RESUMO
BACKGROUND: In the last few years, Mexico adopted public health policies to tackle non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as front of package nutrition labelling, food marketing restrictions to children, and a soda tax. In parallel, transnational food and beverage industries (F&BIs), their allies, and the government have agreed on public-private partnerships (PPPs) to implement policies or deliver programs. However, research has questioned the benefits of PPPs and exposed its limitations as a suitable mechanism to improve public health. This study analyses how four PPPs between the Mexican government, the F&BI, and allies are working to achieve their goals. We critically assessed the objectives, scope, reported impacts, governance principles and perceived risks and benefits for the public health agenda of these PPPs. METHODS: This qualitative study is based on 26 interviews with key actors, and 170 publicly available documents, including 22 obtained through freedom of information (FOI) requests related to four purposively selected PPPs aiming to improve health. RESULTS: We found that the four PPPs studied had minimal public information available on their implementation and impact. The private partners tend to dictate the design, information management, and implementation of the programs, while promoting their brands. Few independent evaluations of the PPPs exist, and none reported on their effectiveness or public health benefits. Good governance principles, such as accountability, transparency, fairness, participation, integrity, and credibility, were barely followed in each of the cases studied. Public officials did not automatically question the conflict of interest (CoI) of such arrangements. When there were COI, the potential risks these posed did not always outweigh the financial benefits of working with the F&BI and its allies. CONCLUSION: The four PPPs studied produced minimal gains for public health while boosting credibility for the participating transnational F&BIs. It shows the lack of awareness of how these PPPs might be hindering public health gains.
Assuntos
Bebidas Gaseificadas , Parcerias Público-Privadas , Criança , Humanos , México , Saúde Pública , Impostos , Bebidas , Política PúblicaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Sugar taxes threaten the business models and profits of the food and beverage industry (F&BI), which has sought to avert, delay or influence the content of health taxes globally. Mexico introduced a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax in 2014 and other regulatory measures to improve population diets. This paper examines how policy networks emerged within and affected the development and implementation of the Mexican SSB tax. METHODS: This qualitative study analyses 31 interviews conducted with key stakeholders involved in the soda tax policy process and 145 documents, including grey literature and peer-reviewed literature. The policy network approach was used to map contacts, interconnections, relationships and links between the state, civil society and commercial actors involved in the SSB tax. These findings were used to examine the responsiveness, participation and accountability of the soda tax policy formulation. RESULTS: Complex interconnections were identified between state and non-state actors. These included advisory relationships, financial collaborations and personal connections between those in high-level positions. Relationships between the government and the F&BI were not always disclosed. International organisations and academics were identified as key financial or technical supporters of the tax. Key governance principles of participation, responsiveness and accountability were undermined by some of these relationships, including the participation of non-state actors in policy development and the powerful role of the F&BI in evaluation and monitoring. CONCLUSION: This case study exemplifies the importance of links and networks between actors in health policymaking. The F&BI influence endangers the primary aim of the SSB tax to protect health. The identified links highlight the normalisation of connections among actors with competing aims and interests toward health, thereby jeopardising attempts to tackle obesity rates.
Assuntos
Bebidas Adoçadas com Açúcar , Impostos , Humanos , Bebidas Gaseificadas , México/epidemiologia , PolíticasRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyse the implementation of front-of-pack nutrition labelling (FOPNL) in Mexico. DESIGN: Review of publicly accessible documents, including legislative websites, news sources, and government, intergovernmental, and advocacy reports. Usage of the policy cycle model to analyse the implementation and evaluation stages of Mexico's General Health Law, amended with FOPNL (2019-2022). RESULTS: In October 2019, the government published a draft modification of the Norma Oficial Mexicana (Official Mexican Standard) to regulate and enforce a new FOPNL warning label system. A 60-d public consultation period followed (October-December 2019), and the regulation was published in March 2020 and implementation began in October 2020. An analysis of nine key provisions of the Standard revealed that the food and beverage industry and its allies weakened some original provisions including health claims, warnings for added sweeteners and display areas. On the other hand, local and international public health groups maintained key regulations including the ban on cartoon character advertisements, standardised portions and nutrient criteria following international best practices. Early implementation appears to have high compliance and helped contribute to reformulating unhealthy products. Continued barriers to implementation include industry efforts to create double fronts and market their cartoon characters on social media and through digitalised marketing. CONCLUSION: Early success in implementing the new FOPNL system in Mexico was the result of an inclusive and participatory regulatory process dedicated to maintaining public health advances, local and international health advocacy support, and continued monitoring. Other countries proposing and enacting FOPNL should learn from the Mexican experience to maintain scientifically proven best practices, counter industry barriers and minimise delays in implementation.
