RESUMO

Lysolecithin might increase ruminal and intestinal emulsification, leading to increased digestibility, but there is minimum information about which is the most appropriate phase to start supplementation and its impacts on feedlot performance and muscle fatty acid profile. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of phase-feeding of Lysoforte™ eXtend (LYSO). In the first experiment, 1,760 predominantly Bos indicus bullocks (initial body weight of 400 ± 0.561 kg) were allocated in a complete randomized block design. LYSO was supplemented at 1 g/1% of ether extract from the diet. Treatments were no LYSO supplementation (NON); LYSO starting during the growing period and continuing during the finishing period; LYSO starting during the finishing period (FIN); and LYSO during adaptation, growing, and finishing periods (ALL). In the second experiment, the same treatments were evaluated with 96 bullocks (64 Nellore and 32½ Nellore × ½ Angus) in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement (treatments × genotype). For both studies, intake and average daily gain were accessed; carcass characteristics were evaluated in the first experiment, while digestibility of nutrients and profile of muscle fatty acids were measured in the second experiment. In the first experiment, LYSO increased final body weight (P < 0.022) and average daily gain (GRO and FIN; P < 0.05). In the second study, a treatment × breed × feeding phase interaction was observed with Nellore having a greater average daily gain (P < 0.05) than crossbreds in every feeding phase that LYSO was introduced to the diet. A treatment × feeding phase interaction was observed for digestibility, such that LYSO increased total dry matter (P = 0.004), crude protein (P = 0.043), and NDF (P = 0.001) digestibility during the finishing period. A treatment × breed × day classification was observed (P < 0.05). During the finishing phase, crossbreds treated with LYSO had greater DMI (P < 0.05) on very hot days than NON. Also, animals treated with LYSO presented a greater C18:3 n3 concentration (P = 0.047) in the longissimus. Overall, feeding LYSO during GRO and FIN enhanced feedlot performance and should lead to higher intakes during very hot days of the finishing feeding period.

RESUMO

Foram realizadas determinações químico-bromatológicas das frações que constituem os carboidratos e determinação das respectivas taxas de digestão dos carboidratos de alguns alimentos obtidos sob condições tropicais e de regiões semiáridas. Estudaram-se os volumosos secos (fenos de mata pasto, sabiá, juazeiro, mororó, capim estrela, folha de leucena, aveia e capim Tifton 85) e volumosos aquosos (silagens de milho, sorgo e palma, e ainda, a cactácea palma forrageira in natura). Os parâmetros cinéticos dos carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) e fração B2 foram estimados a partir da técnica cumulativa de produção de gás. Entre os alimentos estudados houve considerável variação na composição químico-bromatológica e nas taxas de degradação dos carboidratos solúveis. Comparando-se os parâmetros cinéticos das forrageiras nativas do nordeste verificou-se que, o alto teor de fração C para o feno de juazeiro e de mororó interferiu na cinética de degradação ruminal dos carboidratos onde o volume final de gás para estes fenos foram de 6,88 e 2,58 mL, respectivamente. A fermentação do feno de mata pasto resultou em maior produção de gás (16,38 mL) para os carboidratos totais (CT), assim como a maior taxa de degradação (0,0276%/h) e menor tempo de colonização (4,29h). Para o feno de aveia verificou-se que os valores de fração A+B1 foram superiores (389,6 g/kg) em relação ao feno de Tifton 85 (300,3 g/kg) e capim estrela (344,5 g/kg) e inferior para a fração B2 (441,6 g/kg). Foi observado que a silagem de sorgo apresentou maior volume de gás (24,70 mL), quando comparada com a de milho (16,44 mL). A técnica cumulativa de produção de gases possibilita a estimativa das taxas de degradação e fornece informações adicionais sobre a cinética de fermentação ruminal dos alimentos.

