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Widespread contamination of the Amazon basin with mercury has been reported to occur since at least the mid-80s due to heavy gold mining activity. Although initial studies have indicated that this may lead to deleterious neurological consequences to the indigenous populations living in the region, further research is needed to better characterize the neurological burden of such long-term exposure. With this aim, a cross-sectional exploratory study has been conducted with the Yanomami indigenous population residing in a northern Amazon region. All participants underwent a structured interview; detailed neurological examination, including assessment for cognitive, motor, coordination, and sensory functions; and laboratorial testing for serum hemoglobin, blood glucose, and methylmercury levels in hair samples. This study enrolled 154 individuals of 30.9 ± 16.8 years of age, of which 56.1% were female. Mean methylmercury levels in hair were 3.9 ± 1.7 µg/g. Methylmercury levels in hair > 6.0 µg/g were found in 10.3%. Among participants with hair methylmercury levels ≥ 6.0 µg/g, the prevalences of peripheral neuropathy and reduced cognitive performance were, respectively, 78.8% (95%CI 15-177%, p = 0.010) and 95.9% (95%CI 16-230.8%, p = 0.012) higher than those of individuals with lower levels. These results suggest that chronic mercury exposure may lead to significant and potentially irreversible neurotoxicity to Yanomami population living in the northern Amazon basin.

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Nanostructured contrast agents are promising alternatives to Gd3+-based chelates in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques. A novel ultrasmall paramagnetic nanoparticle (UPN) was strategically designed to maximize the number of exposed paramagnetic sites and r1 while minimizing r2, by decorating 3 nm titanium dioxide nanoparticles with suitable amounts of iron oxide. Its relaxometric parameters are comparable to those of gadoteric acid (GA) in agar phantoms, and the r2/r1 ratio of 1.38 at 3 T is close to the ideal unitary value. The strong and prolonged contrast enhancement of UPN before renal excretion was confirmed by T1-weighted MR images of Wistar rats after intravenous bolus injection. Those results associated with good biocompatibility indicate its high potential as an alternative blood-pool contrast agent to the GA gold standard for MR angiography, especially for patients with severe renal impairment.

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Introdução: O câncer causa alterações metabólicas e disfunções imunológicas e nutricionais significativas que podem acarretar desnutrição e síndrome de anorexia-caquexia. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a associação entre a Avaliação Subjetiva Global produzida pelo paciente e os desfechos clínicos e nutricionais.Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, com coletas de dados retrospectivos, de pacientes atendidos em Ambulatório de Nutrição e Oncologia de um hospital público no Rio Grande do Sul, entre Janeiro de 2018 a Janeiro de 2020. Foram incluídos adultos com diagnóstico de câncer hematológico ou tumor sólido. Os dados demográficos e clínicos foram coletados a partir de prontuário eletrônico e os dados nutricionais e sintomas coletados através da ficha de anamnese. A relação entre variáveis categóricas foi avaliada pelos testes do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fischer, e de variáveis contínuas através dos testes de Pearson ou correlação de Spearman. O nível de significância utilizado foi de 5%.Resultados: Foram avaliados 260 pacientes, sendo 51,5% do sexo feminino, a maioria de raça branca (84,2%), com idade média de 59 anos. Em relação ao diagnóstico nutricional, observou-se que 41,5% dos pacientes eram bem nutridos, 39,6% apresentavam suspeita de desnutrição ou desnutrição moderada e 18,8% eram desnutridos graves. Observou-se associação significativa entre pacientes com desnutrição (ASGPPP B e/ou C) e os seguintes desfechos: idade, óbito, tipo de câncer, em especial, esôfago, pulmão e cólon, presença de diabetes melito, tipo de tratamento clínico e via alimentar. Também foi observada associação significativa com os sintomas de disfagia, odinofagia, saciedade precoce, alteração do paladar, xerostomia e inapetência quando comparado os pacientes desnutridos com os classificados como bem nutrido.Conclusão: Observou-se associação entre os pacientes com algum grau de desnutrição e diversos sintomas que influenciam negativamente no consumo alimentar. Além disso, foi associada à localização do câncer e seu tratamento.

