RESUMO
The high proportion of indeterminate results of the screening test for human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection has been a challenge worldwide. In this study, 60 persons with seroindeterminate results for HTLV were followed until their serological status was defined. At least two independent serological tests (EIA and WB) from sequential samples were performed at an average interval of 4.4 years, totaling 141 serum samples tested. Seroconversion occurred in 12 individuals (reactive by EIA, positive by WB and PCR), and 48 were classified as false reactions (non-reactive EIA and negative PCR, but indeterminate WB). The seroconverter group had epidemiological features similar to those seen in HTLV-1 carriers, and the average time of follow-up for seroconversion was 4 years. In the group with false reactions, the most frequent indeterminate WB pattern in the samples was the presence of p24 alone. This pattern was absent in the seroconverter group, suggesting that p24 alone is an indicator of false reactivity. In contrast, the presence of p19 and p24 seems to be an indicator of true reactivity, since this pattern was frequent (66.7%) among the seroconverters and much less common (10.4% of the first samples) among the individuals with false reactions (P = 0.0001). Thus, HTLV infection may be suspected when reactivity to p19 and p24 is observed. Individuals with an indeterminate WB pattern should be followed-up and retested. The improvement of the HTLV algorithm screening of blood donors has been necessary to reduce inconclusive results and to avoid unnecessary follow-up to define the status of infection.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Doadores de Sangue , Infecções por HTLV-I/diagnóstico , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Western Blotting/métodos , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteínas Oncogênicas de Retroviridae/imunologia , Virologia/métodos , Adulto Jovem , Produtos do Gene gag do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/imunologiaRESUMO
Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) has been shown to be endemic in Brazilian Indians and among intravenous drug users in urban areas, but transmission of this infection seems to be infrequent in the general population living in urban areas in Brazil. Six persons in three generations of a Brazilian family were evaluated to assess HTLV-2 transmission and its molecular features in the positive cases. The index was detected during screening (HTLV EIA) of donated blood in Fundação Hemominas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Confirmatory serological test and viral typing were performed by Western blotting and polymerase chain reaction. The family consisted of husband, wife (index case), three daughters, and the mother of the index case. The husband and one daughter were found positive, thus pointing to horizontal and vertical transmission. The husband was a truck driver, who reported casual sex during frequent traveling. The positive daughter was breast-fed for 3 months, as opposed to the remaining two (seronegative), who breast-fed for 1 month. The index case's mother was negative. To identify HTLV-2 subtype(s), phylogenetic analysis of the noncoding long terminal repeat region and part of the env and tax coding regions was performed. These new isolates from Belo Horizonte are related to subtype IIa but present a molecular variant with extended tax, previously reported in subtype IIc. Analyzing both LTR and env regions, the family's sequences clustered with isolates of Brazilian intravenous drug users and transfusion transmitted virus.
Assuntos
Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa , Infecções por HTLV-II/transmissão , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 2 Humano/imunologia , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Família , Feminino , Anticorpos Anti-HTLV-II/sangue , Infecções por HTLV-II/epidemiologia , Infecções por HTLV-II/virologia , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 2 Humano/classificação , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 2 Humano/genética , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , População UrbanaRESUMO
Devido ao tamanho absoluto de sua população, o Brasil pode abrigar o maior número absoluto de pessoas soropositivas para HTLV-I/II. A triagem sorológica para o HTLV-I/II, dos candidatos à doação de sangue é obrigatória no país e a rede de hemocentros é responsável pela coleta de aproximadamente 80,0 por cento do sangue doado. Conduzimos estudo transversal para determinar e quantificar a distribuição geográfica das taxas de prevalência para HTLV-I/II resultantes da triagem em candidatos a doadores de sangue, doando em 27 áreas urbanas correspondendo às capitais de cada um dos Estados brasileiros, no período de 1995 a 2000. Neste estudo, o teste de EIA foi utilizado para testar a presença de anticorpos para HTLV-I/II. As taxas de prevalência médias apresentaram grande heterogeneidade geográfica, variando de 0,4/1.000 em Florianópolis, na Região Sul, até uma taxa 25 vezes maior, 10,0/1.000 em São Luís, na Região Nordeste. Em média, as taxas de soropositividade ao EIA são menores nas capitais do Sul do país, tendendo a aumentar em direção ao Nordeste e Norte. As razões para esta heterogeneidade podem ser múltiplas e necessitam de mais estudos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Doadores de Sangue , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano , Estudos Transversais , Técnicas ImunoenzimáticasRESUMO
Brazil may have the highest absolute number of HTLV-I/II seropositive individuals in the world. Screening potential blood donors for HTLV-I/II is mandatory in Brazil. The public blood center network accounts for about 80.0% of all blood collected. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the geographic distribution of HTLV-I/II serological screening prevalence rates in blood donors from 27 large urban areas in the various States of Brazil, from 1995 to 2000. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was used to test for HTLV-I/II. The mean prevalence rates ranged from 0.4/1,000 in Florianopolis, capital of Santa Catarina State, in the South, to 10.0/1,000 in São Luiz, Maranhão State, in the Northeast. EIA prevalence rates are lower in the South and higher in the North and Northeast. The reasons for such heterogeneity may be multiple and need further studies.