Chemical analysis of carbohydrates fractions and determination their carbohydrates digestion rates in some foods obtained under tropical conditions and semiarid regions, were accomplished. Dry forages were studied (hays of 'mata-pasto', 'sabiá', 'juazeiro', 'mororó', star grass, leucaena leaf, oat, and Tifton 85 grass), as well as, wet forages (corn, sorghum and palm silages, and also fresh forage cactus). The kinetics parameters of non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and B2 fraction were estimated using cumulative gas production technique. Among the studied foods, there was considerable variation in chemical composition and in the soluble carbohydrates degradation rates. Comparing the kinetics parameters of native forages to Northeast it was verified that the high content of C fraction in of 'juazeiro'and 'mororó' hay influenced in carbohydrates ruminal degradation kinetics, where the final gas volume for these hays were 6.88 and 2.58 mL, respectively. The fermentation of 'mata-pasto' hay resulted in a higher gas production (16.38 mL) for total carbohydrates (TC) as well as the higher degradation rate (0.0276%/h) and shorter time for colonization (4.29h). For oat hay, it was observed that the values for A+B1 fraction were higher (389.6 g/kg) in relation to the Tifton 85 grass hay (300.3 g/kg) and star grass hay (344.5 g/kg), and lower for the B2 fraction (441.6%). It was observed that sorghum silage had a higher gas volume (24.70 mL) compared with corn silage (16.44 mL). The cumulative gas production technique allows the estimative of degradation rates and provides further information about the ruminal fermentation kinetics of foods.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Fermentation kinetics rates of co-products generated in the supply chain of biodiesel were evaluated by in vitro gas production technique. Crambe meal, cottonseed meal, crambe cake, soybean cake and sunflower cake were evaluated. The soybean cake had higher rates of degradation of non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), compared to other foods, resulting in higher volume of gas. Cottonseed meal and crambe meal had degradation rates of NFC and gas production similar. Although the crambe cake did not differ from crambe meal on gas production in the degradation of NFC, there were differences in the rate of degradation, being the highest value found for the cake. The biggest lag time was required for soybean cake and the lowest for the sunflower cake. The highest rates of degradation of fibrous carbohydrates (FC) were observed in soybean cake and crambe cake, and lowest in sunflower cake. The highest gas production coming from the degradation of FC was obtained for the crambe meal. The soybean cake and crambe cake were the co-products with a better profile on rumen fermentation kinetics in relation to the degradation of non-fiber carbohydrates and fibrous carbohydrates.

Objetivou-se com este experimento avaliar a cinética de fermentação ruminal de diferentes co-produtos gerados na cadeia produtiva do biodiesel, mediante o uso da técnica de semi-automática de produção de gases in vitro, usando um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições por tratamento. Os tratamentos foram: farelo de crambe; farelo de algodão; torta de crambe; torta de soja e torta de girassol. A torta de soja apresentou maior taxa de degradação de carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), quando comparada aos demais alimentos, resultando em maior volume final de gases. O farelo de algodão e o farelo de crambe apresentaram taxa de degradação de CNF e produção de gases similares. Apesar da torta de crambe não diferir do farelo de crambe quanto a produção de gás na degradação de CNF, houve diferença na taxa de degradação, sendo o maior valor verificado para a torta. O maior tempo de colonização (Lag time) foi requerido para a torta de soja e o menor para a torta de girassol. As maiores taxas de degradação de carboidratos fibrosos (CF) foram observadas na torta de soja e torta de crambe, e menor taxa na torta de girassol. A maior produção de gás oriunda da degradação de CF foi obtida para o farelo de crambe. A torta de soja e a torta de crambe foram os co-produtos com melhor perfil na cinética de fermentação ruminal no que diz respeito à degradação d

RESUMO

Chemical analysis of carbohydrates fractions and determination their carbohydrates digestion rates in some foods obtained under tropical conditions and semiarid regions, were accomplished. Dry forages were studied (hays of mata-pasto, sabiá, juazeiro, mororó, star grass, leucaena leaf, oat, and Tifton 85 grass), as well as, wet forages (corn, sorghum and palm silages, and also fresh forage cactus). The kinetics parameters of non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and B2 fraction were estimated using cumulative gas production technique. Among the studied foods, there was considerable variation in chemical composition and in the soluble carbohydrates degradation rates. Comparing the kinetics parameters of native forages to Northeast it was verified that the high content of C fraction in of juazeiroand mororó hay influenced in carbohydrates ruminal degradation kinetics, where the final gas volume for these hays were 6.88 and 2.58mL, respectively. The fermentation of mata-pasto hay resulted in a higher gas production (16.38 mL) for total carbohydrates (TC) as well as the higher degradation rate (0.0276%/h) and shorter time for colonization (4.29h). For oat hay, it was observed that the values for A+B1 fraction were higher (389.6 g/kg) in relation to the Tifton 85 grass hay (300.3 g/kg) and star grass hay (344.5 g/kg), and lower for the B2fraction (441.6%). It was observed th