Introduction: Cancer causes metabolic changes and relevant immune and nutritional disorders, which can lead to malnutrition and anorexia-cachexia syndrome. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment and clinical and nutritional outcomes.Methods: This was a cross-sectional, retrospective study of patients treated at the Outpatient Nutrition and Oncology Clinic of a public hospital in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between January 2018 and January 2020. Adults with a diagnosis of hematologic cancer or solid tumor were included. Demographic and clinical data were collected from electronic medical records, and nutritional data and symptoms were collected using a medical history form. The relationship between categorical variables was assessed using the chi-square test or Fischer's exact test, and continuous variables were assessed using Pearson's or Spearman's correlation. The significance level was set at 5%.Results: A total of 260 patients were evaluated, 51.5% of whom were women, mostly white (84.2%), with a mean age of 59 years. In relation to the nutritional diagnosis, 41.5% of patients were well nourished, 39.6% had suspected malnutrition or moderate malnutrition, and 18.8% were severely malnourished. There was a significant association between patients with malnutrition and the following outcomes: age, death, type of cancer (especially esophageal, lung, and colon), presence of diabetes, type of clinical treatment, and diet. Patients with malnutrition were also significantly associated with symptoms of dysphagia, odynophagia, early satiety, altered taste, dry mouth, and lack of appetite.Conclusion: Patients with some degree of malnutrition were associated with several symptoms that negatively affect food consumption, as well as with cancer site and cancer treatment.

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BACKGROUND: Social participation is a complex construct, thus different factors may facilitate or restrict engagement. Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy (CP) and their mothers often experience barriers in social participation. Therefore, they are frequently facing challenges in order to engage in meaningful activities, in different contexts. OBJECTIVE: We aimed at exploring the perspectives of mothers and adolescents with CP on their social participation. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional and exploratory study, with a qualitative design. Seven adolescents with CP, aged from 11 to17 years old and their mothers, participated in a semi-structured interview, in São Paulo, Brazil. Data from interviews were analyzed with the Collective Subject Discourse (CSD) technique. RESULTS: Mothers believed that their parenting practices contribute to the social participation of their children. Mothers revealed concerns about how to support the autonomy of their children and how to help them to establish meaningful and mature relationships. Adolescents with CP reported to engage in a range of social activities, with friends in different contexts, such as restaurants, cinema, concerts, parks and school. They also reported to appreciate social participation and to look for strategies in order to engage. CONCLUSIONS: This work can contribute to the understanding of social participation of adolescents with CP, under the perspective of these people and their mothers by allowing them to express their thoughts and voice their fears and limitations. Healthcare providers should adopt a lifespan approach to disabilities and recognize the unique challenges of adolescence in the life of both child and parents.

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Aim: The low solubility and consequent poor bioavailability of ibuprofen (IBU) is a major drawback that can be overcome by anchoring IBU on ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIONs) as effective multifunctional carriers for drug delivery. Methods: USPIONs were conjugated with glycerol phosphate (USPION-GP) and also co-conjugated with IBU (USPION-GP/IBU), and their in vivo toxicity and anti-inflammatory effects investigated. Phosphate buffer saline (control), IBU, USPION-GP and USPION-GP/IBU were intravenously administered 15 min before lipopolysaccharide-induced peritonitis in male Balb/c mice. Results: 4 h later, USPION bioconjugates did not appear to have caused toxicity to blood leukocytes or caused alterations in the spleen, liver or kidneys. Also, they inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced neutrophil mobilization into the peritoneum. Conclusion: The absence of systemic toxicity and the unexpected anti-inflammatory action of USPION bioconjugates indicates that they could be a novel and effective approach to administer IBU and warrant further investigation.

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Graphene oxide (GO) microfibers with controlled and homogeneous shapes and tunable diameters were fabricated using the 3 dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic focusing concept on a microfluidic device. Thermal and microwave treatments are used to obtain reduced graphene oxide (rGO) microfibers with outstanding electrical properties, thus enabling the development of ionic liquid-gate field-effect transistors (FET) based on graphene derivative microfibers.

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Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of deoxycholic acid (DOC) for SMF reduction.Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases until June 2020. Efficacy outcomes: Clinician-Reported Submental Fat Rating Scale; Patient-Reported Submental Fat Rating Scale; Subject Self-Rating Scale; SMF reduction measured using caliper and resonance magnetic imaging; Early therapeutic success. Safety outcomes: Withdrawals due to adverse events (AEs), Rates of AEs, Skin laxity.Results: Five studies were included, comprising 1,838 participants. DOC (1 or 2 mg/cm2) had greater improvement in all efficacy measures compared to placebo. No differences were seen between both doses of DOC. Withdrawals due to AEs were low with 1 and 2 mg/cm2 of DOC (6.8% vs. 9.9%, respectively), and there was no difference between the two doses (p = 0.22). AEs were usually associated with the injection site, were predominantly transient, and commonly resolved within the treatment session interval. Injection site pain, hematoma, anesthesia/numbness, erythema, and swelling/edema were the most common AEs. There was no difference in their prevalence between both doses of DOC.Conclusions: DOC is effective and safe for SMF reduction with no differences between doses of 1 and 2 mg/cm2.

