RESUMO
Nesta pesquisa objetivamos identificar e discutir sobre os espaços e equipamentos de esporte e lazer existentes em municípios do Rio Grande do Norte, com intuito de mapeamento desses elementos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, de campo com 55 gestores responsáveis pelo esporte e lazer de municípios do Estado do RN. Diante dos resultados encontrados, identificamos que nas cidades pesquisadas há espaços e equipamentos de esporte e lazer com predominância das quadras descobertas, campos de areia e academias ao ar livre. O uso desses espaços predomina a iniciativa pública e popular, preferencialmente no período diurno. O interesse físico-esportivo ganhou destaque, talvez pelo quantitativo de espaços e equipamentos propícios para este interesse e a proximidade dos gestores com o futebol. Apontamos a necessidade de ampliar a iniciativa da animação cultural por parte das prefeituras e a necessidade de cursos de capacitação para os gestores.
This research aimed to identify and discuss about the spaces and equipment for sport and leisure in municipalities of Rio Grande do Norte with the intention of mapping these elements. It is a descriptive and the field research with 55 managers responsible for sport and leisure of municipalities in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. Before the results, we have identified in the cities surveyed for spaces and sports and leisure equipment with the courts findings, sand fields and outdoor academies. The use of these spaces predominates the public and popular initiative, preferably during the day. The physical-sports interest came to prominence, perhaps by the number of spaces and equipment suitable for this interest and the proximity of managers with the football. We point out the need to expand the initiative of cultural animation by prefectures and the need for training courses for managers.
Assuntos
Humanos , Política Pública , Recreação , Esportes , Área Urbana , Atividades de LazerRESUMO
Corals harbor a wide diversity of bacteria associated with their mucus. These bacteria can play an important role in nutrient cycling, degradation of xenobiotics and defense against pathogens by producing antimicrobial compounds. However, the diversity of the cultivable heterotrophic bacteria, especially in the Brazilian coral species, remains poorly understood. The present work compares the diversity of cultivable bacteria isolated from the mucus and surrounding environments of four coral species present along the Brazilian coast, and explores the antibacterial activity of these bacteria. Bacteria belonging to the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were isolated. The mucus environment presented a significantly different bacteria composition, compared to the water and sediment environments, with high abundance of Alcanivorax, Acinetobacter, Aurantimonas and Erythrobacter. No difference in the inhibition activity was found between the isolates from mucus and from the surrounding environment. Eighty-three per cent of the bacteria isolated from the mucus presented antimicrobial activity against Serratia marcescens, an opportunistic coral pathogen, suggesting that they might play a role in maintaining the health of the host. Most of the bacteria isolates that presented positive antimicrobial activity belonged to the genus Bacillus.
Assuntos
Antozoários/microbiologia , Antibiose , Bacillus/fisiologia , Microbiota/fisiologia , Água do Mar/microbiologia , Serratia marcescens/fisiologia , Acinetobacter/classificação , Acinetobacter/genética , Acinetobacter/isolamento & purificação , Acinetobacter/fisiologia , Actinobacteria/classificação , Actinobacteria/genética , Actinobacteria/isolamento & purificação , Actinobacteria/fisiologia , Alcanivoraceae/classificação , Alcanivoraceae/genética , Alcanivoraceae/isolamento & purificação , Alcanivoraceae/fisiologia , Animais , Bacillus/classificação , Bacillus/genética , Bacillus/isolamento & purificação , Brasil , Variação Genética , Processos Heterotróficos , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Estações do Ano , Sphingomonadaceae/classificação , Sphingomonadaceae/genética , Sphingomonadaceae/isolamento & purificação , Sphingomonadaceae/fisiologiaRESUMO
One of the main goals of coral microbiology is to understand the ways in which coral-bacteria associations are established and maintained. This work describes the sequencing of the genome of Paracoccus sp. SM22M-07 isolated from the mucus of the endemic Brazilian coral species Mussismilia hispida. Comparative analysis was used to identify unique genomic features of SM22M-07 that might be involved in its adaptation to the marine ecosystem and the nutrient-rich environment provided by coral mucus, as well as in the establishment and strengthening of the interaction with the host. These features included genes related to the type IV protein secretion system, erythritol catabolism, and succinoglycan biosynthesis. We experimentally confirmed the production of succinoglycan by Paracoccus sp. SM22M-07 and we hypothesize that it may be involved in the association of the bacterium with coral surfaces.