Assuntos
Países em Desenvolvimento , Marketing , Humanos , México , Alimentos , Estado Nutricional , Rotulagem de AlimentosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To identify the behavioral and normative believes factors that might have major influence on the decision to buy packaged foods in urban Mexican families. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study in four urban cities of Mexico. Participants responded a self-administered questionnaire (n=3 340) outside of randomly selected supermarkets. A factor analysis was performed to identify what were the main behavioral and normative believes explaining consumers' decision when buying packaged foods. RESULTS: Three factors explained the behavioral beliefs: the quality assessment of packaged foods explained 61% of the variance, products that maintain weight explained 25%, and the emotional experience with foods explained 13%. Three factors explained the normative beliefs: expectations of chil-dren and partner explained 46% of the variance, expectations from the participants' closest friends 23%, and expectation from other family members explained 14%. CONCLUSION: Behavioral and normative beliefs related to assessing the qual-ity of foods and meeting family expectations respectively are the main beliefs factors affecting consumers' packaged food purchase decisions in urban consumers.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Consumidor , Supermercados , Estudos Transversais , Alimentos , Humanos , MéxicoRESUMO
A paradigm shift is required to transform food systems, so they are more equitable, environmentally friendly, and healthy. This requires acknowledging which factors change or maintain the status quo. In this commentary, we reflect upon the Cervantes et al study findings and discuss the role of power dynamics in transforming food systems. This is directly relevant to Mexico in terms of (i) relationships between food system actors; (ii) the role of socio-economic political context; and (iii) opportunities for policy coherence and transformative food systems approaches. We suggest that the power dynamics that drive the food produced, sold, and consumed should be recognised in all (inter)national governance decision-making. The 2021 United Nations Food System Summit - when interest groups were perceived to overly influence the summit proceedings - is an example of how neglecting the role of power dynamics can undermine and slow food system transformation.
Assuntos
Abastecimento de Alimentos , Formulação de Políticas , Humanos , México , PolíticasRESUMO
Abstract: Objective: To identify the behavioral and normative believes factors that might have major influence on the decision to buy packaged foods in urban Mexican families. Materials and methods: We performed a cross-sectional study in four urban cities of Mexico. Participants responded a self-administered questionnaire (n=3 340) outside of randomly selected supermarkets. A factor analysis was performed to identify what were the main behavioral and normative believes explaining consumers' decision when buying packaged foods. Results: Three factors explained the behavioral beliefs: the quality assessment of packaged foods explained 61% of the variance, products that maintain weight explained 25%, and the emotional experience with foods explained 13%. Three factors explained the normative beliefs: expectations of children and partner explained 46% of the variance, expectations from the participants' closest friends 23%, and expectation from other family members explained 14%. Conclusion: Behavioral and normative beliefs related to assessing the quality of foods and meeting family expectations respectively are the main beliefs factors affecting consumers' packaged food purchase decisions in urban consumers.
Resumen: Objetivo: Identificar las creencias de comportamiento y normativas que tienen mayor influencia en las decisiones de familias urbanas en México para comprar alimentos empaquetados. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en cuatro ciudades urbanas de México. Los participantes respondieron un cuestionario auto-administrado (n=3 340) a la salida de los supermercados que fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente. Se realizó un análisis factorial para identificar los principales factores de las creencias de comportamiento y normativas que explican la decisión de comprar alimentos empaquetados. Resultados: Tres factores explicaron las creencias conductuales: la evaluación de la calidad de los alimentos empaquetados explicó el 61% de la varianza, productos para control de peso explicaron el 25% y la experiencia emocional con los alimentos el 13%. Tres factores explicaron las creencias normativas: las expectativas de la pareja e hijos explicaron el 46% de la varianza, las expectativas de amigos cercanos el 23% y las expectativas de otros familiares explicaron el 14%. Conclusión: En las creencias conductuales, la evaluación de la calidad de los alimentos y en las creencias normativas, la expectativa de la pareja y los hijos tienen gran influencia en la decisión de compra de alimentos empaquetados en los consumidores de los supermercados urbanos en México.