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A systematic study was carried out to evaluate the uptake and cytotoxicity of methotrexate (MTX) conjugated to superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) modified with glycerol phosphate (Glyc) and phosphorylethanolamine (PEA), using MCF-7 cancer cell line as model. The ligand shell composition was controlled in such a way to get SPIONs with nine different surface functionalization and up to three co-conjugated ligands but the very iron oxide core, in order to test and compare uptake and cytotoxicity, and verify possible additive effects. Folic acid (FA), the non-toxic analogue of MTX, was also explored as ligand for SPIONs. Glyc was shown to enhance dramatically the cellular uptake despite the high negative zeta potentials, whereas PEA, FA and MTX was found to have a much lower effect on the cellular uptake. Also, a significant ten times lowering of IC50 was observed for the co-conjugated MTX in the SPION-Glyc/PEA/MTX as compared to the free drug, whereas the analogue SPION-Glyc/PEA/FA nanoparticles exhibited no significant cytotoxicity. In short, the conjugation of MTX to SPIONs enhanced dramatically its cytotoxicity and decreased the IC50 value against MCF-7 tumor cells as compared to the free drug, probably due to the enhanced uptake of SPIONs as a result of their surface modification with Glyc/PEA, demonstrating that SPION-Glyc/PEA is a good nanocarrier for co-conjugated methotrexate.

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A sarcopenia é caracterizada pela diminuição da força e/ou performance física, associada a perda de massa muscular. O tratamento das doenças onco-hematológicas envolve a quimioterapia que pode levar a sarcopenia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a presença de risco de sarcopenia nestes pacientes durante o tratamento quimioterápico. Foi realizado um estudo de série de casos, com seis pacientes internados em quimioterapia no Hospital Conceição em Porto Alegre. A prevalência de pacientes com risco de sarcopenia foi avaliada pelo método SARC-F + CC e o estado nutricional através da ASG-PPP. Os resultados mostram que 50% dos pacientes foram classificados como bem nutridos e 50% como moderadamente desnutridos, em relação a sarcopenia 50% foram classificados como sugestivos de sarcopenia e 50% não apresentou sinais sugestivos de sarcopenia. A sarcopenia pode trazer uma serie de consequências aos pacientes, reforçando a necessidade de uma maior atenção a esta patologia. (au)

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Aim: To develop a series of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) by coconjugating them with ibuprofen (ibu) and glycerol phosphate (glycerol) or ibu and glucose-1-phosphate and to assess capacity of these conjugates to inhibit the release of nitric oxide (NO) in macrophages, even at low concentrations. Materials & methods: The SPION conjugates were characterized and their properties evaluated showing the influence of those ligands on colloidal stability and inhibition of NO-release demonstrated. The cytotoxicity and possible anti-inflammatory activity were evaluated using murine macrophages (RAW 247.6). Results: SPION-glycerol phosphate/ibu conjugates inhibited the NO production induced by lipopolysaccharides, indicating a potential anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusion: SPION conjugated with ibu was shown to inhibit NO-release even at very low concentrations, suggesting possible action against inflammatory diseases.

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The effect of the ligand shell on the cellular uptake efficiency was evaluated by a systematic study using fully dispersed 6 nm diameter superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), mono and bis-conjugated with glycerol phosphate (glyc), dopamine (dopa), 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid (tiron) and phosphorylethanolamine (pea). Negatively charged SPION-glyc was more efficiently incorporated than positively charged SPION-pea and SPION-dopa clearly evidencing that there are strong enough short-range interactions in addition to the long-range electrostatic interactions, as measured by the zeta potential, to reverse our expectation on cellular uptake. Those effects were pursued by correlating the nanoparticles incorporation efficiency as a function of the respective zeta potentials and the molar fractions of glyc and pea ligands co-conjugated on the SPION surface. The possibility of associating different ligands to modulate the physicochemical properties and biological events was demonstrated, showing promising perspectives for the development of multifunctional nanosystems for biomedical applications.

