Assuntos
Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/uso terapêutico , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/uso terapêutico , Ácidos Linoleicos/uso terapêutico , Ácido alfa-Linolênico/uso terapêutico , Ácidos Araquidônicos/metabolismo , Estatura/efeitos dos fármacos , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/metabolismo , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/sangue , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/metabolismo , Membrana Eritrocítica/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6 , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Crescimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Ácido Linoleico , Ácidos Linoleicos/metabolismo , Masculino , Lipídeos de Membrana/análise , Lipídeos de Membrana/metabolismo , Fosfolipídeos/análise , Fosfolipídeos/metabolismo , Ácido alfa-Linolênico/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether prolonged feeding of preterm infant formula to preterm infants can accelerate recovery to normal plasma zinc levels without affecting plasma mineral homeostasis. DESIGN: Part of concurrent prospective feeding trials in a university hospital-based population. SUBJECTS AND INTERVENTION: Preterm infants (n = 33; birth weight, 1037 +/- 157 gm) were fed a preterm infant formula with higher concentrations of zinc, copper, calcium, magnesium, and potassium until 2 months past expected term, then a term infant formula. Term infants (n = 38; birth weight, 3318 +/- 401 gm) fed this term infant formula from birth were a reference group for comparison with study infants and with published values. Plasma mineral levels were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. RESULTS: Preterm infants fed a preterm infant formula after discharge from the hospital appeared to achieve normal plasma zinc concentrations by at least 2 months past term without adverse effects on mineral homeostasis.
Assuntos
Alimentos Fortificados/análise , Alimentos Infantis , Recém-Nascido Prematuro/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Cálcio/sangue , Cálcio/farmacocinética , Cobre/sangue , Cobre/farmacocinética , Espectroscopia de Ressonância de Spin Eletrônica , Feminino , Seguimentos , Hospitais Universitários , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Estudos Longitudinais , Magnésio/sangue , Magnésio/farmacocinética , Masculino , Alta do Paciente , Potássio/sangue , Potássio/farmacocinética , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Tempo , Zinco/sangue , Zinco/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
The effect of n-3 fatty acid intake on docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) status, growth, retinal physiology, visual acuity, and development (Bayley Mental Developmental Index and Fagan Infantest) has been evaluated in infants randomized to a marine oil source of docosahexaenoic acid or to standard infant formula. This article will focus on the lessons learned in conducting these randomized trials--issues related to design, implementation, and interpretation. By addressing these issues it is hoped that several general concepts related to nutrition studies in infants can be explored that might prove useful to others who undertake clinical nutrition trials in general, and trials with n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in particular.
Assuntos
Ácido Araquidônico/metabolismo , Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/farmacologia , Óleos de Peixe/farmacologia , Alimentos Fortificados , Alimentos Infantis/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente/fisiologia , Recém-Nascido Prematuro/fisiologia , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6 , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estado Nutricional , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como AssuntoRESUMO
Adding docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22:6n-3) to formulas is more effective than increasing formula alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) in maintaining blood phospholipid DHA levels similar to those in breast-fed infants. However, in long-term trials supplementary DHA given as marine oil reduces blood phospholipid arachidonic acid (AA) in preterm infants. This effect is not seen in short-term trials unless the total n-3 intake from marine oil exceeds 0.5% of the total fatty acids. In addition, there is considerable variability among individual preterm infants in blood phospholipid AA and DHA levels that is not dependent on diet. Within dietary treatments, a significant positive correlation between AA and DHA concentrations suggests that factor(s) other than marine oil supplementation affect both AA and DHA status. Docosahexaenoic acid and AA concentrations in plasma phospholipids are significantly correlated with DHA and AA concentrations in red blood cell phospholipids, suggesting that the observed individual differences in DHA and AA within groups represent true differences in fatty acid status. Preterm infants appear to be vulnerable to a poor status of both DHA and AA; further feeding trials are needed to identify the optimal balance of fatty acids for feeding these infants.