RESUMO
Brazil is one of the major global poultry producers, and the organic waste generated by the chicken slaughterhouses can potentially be used as a biofertilizer in agriculture. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that continuous use of biofertilizer to the crops, substituting the use of mineral fertilizer promote C-offset for the soil and generate crop energy efficiency for the production system. Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of biofertilizer use alone or in combination with mineral fertilizer on soil organic carbon (SOC) stock, carbon dioxide (CO2) mitigation, C-offset, crop energy efficiency and productivity, and alleviation of environmental pollution. The experiment was established in southern Brazil on a soil under 15 years of continuous no-till (NT). Experimental treatments were as follows: i) Control with no fertilizer application, ii) 100% use of industrial mineral fertilizer (Min-F); iii) 100% use of organic waste originated from poultry slaughterhouses and hereinafter designated biofertilizer (Bio-F), and iv) Mixed fertilizer equivalent to the use of 50% mineral fertilizer + 50% of biofertilizer (Mix-F). Effects of experimental treatments were assessed for the crop sequence based on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), soybean (Glycine max) and corn (Zea mays) in the summer and wheat (Triticum aestivum) and black oat (Avena strigosaSchreb) in the winter composing two crops per year, as follow: bean/wheat-soybean/black oat-corn/wheat-soybean/black oat-corn/wheat-bean. The continuous use of Bio-F treatment significantly increased the index of crop energy efficiency. It was higher than that of control, and increased it by 25.4 Mg CO2eq ha-1 over that of Min-F treatment because of higher inputs of crop biomass-C into the system. Further, continuous use of Bio-F resulted in a significantly higher CO2eq stock and offset than those for Min-F treatment. A positive relationship between the C-offset and the crop energy efficiency (R2 = 0.71, p < 0.001) indicated that the increase of C-offset was associated with the increase of energy balance and the amount of SOC sequestered. The higher energy efficiency and C-offset by application of Bio-F indicated that the practice of crop bio fertilization with poultry slaughterhouse waste is a viable alternative for recycling and minimizing the environmental impacts.
Assuntos
Resíduos Industriais , Solo , Agricultura , Animais , Brasil , Carbono , Conservação de Recursos Energéticos , Fertilizantes , Nitrogênio/análise , Aves Domésticas , Zea maysRESUMO
Crop rotation is one of the pillars of conservation agriculture. This practice has offered a series of advantages in terms of improving soil physical, chemical, and biological conditions. These advantages result in yield increases for all economic crops involved in the rotation systems and may also reduce production costs. In this context, the aim of this study was to compare the profitability of crop rotation systems with different levels of crop diversification. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five treatments and four replications. The treatments included one less diversified crop rotation system (control) with soybean and wheat and four more diversified crop rotation systems (involving three or more species), including soybean, wheat, black oats, maize, canola, barley, blue lupine, white oats, beans, radish, triticale, rye, hairy vetch, and sorghum, under no-tillage conducted during a threeyear cycle. Analyses were conducted considering productivity, operating cost, and economic profit. The highest accumulated gross yields were obtained in the more diversified crop rotation systems. The results show that the more diversified crop rotation systems were more profitable. When the opportunity cost was included, the most diversified crop rotations presented greater economic feasibility. The less diversified crop rotation system presented a negative economic profit. The crop rotation systems including beans presented the highest economic profit.(AU)
A rotação de culturas é um dos pilares da agricultura de conservacionista. Esta prática tem uma série de vantagens, melhorando as condições físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo. Isto resulta em aumentos de produtividade de todas as culturas econômicas envolvidas nos sistemas de rotação, podendo também reduzir os custos de produção. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a rentabilidade dos sistemas de rotação de culturas com diferentes níveis de diversificação. O desenho experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos de um sistema de rotação de culturas pouco diversificado (controle), com trigo no inverno, seguido de soja no verão, e quatro sistemas de rotação de culturas diversificados (envolvendo três ou mais espécies), incluindo soja, trigo, aveia preta, milho, canola, cevada, tremoço azul, aveia branca, feijão, rabanete, triticale, centeio, ervilhaca peluda, sorgo e trigo mourisco, conduzido em plantio direto, por um ciclo de três anos. Para as análises foram considerados a produtividade, a receita, o custo operacional, a margem bruta e o lucro econômico. Os maiores rendimentos brutos foram obtidos em sistemas de rotação de culturas mais diversificados. Os resultados mostram que sistemas mais diversificados de rotação de culturas são mais rentáveis e economicamente mais vantajosos. Quando considerado o custo de oportunidade, apenas as rotações de culturas mais diversificadas apresentaram viabilidade econômica. O sistema de rotação de culturas menos diversificado não apresentou lucro econômico. Os sistemas de rotação de culturas que incluíam o feijão foram os apresentaram o melhor desempenho econômico.(AU)