RESUMO
In October 2019, the Mexican government reformed its General Health Law thus establishing the warning approach to front-of-pack nutrition labeling (FOPNL), and in March 2020, modified its national standard, revamping its ineffective FOPNL, one preemptively developed by industry actors. Implementation is scheduled for later in 2020. However, the new regulation faces fierce opposition from transnational food and beverage companies (TFBCs), including Nestlé, Kellogg, Grupo Bimbo, Coca-Cola, PepsiCo through their trade associations, the National Manufacturers, American Bakers Associations, the Confederation of Industrial Chambers of Mexico and ConMéxico. Mexico, as a regional leader, could tip momentum in favor of FOPNL diffusion across Latin America. But the fate of the Mexican FOPNL and the region currently lies in this government's response to three threats of legal challenges by TFBCs, citing international laws and guidelines including the World Trade Organization (WTO), Codex Alimentarius, and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)/US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). In this perspective, we argue that these threats should not prevent Mexico or other countries from implementing evidence-informed policies, such as FOPNLs, that pursue legitimate public health objectives.
Assuntos
Bebidas , Rotulagem de Alimentos , Comércio , Governo , Humanos , México , Saúde PúblicaRESUMO
Mexico is the largest soft drink market in the world, with high rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Due to strains on the nation's productivity and healthcare spending, Mexican lawmakers implemented one of the world's first public health taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in 2014. Because Mexico's tax was designed to reduce SSB consumption, it faced strong opposition from transnational food and beverage corporations. We analysed previously secret internal industry documents from major corporations in the University of California San Francisco's Food Industry Documents Archive that shed light on the industry response to the Mexican soda tax. We also reviewed all available studies of the Mexican soda tax's effectiveness, contrasting the results of industry-funded and non-industry-funded studies. We found that food and beverage industry trade organisations and front groups paid scientists to produce research suggesting that the tax failed to achieve health benefits while harming the economy. These results were disseminated before non-industry-funded studies could be finalized in peer review. Mexico still provided a real-world context for the first independent peer-reviewed studies documenting the effectiveness of soda taxation-studies that were ultimately promoted by the global health community. We conclude that the case of the Mexican soda tax shows that industry resistance can persist well after new policies have become law as vested interests seek to roll back legislation, and to stall or prevent policy diffusion. It also underscores the decisive role that conflict-of-interest-free, peer-reviewed research can play in implementing health policy innovations.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Impostos , Bebidas , Bebidas Gaseificadas , Política de Saúde , Humanos , MéxicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In Latin America, total sales of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) continue to rise at an alarming rate. Consumption of added sugar is a leading cause of diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Coalitions of stakeholders have formed in several countries in the region to address this public health challenge including participation of civil society organizations and transnational corporations. Little is currently known about these coalitions - what interests they represent, what goals they pursue and how they operate. Ensuring the primacy of public health goals is a particular governance challenge. This paper comparatively analyses governance challenges involved in the adoption of taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages in Mexico, Chile and Colombia. The three countries have similar political and economic systems, institutional arrangements and regulatory instruments but differing policy outcomes. METHODS: We analysed the political economy of SSB taxation based on a qualitative synthesis of existing empirical evidence. We identify the key stakeholders involved in the policy process, identified their interests, and assess how they influenced adoption and implementation of the tax. RESULTS: Coalitions for and against the SSB taxation formed the basis of policy debates in all three countries. Intergovernmental support was critical to framing the SSB tax aims, benefits and implementation; and for countries to adopt it. A major constraint to implementation was the strong influence of transnational corporations (TNCs) in the policy process. A lack of transparency during agenda setting was notably enhanced by the powerful presence of TNCs. CONCLUSION: NCDs prevention policies need to be supported across government, alongside grassroots organizations, policy champions and civil society groups to enhance their success. However, governance arrangements involving coalitions between public and private sector actors need to recognize power asymmetries among different actors and mitigate their potentially negative consequences. Such arrangements should include clear mechanisms to ensure transparency and accountability of all partners, and prevent undue influence by industry interests associated with unhealthy products.