Foram realizadas determinações químico-bromatológicas das frações que constituem os carboidratos e determinação das respectivas taxas de digestão dos carboidratos de alguns alimentos obtidos sob condições tropicais e de regiões semiáridas. Estudaram-se os volumosos secos (fenos de mata pasto, sabiá, juazeiro, mororó, capim estrela, folha de leucena, aveia e capim Tifton 85) e volumosos aquosos (silagens de milho, sorgo e palma, e ainda, a cactácea palma forrageira in natura). Os parâmetros cinéticos dos carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) e fração B2 foram estimados a partir da técnica cumulativa de produção de gás. Entre os alimentos estudados houve considerável variação na composição químico-bromatológica e nas taxas de degradação dos carboidratos solúveis. Comparando-se os parâmetros cinéticos das forrageiras nativas do nordeste verificou-se que, o alto teor de fração C para o feno de juazeiro e de mororó interferiu na cinética de degradação ruminal dos carboidratos onde o volume final de gás para estes fenos foram de 6,88 e 2,58 mL, respectivamente. A fermentação do feno de mata pasto resultou em maior produção de gás (16,38 mL) para os carboidratos totais (CT), assim como a maior taxa de degradação (0,0276%/h) e menor tempo de colonização (4,29h). Para o feno de aveia verificou-se que os valores de fração A+B1 foram superiores (389,6 g/kg) em relação ao feno de Tifton 85 (300,

RESUMO

Fermentation kinetics rates of co-products generated in the supply chain of biodiesel were evaluated by in vitro gas production technique. Crambe meal, cottonseed meal, crambe cake, soybean cake and sunflower cake were evaluated. The soybean cake had higher rates of degradation of non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), compared to other foods, resulting in higher volume of gas. Cottonseed meal and crambe meal had degradation rates of NFC and gas production similar. Although the crambe cake did not differ from crambe meal on gas production in the degradation of NFC, there were differences in the rate of degradation, being the highest value found for the cake. The biggest lag time was required for soybean cake and the lowest for the sunflower cake. The highest rates of degradation of fibrous carbohydrates (FC) were observed in soybean cake and crambe cake, and lowest in sunflower cake. The highest gas production coming from the degradation of FC was obtained for the crambe meal. The soybean cake and crambe cake were the co-products with a better profile on rumen fermentation kinetics in relation to the degradation of non-fiber carbohydrates and fibrous carbohydrates.

Objetivou-se com este experimento avaliar a cinética de fermentação ruminal de diferentes co-produtos gerados na cadeia produtiva do biodiesel, mediante o uso da técnica de semi-automática de produção de gases in vitro, usando um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições por tratamento. Os tratamentos foram: farelo de crambe; farelo de algodão; torta de crambe; torta de soja e torta de girassol. A torta de soja apresentou maior taxa de degradação de carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), quando comparada aos demais alimentos, resultando em maior volume final de gases. O farelo de algodão e o farelo de crambe apresentaram taxa de degradação de CNF e produção de gases similares. Apesar da torta de crambe não diferir do farelo de crambe quanto a produção de gás na degradação de CNF, houve diferença na taxa de degradação, sendo o maior valor verificado para a torta. O maior tempo de colonização (Lag time) foi requerido para a torta de soja e o menor para a torta de girassol. As maiores taxas de degradação de carboidratos fibrosos (CF) foram observadas na torta de soja e torta de crambe, e menor taxa na torta de girassol. A maior produção de gás oriunda da degradação de CF foi obtida para o farelo de crambe. A torta de soja e a torta de crambe foram os co-produtos com melhor perfil na cinética de fermentação ruminal no que diz respeito à degradação d