Assuntos
Antozoários/genética , Genoma Bacteriano , Paracoccus/genética , Simbiose/genética , Animais , Antozoários/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Antozoários/microbiologia , Brasil , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Ecossistema , Paracoccus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , FilogeniaRESUMO
Escherichia coli is an important microorganism in the gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. Commensal populations of E. coli consist of stable genetic isolates, which means that each individual has only one phylogenetic group (phylogroup). We evaluated the frequency of human commensal E. coli phylogroups from 116 people and observed that the majority of isolates belonged to group A. We also evaluated the frequency of phylogroups in wastewater samples and found a strong positive correlation between the phylogroup distribution in wastewater and human hosts. In order to find out if some factors, such as geographical location, and climate could influence the worldwide phylogroup distribution, we performed a meta-analysis of 39 different studies and 24 countries, including different climates, living areas, and feeding habits. Unexpectedly, our results showed no substructuring patterns of phylogroups; indicating there was no correlation between phylogroup distribution and geographic location, climate, living area, feeding habits, or date of collection.
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Here, we describe the genomic features of the Actinobacteria Kocuria sp. SM24M-10 isolated from mucus of the Brazilian endemic coral Mussismilia hispida. The sequences are available under accession number LDNX01000000 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/LDNX00000000). The genomic analysis revealed interesting information about the adaptation of bacteria to the marine environment (such as genes involved in osmotic and oxidative stress) and to the nutrient-rich environment provided by the coral mucus.
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An actinobacterial strain, designated SO9-6, was isolated from a copper iron sulfide mineral. The organism is Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, and coccoid. Chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties were consistent with its classification in the genus Kocuria. Here, we report the first draft genome sequence of Kocuria marina SO9-6 under accession JROM00000000 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/725823918), which provides insights for heavy metal bioremediation and production of compounds of biotechnological interest.
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Different types of water bodies, including lakes, streams, and coastal marine waters, are often susceptible to fecal contamination from a range of point and nonpoint sources, and have been evaluated using fecal indicator microorganisms. The most commonly used fecal indicator is Escherichia coli, but traditional cultivation methods do not allow discrimination of the source of pollution. The use of triplex PCR offers an approach that is fast and inexpensive, and here enabled the identification of phylogroups. The phylogenetic distribution of E. coli subgroups isolated from water samples revealed higher frequencies of subgroups A1 and B23 in rivers impacted by human pollution sources, while subgroups D1 and D2 were associated with pristine sites, and subgroup B1 with domesticated animal sources, suggesting their use as a first screening for pollution source identification. A simple classification is also proposed based on phylogenetic subgroup distribution using the w-clique metric, enabling differentiation of polluted and unpolluted sites.
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By comparing the SEED and Pfam functional profiles of metagenomes of two Brazilian coral species with 29 datasets that are publicly available, we were able to identify some functions, such as protein secretion systems, that are overrepresented in the metagenomes of corals and may play a role in the establishment and maintenance of bacteria-coral associations. However, only a small percentage of the reads of these metagenomes could be annotated by these reference databases, which may lead to a strong bias in the comparative studies. For this reason, we have searched for identical sequences (99% of nucleotide identity) among these metagenomes in order to perform a reference-independent comparative analysis, and we were able to identify groups of microbial communities that may be under similar selective pressures. The identification of sequences shared among the metagenomes was found to be even better for the identification of groups of communities with similar niche requirements than the traditional analysis of functional profiles. This approach is not only helpful for the investigation of similarities between microbial communities with high proportion of unknown reads, but also enables an indirect overview of gene exchange between communities.