Assuntos
Bebidas Adoçadas com Açúcar , Chile , Colômbia , Humanos , América Latina , México , ImpostosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to map and describe the different corporate political activity (CPA) strategies used by the sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) industry to influence public health policymaking geared toward decreasing the consumption of SSB in Mexico. METHODS: We applied an existing approach to identify and monitor the CPA of the SSB industry. A documentary analysis was conducted for two main actors in the SSB industry, for the period 2017-2019, and was triangulated with eleven semi-structured interviews with key informants in public health nutrition and from the SSB industry. The information was analyzed using an existing framework for categorizing the CPA. RESULTS: Although data were found for six CPA strategies, the SSB industry mainly highlighted its economic importance and spoke openly against the 2014 SSB tax. We documented the industry's relationships with governmental bodies and civil society actors to promote corporate social responsibility and gain public support. CONCLUSIONS: The SSB industry in Mexico uses a variety of strategies, directly or through third parties, to influence public policies related to the prevention and control of obesity and non-communicable diseases.
Assuntos
Indústria Alimentícia/legislação & jurisprudência , Manobras Políticas , Formulação de Políticas , Política , Saúde Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Política Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Bebidas Adoçadas com Açúcar/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , MéxicoRESUMO
In January 2014, Mexico introduced a soda tax of 1 Mexican Peso (MXP) per litre. The aim of this paper is to examine the political context out of which this policy emerged, the main drivers for the policy change, and the role of stakeholders in setting the policy agenda and shaping the policy design and outcomes. Thirty-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with key stakeholders, and 145 documents, including peer-reviewed papers, policy briefs, press releases, industry, government, and CSO reports, were analysed. An iterative thematic analysis was conducted based on relevant theories of the policy process using a complementary approach, including Stages Heuristic Model, Policy Triangle Framework, and Multiple Streams Model. Results showed that a major motivation was the new administration seeking funds as they entered government. The soda tax was supported by a key group of legislators, civil society actors and by academics promoting evidence on health effects. However, the policy measure was challenged by the food and beverage industries (F&BI). Non-state actors were both formally and informally involved in setting the agenda, regardless of some of them having opposing interests on the soda tax policy. Approaches used by non-state actors to influence the agenda included: calls for action, marketing strategies, coalition building, challenging evidence, and engaging in public-private partnerships (PPPs). The effectiveness of the soda tax was highly debated and resulted in public polarization, although the framing of the outcomes was instrumental in influencing fiscal policies elsewhere. This study contributes to the debate around implementing fiscal policies for health and how power is exercised and framed in the agenda-setting phase of policy development. The article examines how the F&BI sought to influence the national strategy for obesity prevention. It argues that the experience of the soda tax campaign empowered policy advocates, strengthening national and international civil society networks.
Assuntos
Bebidas Gaseificadas , Impostos , Política de Saúde , México , Formulação de Políticas , Política PúblicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To explore the perception of the use and comprehension of the nutrition labeling (GDA, NFT,NS) and claims in packaged foods among different socio economic-status (SES). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a qualitative study, 12 focus groups were performed in four cities of Mexico. Participants were recruited outside the supermarkets, which were selected according to SES using Basic Geostatistical Areas. The focus groups had a total of 78 participants. RESULTS: Participants perceived several barriers to the use and understanding of the GDA; like technicalities of the terms used, and the format (small font size and percentages). Claims are mistrusted in general. Participants from the high SES believed that the claims are just a marketing strategy. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the consumers' difficulties to understand the current nutrition labeling system regardless SES. These data might call attention in order to implement a simpler nutrition labeling system that is understood regardless of SES.
OBJETIVO: Explorar la percepción sobre el uso y la comprensión del etiquetado de alimentos (GDA, NFT, NS) y sobre las declaraciones de alimentos empaquetados entre diferentes niveles socioeconómicos (NSE). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio cualitativo en el que se formaron 12 grupos focales en cuatro ciudades de México. Los participantes fueron reclutados afuera de supermercados y fueron seleccionados por nivel socioeconómico, a partir de Áreas Geoestadísticas Básicas. El número total de participantes fue 78. RESULTADOS: Los participantes percibieron barreras para el uso y comprensión del GDA como términos técnicos utilizados, fuente pequeña y porcentajes numéricos. Se reportó desconfianza hacia las declaraciones en alimentos empaquetados. Los participantes del NSE alto perciben que las declaraciones son estrategia de marketing. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio muestra las dificultades para entender el etiquetado de alimentos actual entre diferentes NSE. Estos datos enfatizan la necesidad de implementar un etiquetado que sea comprendido entre NSE.