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Background Complex percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with higher ischemic risk, which can be mitigated by long-term dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). However, concomitant high bleeding risk (HBR) may be present, making it unclear whether short- or long-term DAPT should be prioritized. Objectives This study investigated the effects of ischemic (by PCI complexity) and bleeding (by PRECISE-DAPT [PRE dicting bleeding Complications in patients undergoing stent Implantation and Sub sequent Dual Anti Platelet Therapy] score) risks on clinical outcomes and on the impact of DAPT duration after coronary stenting. Methods Complex PCI was defined as ≥3 stents implanted and/or ≥3 lesions treated, bifurcation stenting and/or stent length >60 mm, and/or chronic total occlusion revascularization. Ischemic and bleeding outcomes in high (≥25) or non-high (<25) PRECISE-DAPT strata were evaluated based on randomly allocated duration of DAPT. Results Among 14,963 patients from 8 randomized trials, 3,118 underwent complex PCI and experienced a higher rate of ischemic, but not bleeding, events. Long-term DAPT in non-HBR patients reduced ischemic events in both complex (absolute risk difference: −3.86%; 95% confidence interval: −7.71 to +0.06) and noncomplex PCI strata (absolute risk difference: −1.14%; 95% confidence interval: −2.26 to −0.02), but not among HBR patients, regardless of complex PCI features. The bleeding risk according to the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction scale was increased by long-term DAPT only in HBR patients, regardless of PCI complexity. Conclusions Patients who underwent complex PCI had a higher risk of ischemic events, but benefitted from long-term DAPT only if HBR features were not present. These data suggested that when concordant, bleeding, more than ischemic risk, should inform decision-making on the duration of DAPT. (AU)

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Microfluidics has brought diverse advantages to chemical processes, allowing higher control of reactions and economy of reagents and energy. Low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) have additional advantages as material for fabrication of microfluidic devices, such as high compatibility with chemical reagents with typical average surface roughness of 0.3154 µm, easy scaling, and microfabrication. The conjugation of LTCC technology with microfluidics allows the development of micrometric-sized channels and reactors exploiting the advantages of fast and controlled mixing and heat transfer processes, essential for the synthesis and surface functionalization of nanoparticles. Since the chemical process area is evolving toward miniaturization and continuous flow processing, we verify that microfluidic devices based on LTCC technology have a relevant role in implementing several chemical processes. The present work reviews various LTCC microfluidic devices, developed in our laboratory, applied to chemical process miniaturization, with different geometries to implement processes such as ionic gelation, emulsification, nanoprecipitation, solvent extraction, nanoparticle synthesis and functionalization, and emulsion-diffusion/solvent extraction process. All fabricated microfluidics structures can operate in a flow range of mL/min, indicating that LTCC technology provides a means to enhance micro- and nanoparticle production yield.

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Size, shape, and surface properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) can influence their interaction with biological systems, particularly the incorporation by tumor cells and consequently the biological activity and efficiency in biomedical applications. Several strategies have been used to evaluate cellular uptake of SPIONs. While qualitative methods are generally based on microscopy techniques, quantitative assays are carried out by techniques such as inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and flow cytometry. However, inexpensive colorimetric methods based on equipments commonly found in chemistry and biochemistry laboratories are preferred for routine measurements. Nevertheless, colorimetric assays must be used judiciously, particularly when nanoparticles are involved, since their interaction with biological constituents tends to lead to quite underestimated results. Thus, herein described is a colorimetric protocol using 2,2'-bipyridine as chromogenic ligand, where each step was optimized and validated by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, realizing a highly reproducible and reliable method for determination of iron content in cells incubated with SPIONs. The limit of blank and limit of detection were determined to be as low as 0.076 and 0.143 µg Fe/mL, using sample volumes as small as 190 µL and a number of cells as low as 2.0 × 105. Furthermore, three different types of surface-functionalized nanoparticles were incorporated in cells and evaluated through this protocol, enabling to monitor the additive effect of o-phosphorylethanolamine (PEA) and folic acid (FA) conjugation on iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION-PEA and SPION-PEA/FA), that enhanced the uptake by HeLa cells, respectively, by four and ten times when compared to SPIONs conjugated with nonbioactive molecules. Graphical abstract Colorimetric determination of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) incorporated by cells.

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A simple and highly efficient (shorter reaction time and almost no rework) method for production of iodine based radioactive silver seed cores for brachytherapy is described. The method allows almost quantitative deposition of iodine-131 on dozens of silver substrates at once, with even distribution of activity per core and insignificant amounts of liquid and solid radioactive wastes, allowing the fabrication of cheaper radioactive iodine seeds for brachytherapy.

