas no contribuyó a mejorar los valores de esta prueba. El motivo de la sospecha clínica de infección urinaria permitió clasificar las muestras en tres grupos: grupo A, niños con algún síntoma atribuible a inflamación de la vía urinaria n: 559; Grupo B, niños con fiebre, sin síntomas urinarios n: 252; y grupo C, pacientes con trastornos nutricionales o gastrointestinales, alteraciones del aspecto de la orina o antecedentes de infección urinaria sin seguimiento posterior n: 169. La prevalencia de enfermedad y le valor predictivo negativo de la prueba "aspecto no límpido o nitritos positivos o esterasa positiva" fueron diferentes en cada una de estas categorías, siendo respectivamente para A: 52,72 por ciento y 92,2; B: 13,49 por ciento y 97,7 por ciento; y C: 8,28 por ciento y 96,5 por ciento. En resumen, la prueba predijo la presencia de infección urinaria en 327 de los 348 casos diagnosticados y descartó el diagnóstico en 95,2 por ciento de los sanos. Los 21 episodios no detectados por la prueba correspondieron mayoritariamente a infecciones bajas poco sintomáticas. En los pacientes con pielonefritis aguda, en cambio, la sensibilidad fue de 97,7 por ciento y el valor predictivo negativo 99,3 por ciento. Esta información permitirá examinar la relación costo/eficacia de este sistema de selección en la atención primaria, según las condiciones de cada servicio de salud
Assuntos
Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Fitas Reagentes , Infecções Urinárias/urina , Urina/microbiologia , Técnicas de Laboratório Clínico , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Contagem de Leucócitos , Nitritos/análise , Nitritos/urina , Pacientes Ambulatoriais , Pielonefrite/urina , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Immune complexes were precipitated by 3% polyethylene glycol (PEG) from 4 sera from albendazole-treated hydatid patients from Uruguay, and together with sheep hydatid cyst fluid were analysed by ion-exchange fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). FPLC-eluted fractions of serum preparations and cyst fluid were tested in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of specific Echinococcus granulosus antigens and also for presence of specific immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG in the serum samples. Two peaks (nos 13 and 25) were found to have antigenic activity. Antigens were identified in both serum and cyst fluid preparation (fraction 25) after sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis immunoblotting analysis, with approximate molecular masses 50 kDa and 62 kDa. Specific IgM antibody was also detected in the same FPLC fraction (no. 25) of PEG-precipitated serum complexes.
Assuntos
Albendazol/uso terapêutico , Complexo Antígeno-Anticorpo/análise , Antígenos de Helmintos/análise , Equinococose/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Western Blotting , Criança , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Equinococose/tratamento farmacológico , Echinococcus/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Damos una vision general del problema de intercambio genetico por transformacion, transduccion y conjugacion entre poblaciones bacterianas naturales. En nuestro analisis hacemos enfasis en articulos que ejemplifican la investigacion en esta area de la genetica microbiana. Asimismo, discutimos las limitaciones y perspectivas en el conocimiento de la red de interacciones geneticas entre microorganismos en ambientes naturales