Assuntos
Atitude , Compreensão , Grupos Focais , Rotulagem de Alimentos , Classe Social , Adulto , Cidades , Comportamento do Consumidor , Feminino , Grupos Focais/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Política Nutricional , Impressão/normas , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Terminologia como AssuntoRESUMO
Abstract: Objectiv: To explore the perception of the use and comprehension of the nutrition labeling (GDA, NFT, NS) and claims in packaged foods among different socio economic-status (SES). Materials and methods: This was a qualitative study, 12 focus groups were performed in four cities of Mexico. Participants were recruited outside the supermarkets, which were selected according to SES using Basic Geostatistical Areas. The focus groups had a total of 78 participants. Results: Participants perceived several barriers to the use and understanding of the GDA; like technicalities of the terms used, and the format (small font size and percentages). Claims are mistrusted in general. Participants from the high SES believed that the claims are just a marketing strategy. Conclusion: This study shows the consumers' difficulties to understand the current nutrition labeling system regardless SES. These data might call attention in order to implement a simpler nutrition labeling system that is understood regardless of SES.
Resumen: Objetivo: Explorar la percepción sobre el uso y la comprensión del etiquetado de alimentos (GDA, NFT, NS) y sobre las declaraciones de alimentos empaquetados entre diferentes niveles socioeconómicos (NSE). Material y métodos: Estudio cualitativo en el que se formaron 12 grupos focales en cuatro ciudades de México. Los participantes fueron reclutados afuera de supermercados y fueron seleccionados por nivel socioeconómico, a partir de Áreas Geoestadísticas Básicas. El número total de participantes fue 78. Resultados: Los participantes percibieron barreras para el uso y comprensión del GDA como términos técnicos utilizados, fuente pequeña y porcentajes numéricos. Se reportó desconfianza hacia las declaraciones en alimentos empaquetados. Los participantes del NSE alto perciben que las declaraciones son estrategia de marketing. Conclusión: Este estudio muestra las dificultades para entender el etiquetado de alimentos actual entre diferentes NSE. Estos datos enfatizan la necesidad de implementar un etiquetado que sea comprendido entre NSE.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Classe Social , Atitude , Grupos Focais , Compreensão , Rotulagem de Alimentos , Impressão/normas , Cidades , Grupos Focais/estatística & dados numéricos , Política Nutricional , Comportamento do Consumidor , Pesquisa Qualitativa , México , Terminologia como AssuntoRESUMO
Preschool Mexican children consume 7% of their total energy intake from processed breakfast cereals. This study characterized the nutritional quality and labelling (claims and Guideline Daily Amount (GDA)) of the packaged breakfast cereals available in the Mexican market. Photographs of all breakfast cereals available in the 9 main food retail chains in the country were taken. The nutrition quality of cereals was assessed using the United Kingdom Nutrient Profiling Model (UKNPM). Claims were classified using the International Network for Food and Obesity/non-communicable Diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS) taxonomy and the GDA was defined according to the Mexican regulation, NOM-051. Overall, a total of 371 different breakfast cereals were analysed. The nutritional profile showed that 68.7% were classified as "less healthy". GDAs and claims were displayed more frequently on the "less healthy" cereals. Breakfast cereals within the "less healthy" category had significantly higher content of energy, sugar and sodium (p < 0.001). Most of the claims were displayed in the "less healthy" cereals (n = 313). This study has shown that there is a lack of consistency between the labelling on the front of the pack and the nutritional quality of breakfast cereals.
Assuntos
Desjejum , Carboidratos/química , Comércio , Análise de Alimentos , Sódio/química , Grão Comestível , Rotulagem de Alimentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Alimentos Especializados , Humanos , México , Valor Nutritivo , Sódio na Dieta/análise , AçúcaresRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To increase water consumption in school children in Mexico City through a social marketing intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cluster quasi-experimental design. Intervention of three months in schools, including water provision and designed based on social marketing. Reported changes in attitude, knowledge and behavior were compared pre and post intervention. RESULTS: Children of the intervention group (n=116) increased in 38% (171 ml) water consumption during school time, control group (n=167) decreased its consumption in 21% (140 ml) (p<0.05), according to their reported consumption. In a sub-sample reported consumption of sweetened beverages decreased 437 ml in the IG and 267 ml in the CG (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Social marketing and environmental modifications were effective on increasing water consumption among children, strategy that might contribute to mitigate childhood obesity.