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O estudo objetivou traduzir e adaptar a versão do Premature Infant Pain Profile para a língua portuguesa adotada no Brasil. Trata-se de estudo transversal de caráter metodológico para validação de tradução de instrumento. O processo foi conduzido em quatro etapas: tradução inicial, síntese, retrotraduçãoe análise por juízes. Foram elaboradas quatro versões independentes do instrumento traduzido para o português. Posteriormente, uma versão síntese foi produzida com base nas traduções anteriores. A seguir, duas retrotraduções foram elaboradas independentemente e nenhuma destas apresentou discrepâncias importantes em relação ao instrumento original. Um comitê de juízes analisou a versão síntese e as retrotraduções com relação à equivalência semântica e idiomática e julgou adequada a versão do instrumento em língua portuguesa. Assim, o Perfil de Dor no Recém-Nascido Pré-termo foi considerado adaptado à língua portuguesa do Brasil, para aplicação em pesquisa e na prática clínica, o contribuirá, especialmente, para a internacionalização de pesquisas brasileiras.

The study aimed to translate and to adapt a version of the Premature Infant Pain Profile into the Brazilian Portuguese language. This is a cross-sectional and methodological study for the validation of a translated version of a tool. The process was conducted in four stages: initial translation, synthesis, back-translation, and analysis by experts. Four independent versions of the instrument translated into Brazilian Portuguese were produced. Based on these initial translations, a synthesis version was developed. Two back-translated versions were independently produced, and none showed major differences compared to the original instrument. An expert committee reviewed the summary version and the back-translations with respect to semantic and idiomatic equivalence. The committee considered the translation into Brazilian Portuguese as appropriate. Therefore, the Perfil de Dor no Recém-Nascido Pré-termo was considered adapted to Brazilian Portuguese, for research purposes and for clinical practice. It will contribute to the internationalization of research results in Brazil.

El objetivo del estudio fue traducir y adaptar la versión del Premature Infant Pain Profile para el portugués de Brasil. Es un estudio transversal y metodológico para validación de la tradición de instrumento. El proceso se llevó a cabo en cuatro etapas: traducción inicial, síntesis, re-traducción y análisis por jueces. Se establecieron cuatro versiones distintas del instrumento traducido al portugués y una versión sintética fue producida a partir de traducciones anteriores. Posteriormente, dos versiones fueron re-traducidas independientemente y no mostraron diferencias importantes del original. Un comité de jueces revisó la versión resumida y las re-traducciones con respecto a la equivalencia semántica y idiomática y consideraron adecuada la versión del instrumento en portugués. El instrumento Perfil da Dor no Recém-Nascido Pré-termo fue considerado adaptado al idioma portugués, para su aplicación en la investigación y en la práctica clínica. Esto contribuye, especialmente, para la internacionalización de los resultados de la investigación en Brasil.

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O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar a morfologia do esmalte dental perante a ação de agentes clareadores, quantitativamente, por meio da mesuração de rugosidade superficial. As superfícies vestibulares de 20 terceiros molares foram seccionadas em duas partes, posicionadas sobre a resina acrílica incolor e armazenadas em água destilada. As amostras foram analisadas em microscópio óptico para a definição de 15 amostras homogêneas e distribuídas aleatoriamente em três grupos experimentais, cada um contendo cinco delas: Grupo 1 - imersão em água destilada, Grupo 2 - gel peróxido de hidrogênio 35 por cento e Grupo 3 - gel peróxido de hidrogênio a 35 por cento e ativação por luz LED (light emitting diodes). As medições da rugosidade foram realizadas para a comparação entre os grupos foi o teste 1 pareado. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante nos grupos 1 e 2, sendo o valor de p maior do que 0,05. Entretanto, sob as condições experimentais deste trabalho, a técnica clareadora com ativação por luz resultou em alteração eTsatisticamente significante da rugosidade média do esmalte dental, cujo valor foi de p menor do que 0,05. O tratamento clareador com peróxido de hidrogênio a 35 por cento e com fotoativação causou aumento significativo da rugosidade do esmalte dental humano

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This study developed a pain evaluation scale and validated it for the Portuguese language. Development of the inventory--308 readily available pain descriptors--were searched in international literature and validated by six judges. One hundred descriptors of acute pain and 100 descriptors of chronic pain were found, which were used in the next stage. Statistical validation--493 health professionals and 146 patients experiencing acute and chronic pain participated in the study. Instructions, pain descriptors and respective definitions, pen and measuring tape were provided to participants. Psychophysical methods were used to establish categories, magnitude and cross-modality matching using line-length. Results revealed the ranking of the most frequently used descriptors of acute and chronic pain, with power equal to 0.99, close to the predicted (one), using line-length estimations. The Multidimensional Pain Evaluation Scale is thus validated for the Portuguese language.