Assuntos
Agricultura Sustentável , 24444 , Custos e Análise de CustoRESUMO
Extensive cattle ranching had been the most common farming practice in northwestern Paraná State (Brazil), where soils originate from the Caiuá Sandstone. But this reality is changing with the growing cultivation of grain crops, especially soybeans. This study aimed to evaluate different soybean cropping systems in terms of yield components, plant dry matter, and soil chemical properties. The soil is classified as a dystrophic sandy Red Argisol, which derived from the Caiuá Sandstone, in northwestern Paraná State (Brazil). The experiment was carried out in the city of Umuarama (PR), Brazil, under a no-till system for three years. Treatments consisted of the following crop rotation systems: T1: congograss/soybeans, congo grass/soybeans, congo grass/soybeans; T2: black oats + rye/soybeans, black oats + radish/grain sorghum, black oats + rye/soybeans; T3: triticale/corn, grain sorghum/soybeans, triticale/soybeans; T4: crambe/grain sorghum, canola/corn, safflower/soybeans; T5: lupine/corn + congo grass, beans/corn, buckwheat/black oats/congo grass. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design, with four replications and 300-m² plots. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared by the Tukey's test at 5% significance. The highest grain yield was obtained when soybeans were sown after white oats harvesting. Plant dry matter increased in the system with lupine/corn + congo grass, beans/corn, buckwheat/white oats/soybeans. However, none of the systems had an effect on soil chemical properties during the three crop years.
O sistema de produção agropecuário mais comum na região noroeste do Paraná em solos originários do Arenito Caiuá é a pecuária bovina extensiva. Porém, esta realidade está mudando com o crescente cultivo de grãos, principalmente da cultura da soja. Componentes de produção da soja, matéria seca vegetal e atributos químicos do solo em sistemas de produção de soja foram avaliados em ARGISSOLOVERMELHO Distrófico arênico originado do Arenito Caiuá no Noroeste do Paraná. O experimento foi conduzido em Umuarama-PR, em sistema plantio direto durante três anos. Os tratamentos (T1:braquiária/soja, braquiária/soja, braquiária/soja; T2: aveia preta + centeio/soja, aveia preta + nabo/sorgo granífero, aveia preta + centeio/soja; T3: triticale/milho, sorgo granífero/soja, triticale/soja; T4:crambe/sorgo granífero, canola/milho, cártamo/soja; T5: tremoço/milho + braquiária, feijão/milho, trigo mourisco/aveia preta/soja) foram instalados em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, com 300 m2 por parcela. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. A soja tem maior produtividade de grãos após a cultura da aveia branca. O sistema de produção com tremoço/milho+braquiária, feijão/milho, trigo mourisco/aveia branca/soja, aumenta o aporte de matéria seca vegetal. Os atributos químicos do solo não são alterados pelos sistemas de produção avaliados, após três anos de cultivo.
Assuntos
Glycine max/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solos Arenosos/análiseRESUMO
Crop rotation is one of the pillars of conservation agriculture. This practice has offered a series of advantages in terms of improving soil physical, chemical, and biological conditions. These advantages result in yield increases for all economic crops involved in the rotation systems and may also reduce production costs. In this context, the aim of this study was to compare the profitability of crop rotation systems with different levels of crop diversification. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five treatments and four replications. The treatments included one less diversified crop rotation system (control) with soybean and wheat and four more diversified crop rotation systems (involving three or more species), including soybean, wheat, black oats, maize, canola, barley, blue lupine, white oats, beans, radish, triticale, rye, hairy vetch, and sorghum, under no-tillage conducted during a threeyear cycle. Analyses were conducted considering productivity, operating cost, and economic profit. The highest accumulated gross yields were obtained in the more diversified crop rotation systems. The results show that the more diversified crop rotation systems were more profitable. When the opportunity cost was included, the most diversified crop rotations presented greater economic feasibility. The less diversified crop rotation system presented a negative economic profit. The crop rotation systems including beans presented the highest economic profit.