Assuntos
Comportamento Infantil , Comportamento de Ingestão de Líquido , Ingestão de Líquidos , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Promoção da Saúde/organização & administração , Obesidade Infantil/prevenção & controle , Serviços de Saúde Escolar/organização & administração , Água , Bebidas , Criança , Carboidratos da Dieta , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Prontuários Médicos , México/epidemiologia , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , Comunicação Persuasiva , Psicologia da Criança , Marketing Social , População UrbanaRESUMO
Objetivo. Incrementar el consumo de agua en escolares de la Ciudad de México a través de una intervención de mercadeo social. Material y métodos. Diseño cuasi-experimental por englomerados. Intervención de tres meses en escuelas primarias que incluyó provisión de agua potable y diseñado con base en el mercado social. Se comparó la actitud, el conocimiento y el comportamiento reportado pre y post intervención. Resultados. Los niños (n=116) aumentaron en 38% (171 ml) el consumo de agua reportado durante el horario escolar, mientras que en el grupo control (n=167) disminuyó en 21% (140 ml), diferencias (p<0.05). En una submuestra, el consumo de bebidas azucaradas reportado disminuyó 437 ml en el grupo intervención y 267 ml en el grupo control (p<0.05). Conclusión. El mercadeo social, incluyendo la modificación del ambiente, fue efectiva en aumentar el consumo de agua reportado en niños y es una estrategia que podría contribuir a mitigar la obesidad infantil.
Objective. To increase water consumption in school children in Mexico City through a social marketing intervention. Materials and methods. Cluster cuasi-experimental design. Intervention of three months in schools, including water provision and designed based on social marketing. Reported changes in attitude, knowledge and behavior were compared pre and post intervention. Results. Children of the intervention group (n=116) increased in 38% (171 ml) water consumption during school time, control group (n=167) decreased its consumption in 21% (140 ml) (p<0.05), according to their reported consumption. In a sub-sample reported consumption of sweetened beverages decreased 437 ml in the IG and 267 ml in the CG (p<0.05). Conclusion. Social marketing and environmental modifications were effective on increasing water consumption among children, strategy that might contribute to mitigate childhood obesity.
Assuntos
Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Comportamento Infantil , Ingestão de Líquidos , Comportamento de Ingestão de Líquido , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Promoção da Saúde/organização & administração , Obesidade Infantil/prevenção & controle , Serviços de Saúde Escolar/organização & administração , Água , Bebidas , Carboidratos da Dieta , Prontuários Médicos , México/epidemiologia , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , Comunicação Persuasiva , Psicologia da Criança , Marketing Social , População UrbanaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Demonstrate the importance of the cultural factors that currently motivate Mexican children to consume sweetened beverages and examine their implications for the design of programs for the promotion of healthy lifestyles. METHODS: A qualitative phenomenological study involving nine peer interviews and four discussion groups was conducted among children aged 9 and 10 years in four public schools in southern Mexico City. The interviews employed nine photographs of beverages that are available in schools and homes. The aim was to identify the culinary rules associated with the consumption of sweetened beverages and the different views held by the children about the beverages. The complete interviews and group discussions were recorded and transcribed. Matrixes were developed for analysis of the subject categories identified during the study. The analysis was based on "continuous comparison" of the statements made by boys and girls, and among students from the four schools. RESULTS: Two main sociocultural elements, constructed in a given cultural framework, partly explain the children's current consumption patterns. The first, the nearly nonexistent concept that water is for drinking, with water consumption being limited to engagement in physical activity, in contrast to the wide range of circumstances and occasions found for the consumption of a sweetened beverage. Secondly, the identification of three principles that appear to underlie beverage consumption: the combination of salty food with sweet drinks, the important role of sweetened beverages at social events, and the close association between water consumption and the thirst induced by physical effort. CONCLUSIONS: The results show the importance of considering the role of socially significant elements in dietary practices and the need to also consider these elements when designing interventions for schoolchildren. It is also important to change the children's current views about what they drink, guiding and encouraging them to think of water as a drink to be consumed throughout the day and not only after physical activity. Finally, it is imperative in Mexico to guarantee free access to drinking water in schools and regulate food advertising that targets children.
