RESUMO
The historic center of Quito, Ecuador, was one of the first World Cultural Heritage Sites declared by UNESCO in 1978. There are numerous religious buildings built during the Spanish colonial period reflecting the cultural heritage in this area. Between them, the cloisters of San Francisco, Santo Domingo, and Santa Clara should be highlighted. The specific problems of conservation of the outdoor canvas paintings are not well known at the moment. The objective of this paper is to achieve a conservation study of the canvas paintings exhibited in these three cloisters of the historic center of Quito in order to identify the microbial agents and the main bioclimatic parameters of deterioration. For this, a study of the state of conservation of five canvas paintings has been carried out, as well as a sampling and identification of the main microorganisms present on the obverse and reverse of the works, employing diverse techniques, traditional and biomolecular ones. An analysis of climatic conditions has also been achieved in the cloister of San Francisco. The results of the study indicate that the exhibition conditions in the cloisters are really problematic for the conservation of paintings. Important biodeteriorating agents have been isolated, including fungi and bacteria species belonging, among others, to the genera Bacillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Mucor, and Aspergillus. We have also researched its relationship with the deterioration state of the artworks and the exhibition conditions in each case, proposing guidelines for the proper conservation of this important World Cultural Heritage.
Assuntos
Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Pinturas , Têxteis/microbiologia , Alternaria/genética , Alternaria/isolamento & purificação , Aspergillus/genética , Aspergillus/isolamento & purificação , Bacillus/genética , Bacillus/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Candida/genética , Candida/isolamento & purificação , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Fúngico/isolamento & purificação , Equador , Microbiologia Ambiental , Fungos/classificação , Fungos/genética , Humanos , Penicillium/genética , Penicillium/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Staphylococcus/genética , Staphylococcus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Objetivos:Estimar la prevalencia de vida de la conducta suicida y variables asociadas en estudiantes de nutriciónde una universidad pública peruana.Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo y analítico, de corte transversal. Deluniverso de 322 alumnos, los estudiantes del 5º año, no pudieron participar, lo cual redujo la población total a 269 (de1º. a 4º. años). De estos, 131 (49 %) aceptaron la encuesta voluntariamente. Se aplicaron cuestionarios previamente validados sobre conducta suicida y pensamiento homicida, escalas de Ansiedad y Depresión de Zung, indicadores de conducta antisocial y CAGE (problemas relacionados con uso de alcohol). Para la búsqueda de asociaciones se realizaron análisis bivariados, considerándose estadísticamente significativo un p<0,05. Resultados: La prevalencia de vida de la conducta suicida global fue de 39,5%: (deseos de morir, 35,2%; pensamiento suicida, 20%; plan suicida, 8,1% e intento suicida, 9,4%); de ideación homicida, 13,9% y de indicadores de conducta antisocial, 27,5%. prevalencia puntual de depresión 4,6%; de ansiedad 3,1%; y CAGE positivo, 5,2%. En el análisis bivariado la conducta suicida global se asoció en forma significativa a ideación homicida, OR 9,07, (IC 95% 2,41-34,10) p< 0,001 y al tipo de familia: vivir con familia nuclear constituye un factor protector: OR 0,38, (IC 95% 0,15-0,97) p<0,039. El intento suicida estuvo asociado a indicadores de conducta antisocial, OR: 4,93, (IC 95% 2,09-11,65) p< 0,001. Conclusión: Uno de cada 11 estudiantes de la Escuela materia de este estudio ha intentado suicidarse, por lo menos una vez durante su vida. Este tipo de conducta se halla generalmente asociado a otros problemas de salud mental.
Objectives: To determine life prevalence of suicidal behavior and associated variables among students of a School of Nutrition in a Peruvian public university. Material and methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study. Of the 322 students, those from the 5th. year could not participate, reducing the total study population to 269 (1st. to 4th. year). From these, 131 (49%) voluntarily accepted to take the survey. Previously validated questionnaires about suicidal behavior and homicidal ideation, Zung Depression and Anxiety scales, indicators of antisocial behavior, and CAGE (alcohol-related problems) were applied. Bivariate analysis were carried out to detect statistical significance, with a p<0.05 value. Results: Suicidal behavior life prevalence was 39.5% (wish to die, 35.2%; suicidal ideation, 20%; suicidal plan, 8.1% and suicidal attempt, 9.4%), homicidal ideation, 13.9% and antisocial behavior indicators, 27.5%. Point prevalence of depression, 4.6%; of anxiety, 3.1% and CAGE+: 5.2%. Bivariate analysis showed global suicidal behavior significantly associated to homicidal ideation, OR 9,07, (IC 95% 2,41-34,10) p<0,001 and family type: to live with nuclear family constitutes a protective factor, OR 0,38, (IC 95% 0,15-0,97) p<0,039. Suicidal attempt was significantly associated to antisocial behavior indicators, OR: 4,93, (IC 95% 2,09-11,65) p<0,001.Conclusions: One out of 11 pre-graduate students of nutrition has attempted suicide at least once in his/her life. These behaviors are associated to other mental health problems.
Assuntos
Humanos , Ciências da Nutrição , Estudantes , Ideação Suicida , Tentativa de Suicídio , Prevalência , ViolênciaRESUMO
Ensayar un método de diagnóstico adecuado con la medición del concentración de partículas de polvora incrustadas en los tejidos periferios al orificio de entrada (OE) para precisar la probable distancia de disparo. Usando un revolver calibre 38 con munición FAME se realizó cinco series de disparos contra fragmentos de piel de cerdo con cobertura de tela desde distancias conocidas, verificandose la presencia del tatuaje sobre la piel y la tela. Las muestras fueron microfotografiadas para cuantificar los gránulos de pólvora presentes sobre la piel. Para todas las distancias de disparo se establece un espacio claro periferico al OE, un inicio del tatuaje, una extensión del tatuaje y un final del tatuaje o zona clara postatuaje, variando esta elación de modo directamente proporcional a la distancia del disparo e inversamente a la concentración de restos de pólvora. Puede determinarse con mayor precisión la distancia aproximada de disparo, en un rango de 30 a 100 cm midiendo la concentración de partículas de pólvora incrustadas en la superficie cutánea por medio del método de microfotografía estereoscópica. Se propone el término "Tatuaje de Escarapela" para referirse a este tipo de distribución.