A rotação de culturas é um dos pilares da agricultura de conservacionista. Esta prática tem uma série de vantagens, melhorando as condições físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo. Isto resulta em aumentos de produtividade de todas as culturas econômicas envolvidas nos sistemas de rotação, podendo também reduzir os custos de produção. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a rentabilidade dos sistemas de rotação de culturas com diferentes níveis de diversificação. O desenho experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos de um sistema de rotação de culturas pouco diversificado (controle), com trigo no inverno, seguido de soja no verão, e quatro sistemas de rotação de culturas diversificados (envolvendo três ou mais espécies), incluindo soja, trigo, aveia preta, milho, canola, cevada, tremoço azul, aveia branca, feijão, rabanete, triticale, centeio, ervilhaca peluda, sorgo e trigo mourisco, conduzido em plantio direto, por um ciclo de três anos. Para as análises foram considerados a produtividade, a receita, o custo operacional, a margem bruta e o lucro econômico. Os maiores rendimentos brutos foram obtidos em sistemas de rotação de culturas mais diversificados. Os resultados mostram que sistemas mais diversificados de rotação de culturas são mais rentáveis e economicamente mais vantajosos. Quando considerado o custo de oportunidade, apenas as rotações de culturas mais diversificadas apresentaram viabilidade econômica. O sistema de rotação de culturas menos diversificado não apresentou lucro econômico. Os sistemas de rotação de culturas que incluíam o feijão foram os apresentaram o melhor desempenho econômico.
Assuntos
Agricultura Sustentável , 24444 , Custos e Análise de CustoRESUMO
Extensive cattle ranching had been the most common farming practice in northwestern Paraná State (Brazil), where soils originate from the Caiuá Sandstone. But this reality is changing with the growing cultivation of grain crops, especially soybeans. This study aimed to evaluate different soybean cropping systems in terms of yield components, plant dry matter, and soil chemical properties. The soil is classified as a dystrophic sandy Red Argisol, which derived from the Caiuá Sandstone, in northwestern Paraná State (Brazil). The experiment was carried out in the city of Umuarama (PR), Brazil, under a no-till system for three years. Treatments consisted of the following crop rotation systems: T1: congograss/soybeans, congo grass/soybeans, congo grass/soybeans; T2: black oats + rye/soybeans, black oats + radish/grain sorghum, black oats + rye/soybeans; T3: triticale/corn, grain sorghum/soybeans, triticale/soybeans; T4: crambe/grain sorghum, canola/corn, safflower/soybeans; T5: lupine/corn + congo grass, beans/corn, buckwheat/black oats/congo grass. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design, with four replications and 300-m² plots. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared by the Tukey's test at 5% significance. The highest grain yield was obtained when soybeans were sown after white oats harvesting. Plant dry matter increased in the system with lupine/corn + congo grass, beans/corn, buckwheat/white oats/soybeans. However, none of the systems had an effect on soil chemical properties during the three crop years.(AU)
O sistema de produção agropecuário mais comum na região noroeste do Paraná em solos originários do Arenito Caiuá é a pecuária bovina extensiva. Porém, esta realidade está mudando com o crescente cultivo de grãos, principalmente da cultura da soja. Componentes de produção da soja, matéria seca vegetal e atributos químicos do solo em sistemas de produção de soja foram avaliados em ARGISSOLOVERMELHO Distrófico arênico originado do Arenito Caiuá no Noroeste do Paraná. O experimento foi conduzido em Umuarama-PR, em sistema plantio direto durante três anos. Os tratamentos (T1:braquiária/soja, braquiária/soja, braquiária/soja; T2: aveia preta + centeio/soja, aveia preta + nabo/sorgo granífero, aveia preta + centeio/soja; T3: triticale/milho, sorgo granífero/soja, triticale/soja; T4:crambe/sorgo granífero, canola/milho, cártamo/soja; T5: tremoço/milho + braquiária, feijão/milho, trigo mourisco/aveia preta/soja) foram instalados em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, com 300 m2 por parcela. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. A soja tem maior produtividade de grãos após a cultura da aveia branca. O sistema de produção com tremoço/milho+braquiária, feijão/milho, trigo mourisco/aveia branca/soja, aumenta o aporte de matéria seca vegetal. Os atributos químicos do solo não são alterados pelos sistemas de produção avaliados, após três anos de cultivo.(AU)
Assuntos
Solos Arenosos/análise , Glycine max/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Abstract The effectiveness soil cover in no-till is relating to quantity and quality of the phytomass produced by crops in rotation and, its persistence over the soil depends on residues decomposition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytomass production, decomposition rate and the half-life of crops in rotation at the Subtropical region, Brazil. The study was carried out at the Agronomic Institute of the Paraná (IAPAR), in Ponta Grossa, Parana State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with six treatments and four replicates. Winter cash crops and cover crops, single and in consortium, were evaluated in the year 2014 (wheat, black oats + hairy vetch + rye, black oats + ryegrass and black oats + blue lupine), in 2015 (canola, black oats, and black oats + hairy vetch + forage turnip) and in 2016 (barley, triticale, and triticale + black oats + rye). The phytomass was evaluating by collect three subsamples of 0.25 m2 per plot. For decomposition rate and the half-life of the crop residues, litter bags (LBs) methodology was used. A mathematical model (Q=Q0exp-kt) was used to represent the crop residues decomposition and the half-life of crop residues were obtained by the equation t1/2 = (ln2)/k. Poaceae consortia, single Poaceae and canola presented higher phytomass production when compared to Poaceae-Fabaceae consortia. The half-life for Poaceae-Fabaceae corsortia was shorter than single Poaceae.