Assuntos
Antozoários/microbiologia , Metagenômica/métodos , Animais , Antozoários/genética , Brasil , Geografia , Humanos , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
We investigated the existence of species-specific associations between Brazilian coral species and bacteria. Pyrosequencing of the V3 region of the 16S rDNA was used to analyze the taxonomic composition of bacterial communities associated with the mucus of four coral species (Madracis decactis, Mussismilia hispida, Palythoa caribaeorum, and Tubastraea coccinea) in two seasons (winter and summer), which were compared with the surrounding water and sediment. The microbial communities found in samples of mucus, water, and sediment differed according to the composition and relative frequency of OTUs. The coral mucus community seemed to be more stable and resistant to seasonal variations, compared to the water and sediment communities. There was no influence of geographic location on the composition of the communities. The sediment community was extremely diverse and might act as a "seed bank" for the entire environment. Species-specific OTUs were found in P. caribaeorum, T. coccinea, and M. hispida.
Assuntos
Antozoários/metabolismo , Antozoários/microbiologia , Bactérias/classificação , Microbiota , Animais , Bactérias/genética , Biodiversidade , Brasil , Ecossistema , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Repetitive element sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) is one of the commonest methods used to identify sources of fecal contamination of water systems. In this work, BOX-A1R-based repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR (BOX-PCR) was used to discriminate Escherichia coli strains originating from different animals and water sources, and the suitability of the technique for bacterial source tracking (BST) was evaluated. A total of 214 strains from humans, 150 strains from animals, 55 strains from sewage and 77 strains from water bodies were analyzed by the BOX-PCR technique. When maximum similarity between the fingerprints was used, a correct classification rate of 84% was achieved for strains from human and animal sources. Furthermore, 95% of the strains found in sewage were classified as being from human sources by at least one of the four classification tools used. Classification of the strains found in water bodies in the State of São Paulo was based on the fingerprints obtained for human and animal sources. Most of the sampling sites appeared to be affected by mixed sources of fecal contamination. The use of BOX-PCR for BST could be especially valuable in developing countries, where simplicity and cost are important considerations.
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Impressões Digitais de DNA/métodos , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Escherichia coli/genética , Fezes/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Poluentes da Água/análise , Animais , Brasil , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Sequências Repetitivas de Ácido Nucleico , Poluição da Água/análiseRESUMO
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains cause different types of systemic extraintestinal infections in poultry, collectively termed colibacillosis, which can cause significant economic losses in the poultry industry. To date, there have been no descriptions of genes or characteristics that allow for the classification of avian strains pathotypes responsible for causing specific diseases in their hosts. In this study we aimed to characterize avian E. coli strains representing 4 groups, including one of commensal strains (AFEC - Avian Fecal Escherichia coli) and 3 groups of APEC strains, where each group is responsible for causing a different disease syndrome in their respective hosts (septicemia, omphalitis and swollen head syndrome). We chose to examine several biological characteristics of these strains including: adhesion to eukaryotic cells, pathogenicity levels according to the lethal dose (50%) assay, phylogenetic group and virulence gene profiles. The comparison of strains based on these genotypic and phenotypic traits, using multivariate statisticals tools and complex networks, allowed us to infer information about the population structure of the studied groups. Our results indicate that APEC strains do not constitute a unique homogeneous group, but rather a structured set of subgroups, where each one is associated with a specific infectious syndrome which can possibly be used to define pathotypes or subpathotypes within APEC strains. These results offer new possibilities with which to study the genes responsible for various pathogenetic processes within APEC strains, and for vaccine development. It may be important to consider these subgroups when developing a vaccine in an effort for obtain cross protection, which has not yet been successfully accomplished when working with APEC strains.