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This study developed a pain evaluation scale and validated it for the Portuguese language. Development of the inventory - 308 readily available pain descriptors - were searched in international literature and validated by six judges. One hundred descriptors of acute pain and 100 descriptors of chronic pain were found, which were used in the next stage. Statistical validation - 493 health professionals and 146 patients experiencing acute and chronic pain participated in the study. Instructions, pain descriptors and respective definitions, pen and measuring tape were provided to participants. Psychophysical methods were used to establish categories, magnitude and cross-modality matching using line-length. Results revealed the ranking of the most frequently used descriptors of acute and chronic pain, with power equal to 0.99, close to the predicted (one), using line-length estimations. The Multidimensional Pain Evaluation Scale is thus validated for the Portuguese language.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram elaborar escala de avaliação de dor e validá-la para a língua portuguesa. Elaboração de inventário - foram pesquisados 308 descritores de dor da literatura mundial e, a partir desses, seis juízes realizaram a validação aparente e de conteúdo. Como resultados foram encontrados 100 descritores de dor aguda e 100 de crônica, os quais foram utilizados na próxima etapa. Validação estatística - participaram 493 profissionais da saúde e 146 portadores de dor aguda e de crônica. Usou-se, como material, instruções aos participantes, descritores de dor e suas definições, caneta e trena. Foram utilizados métodos psicofísicos: estimação de categorias, estimação de magnitudes e emparelhamento intermodal com modalidade em comprimento de linhas. Os resultados mostram escalonamento dos descritores de maior caracterização para a dor aguda e para a dor crônica, tendo sido encontrado expoente igual a 0,99, próximo ao predito (um) ao utilizar comprimentos de linhas e estimativas numéricas. Foi validada para a língua portuguesa a Escala Multidimensional de Avaliação de Dor (EMADOR).

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron elaborar una escala de evaluación del dolor y validarla para la lengua portuguesa. Elaboración de inventario - fueron investigados 308 descriptores del dolor en la literatura mundial y, a partir de estos, seis jueces realizaron la validación aparente y de contenido. Como resultados fueron encontrados 100 descriptores del dolor agudo y 100 del crónico, los cuales fueron utilizados en la próxima etapa. Validación estadística - participaron 493 profesionales de la salud y 146 portadores de dolor agudo y de crónico. Se usó, como material, instrucciones a los participantes, descriptores de dolor y sus definiciones, lápiz y cinta de medir. Fueron utilizados métodos psicofísicos: estimación de categorías, estimación de magnitudes y emparejamiento intermodal con modalidad en largo de líneas. Los resultados muestran escalonamiento de los descriptores de mayor caracterización para el dolor agudo y para el dolor crónico, fue encontrado exponente igual a 0,99, próximo al predicho (uno) al utilizar el largo de líneas y estimativas numéricas. Fue validado para la lengua portuguesa la Escala Multidimensional de Evaluación del Dolor (EMEDOR).

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Appropriate pain assessment is very important for managing chronic pain. Given the cultural differences in verbally expressing pain and in psychosocial problems, specific tools are needed. The goal of this study was to identify and validate Brazilian pain descriptors. A purposive sample of health professionals and chronic pain patients was recruited. Four studies were conducted using direct and indirect psychophysical methods: category estimation, magnitude estimation, and magnitude estimation and line-length. Results showed the descriptors which best describe chronic pain in Brazilian culture and demonstrated that there is not a significant correlation between patients and health professionals and that the psychophysical scale of judgment of pain descriptors is valid, stable, and consistent. Results reinforced that the translations of word descriptors and research tools into another language may be inappropriate, owing to differences in perception and communication and the inadequacy of exact translations to reflect the intended meaning. Given the complexity of the chronic pain, personal suffering involved, and the need for accurate assessment of chronic pain using descriptors stemming from Brazilian culture and language, it is essential to investigate the most adequate words to describe chronic pain. Although it requires more refinement, the Brazilian chronic pain descriptors can be used further to develop a multidimensional pain assessment tool that is culturally sensitive.

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