Assuntos
Estações do Ano , Resíduos Sólidos , Digestão Aeróbia , Biomassa , Modelos TeóricosRESUMO
Abstract The no-tillage system associated with crops rotation affects the dynamics of soil organic matter, influencing the formation, reorganization and stabilization of aggregates and the carbon content (C) into soil aggregates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of crop rotations under no-tillage system on C content and soil aggregation. The experiment was conducted at the Paraná Agronomic Institute in Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil. The treatments consisted of six crop rotations, in a 3-year cycle, arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. Soil samples were collected at layers of 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm. The aggregate classification was determined by the wet sieving methodology, and the Weighted Mean Diameter (WMD), Geometric Mean Diameter (GMD) and Aggregate Stability Index (ASI) were calculated. The C content in the aggregates was determined by wet oxidation. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey test at 5% probability. There was no difference among crop rotations for aggregate classes and aggregation indexes, but were higher in surface, decreasing in depth. The carbon content in the aggregates did not differ among crop rotations, but presented stratification in the soil profile, decreasing in depth. The cycle of three years with crop rotation was insufficient to express possible changes in soil C content and aggregation.
Assuntos
Humanos , Solo/química , Carbono/química , Fertilizantes , Brasil , Produtos Agrícolas , Modelos TeóricosRESUMO
A redução no conteúdo de carbono (C) nas camadas mais profundas do solo indica a estratificação entre a camada superficial e as subsuperficiais, devido à adição contínua de C pelos resíduos culturais na superfície. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variação (∆) da relação de estratificação (RE) de carbono como indicadora do sequestro de C total e particulado em macroagregados de dois Latossolos de classes texturais diferentes, manejados em sistema plantio direto. Os ensaios foram desenvolvidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com doze repetições. Os fatores analisados foram: (a) dois solos (Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico com classe textural franco-argilo-arenosa e Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico com classe textural franco-argilosa); (b) duas camadas de amostragem (0-5 e 5-20cm de profundidade); (c) duas épocas de amostragem (E1-outubro de 2007; E2-setembro de 2008). Observou-se relação linear e significativa entre o delta RE com a taxa de sequestro de C total em macroagregados no Latossolo Vermelho com classe textural franco argilo arenosa (R²=0,78**) e franco argilosa (R²=0,81**), indicando ter havido sequestro de C e confirmando ser este um indicador sensível da taxa de sequestro de C no solo em macroagregados.
The decrease in soil organic carbon (SOC) content in deeper layers indicates the occurrence of stratification between the surface layer and subsurface layer of soil due to continuous C addition by crop residues. The objective was to evaluate the change (delta) of stratification (RE) of carbon (C) as an indicator of C sequestration and soil total and particulate soil in macroaggregates of two soils (Typic Hapludox) with different textures, managed in no-tillage system. The tests were developed in completely randomized design twelve repetitions.Analyzed factors were: (a) two soils: Oxisol with medium texture and Oxisol with clay texture, (b) sampling depth: 0-5 and 5-20cm, (c) two sampling times (October 2007-T1, September 2008-T2). The results were submitted to variance analysis by program SISVAR 5.3, using the Tukey test at 5% significance. There was a significant linear relationship between the ∆ RE and carbon sequestration rate total macroaggregates Oxisol with medium texture (R²=0.78**) and Oxisol with clay texture (R²=0.81**) indicating that there was C sequestration confirming to be a sensitive indicator of the rate of C sequestration in soil macroaggregates.