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The aim of this work was to verify the presence of seven virulence factors (ST, LT, eae, stx(1), stx(2), INV and EAEC) among Escherichia coli strains isolated from healthy humans, bovines, chickens, sheep, pigs and goats, from two sewage treatment plants and from the Tietê River. We have found a high prevalence of eae, stx(1) and stx(2) in ruminants. The EAEC gene was only found in humans and sewage. No strains presented ST, LT or INV. BOX-PCR fingerprints revealed a high diversity among the strains analysed and a non-clonal origin of strains that presented the same virulence factors. Therefore, we concluded that ruminants may constitute an important reservoir of most diarrheagenic E. coli in Brazil, except for EAEC strains. These results emphasize the importance of the identification of the animal source of fecal contamination for the correct water risk assessment.
Assuntos
Animais Domésticos/microbiologia , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/patogenicidade , Rios/microbiologia , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Animais , Brasil , Escherichia coli/classificação , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/classificação , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/microbiologia , Genótipo , Humanos , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Toxinas Shiga/classificação , Toxinas Shiga/genética , Toxinas Shiga/isolamento & purificação , Fatores de Virulência/classificação , Fatores de Virulência/isolamento & purificação , Abastecimento de ÁguaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Escherichia coli strains are commonly found in the gut microflora of warm-blooded animals. These strains can be assigned to one of the four main phylogenetic groups, A, B1, B2 and D, which can be divided into seven subgroups (A0, A1, B1, B22, B23, D1 and D2), according to the combination of the three genetic markers chuA, yjaA and DNA fragment TspE4.C2. Distinct studies have demonstrated that these phylo-groups differ in the presence of virulence factors, ecological niches and life-history. Therefore, the aim of this work was to analyze the distribution of these E. coli phylo-groups in 94 human strains, 13 chicken strains, 50 cow strains, 16 goat strains, 39 pig strains and 29 sheep strains and to verify the potential of this analysis to investigate the source of fecal contamination. RESULTS: The results indicated that the distribution of phylogenetic groups, subgroups and genetic markers is non-random in the hosts analyzed. Strains from group B1 were present in all hosts analyzed but were more prevalent in cow, goat and sheep samples. Subgroup B23 was only found in human samples. The diversity and the similarity indexes have indicated a similarity between the E. coli population structure of human and pig samples and among cow, goat and sheep samples. Correspondence analysis using contingence tables of subgroups, groups and genetic markers frequencies allowed the visualization of the differences among animal samples and the identification of the animal source of an external validation set. The classifier tools Binary logistic regression and Partial least square--discriminant analysis, using the genetic markers profile of the strains, differentiated the herbivorous from the omnivorous strains, with an average error rate of 17%. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first work, as far as we are aware, that identifies the major source of fecal contamination of a pool of strains instead of a unique strain. We concluded that the analysis of the E. coli population structure can be useful as a supplementary bacterial source tracking tool.
Assuntos
DNA Bacteriano/genética , Escherichia coli/classificação , Escherichia coli/genética , Fezes/microbiologia , Animais , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/genética , Bovinos , Galinhas , Análise por Conglomerados , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Genes Bacterianos/genética , Genótipo , Cabras , Humanos , Receptores de Superfície Celular/genética , Ovinos , SuínosRESUMO
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is a gram-negative bacterium that obtains energy from the oxidation of ferrous iron or reduced sulfur compounds. In this bacterium, the proteins encoded by the rus operon are involved in electron transfer from Fe(II) to O(2), and the first two proteins in this pathway also participate in the electron transfer pathway from Fe(II) to NAD(P). In this work we analyzed the expression, by real-time PCR, of the eight genes from the rus operon when A. ferrooxidans LR was grown in the presence of iron (control) and then kept in contact with chalcopyrite (CuFeS(2)) and covellite (CuS). A small decrease in rus operon gene expression was observed in the presence of chalcopyrite, while in the presence of covellite the expression of these genes showed a remarkable decrease. These results can be explained by the absence of ferrous iron in covellite. To explain the expression difference observed between the gene cyc1 and the gene rus, we investigated the information content presented at the Translation Initiation Site (TIS) of both genes. cyc1 showed a highly information content (8.4 bits) that can maximize translation, and rus showed a less favorable context (5.5 bits). Our hypothesis is that the energetic metabolism in A. ferrooxidans may be controlled at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional level by different mechanisms.