Assuntos
Bebidas Gaseificadas/estatística & dados numéricos , Cultura , Preferências Alimentares/psicologia , Estado Nutricional , Instituições Acadêmicas/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudantes/psicologia , Criança , Proteção da Criança , Competência Cultural , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Promoção da Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Motivação , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Obesidade/etiologia , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Fatores de Risco , Marketing SocialRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Demostrar la importancia de los factores culturales que hoy motivan a los niños mexicanos a consumir bebidas azucaradas y examinar sus implicaciones para el diseño de programas de promoción de estilos de vida saludable. MÉTODOS: Estudio cualitativo fenomenológico. Se llevaron a cabo nueve entrevistas con pares y cuatro grupos de discusión con niños de entre 9 y 10 años de edad en cuatro escuelas públicas del sur de la Ciudad de México. Las entrevistas se realizaron con apoyo de nueve fotografías de bebidas disponibles en las escuelas y en los hogares. Se buscó identificar las reglas culinarias asociadas con el consumo de bebidas azucaradas y las diferentes valoraciones que hacen los niños acerca de las bebidas. Las entrevistas y los grupos de discusión se grabaron y transcribieron en su integridad. Se desarrollaron matrices de análisis en categorías temáticas identificadas durante el estudio. El análisis se basó en la "comparación continua" de los discursos de niños y niñas, y entre los alumnos de las cuatro escuelas. RESULTADOS: Dos principales elementos de índole sociocultural, construidos en un marco cultural determinado, explican en parte el actual patrón de consumo entre los niños. El primero, una casi inexistente conceptualización de los niños con respecto al consumo de agua, confinada a la realización de actividad física, contraria a la amplia gama de circunstancias y ocasiones que encontraron para el consumo de alguna bebida azucarada. Segundo, la identificación de tres principios que parecen estructurar el consumo de las bebidas -combinación de alimentos salados con bebidas dulces, rol protagónico de las bebidas azucaradas en eventos sociales y asociación estrecha del consumo de agua con la sed provocada por el esfuerzo físico. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados ponen en evidencia la importancia de considerar el papel de los elementos socialmente significativos en las prácticas alimentarias y la necesidad de considerarlos también en el diseño de las intervenciones con escolares. Resalta asimismo la necesidad de transformar la concepción actual de los niños con respecto a lo que beben, guiándolos y estimulándolos para que identifiquen el agua como una bebida que se toma a lo largo del día y no exclusivamente después de un esfuerzo físico. Finalmente, es perentorio en México que se garantice el acceso libre al agua potable dentro de las escuelas y se regule la publicidad alimentaria dirigida a los niños.
OBJECTIVE: Demonstrate the importance of the cultural factors that currently motivate Mexican children to consume sweetened beverages and examine their implications for the design of programs for the promotion of healthy lifestyles. METHODS: A qualitative phenomenological study involving nine peer interviews and four discussion groups was conducted among children aged 9 and 10 years in four public schools in southern Mexico City. The interviews employed nine photographs of beverages that are available in schools and homes. The aim was to identify the culinary rules associated with the consumption of sweetened beverages and the different views held by the children about the beverages. The complete interviews and group discussions were recorded and transcribed. Matrixes were developed for analysis of the subject categories identified during the study. The analysis was based on "continuous comparison" of the statements made by boys and girls, and among students from the four schools. RESULTS: Two main sociocultural elements, constructed in a given cultural framework, partly explain the children's current consumption patterns. The first, the nearly nonexistent concept that water is for drinking, with water consumption being limited to engagement in physical activity, in contrast to the wide range of circumstances and occasions found for the consumption of a sweetened beverage. Secondly, the identification of three principles that appear to underlie beverage consumption: the combination of salty food with sweet drinks, the important role of sweetened beverages at social events, and the close association between water consumption and the thirst induced by physical effort. CONCLUSIONS: The results show the importance of considering the role of socially significant elements in dietary practices and the need to also consider these elements when designing interventions for schoolchildren. It is also important to change the children's current views about what they drink, guiding and encouraging them to think of water as a drink to be consumed throughout the day and not only after physical activity. Finally, it is imperative in Mexico to guarantee free access to drinking water in schools and regulate food advertising that targets children.