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BACKGROUND/AIM: Dental trauma is a highly prevalent problem worldwide. The aim of this study was to describe characteristics of trauma to anterior primary teeth and its sequelae for primary and successor teeth over a 10-year period of assistance at the paediatric dental traumatology clinic in the State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data were obtained from the dental records of children assisted from 2006 to 2016. Inclusion criteria were trauma to anterior primary teeth; aged <1 to 9 years at the time of trauma; and at least one follow-up appointment. The data concerning traumatized teeth, child's age, soft tissue injuries, types of traumatic dental injuries and sequelae in both dentitions were collected. RESULTS: Of the 1230 dental records, 483 (39.3%) were eligible, consisting of 815 teeth. The mean age at the time of trauma was 37.4 months (239 males and 244 females). The most important characteristics were: tooth 51 was most affected; falls, at home, on a ceramic floor, were the main cause; gingival laceration, enamel fracture and intrusive luxation were the most frequent types of trauma; premature tooth loss of primary teeth and enamel discoloration in their successor were the most frequent sequelae; and injuries in the periodontal tissue were demonstrated as the highest risk for sequelae in successors (OR, 3.798; p< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Most traumatic injuries occur in young children, in their home environment. Consequences for the primary teeth were more frequent compared to the permanent successor tooth. Traumatized primary teeth involving periodontal tissue have more chances to result in sequelae to their successor teeth.

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RESUMEN Introducción: La población de adultos mayores está incrementando y se observa la necesidad emergente de implementar estrategias dirigidas a recuperar o conservar su salud para que puedan gozar de una vejez plena. Técnicas como el Tai Chi podrían contribuir, ya que han mostrado tener múltiples beneficios para quien la práctica, tales como mejoras en la concentración, memoria, marcha, equilibrio, reducción del riesgo de caídas, fortalecimiento del sistema cardiovascular, reducción del estrés y la depresión, entre otros beneficios. Objetivo: Analizar la evidencia científica del uso del Tai Chi para conservar la salud del adulto mayor. Desarrollo: Revisión bibliográfica realizada durante el periodo 2013-2019 en distintas bases de datos como: Pubmed, Dialnet, SciELO, LILACS, ScienceDirect y Google Académico. Se utilizaron las palabras Tai Chi Chuan, Tai Ji Quan, Tai Chi. Aplicando los criterios de elegibilidad se seleccionaron 29 artículos. Resultados: Gran porcentaje de los artículos revisados estudian la atención de síntomas físicos que deterioran la movilidad del adulto mayor, sin embargo, también se encontraron investigaciones dirigidas a la parte psicológica, como el estrés, la ansiedad, el insomnio, la depresión y el enfado-tensión, en las cuales la práctica del Tai Chi demostró mejoría. Conclusiones: El Tai Chi es una terapia alternativa para prevenir y conservar la salud del adulto mayor, fácil de aprender y de bajo costo. En la revisión bibliográfica realizada no se reportan reacciones adversas durante ni después de la práctica de la técnica; el profesional de enfermería puede recomendarla ampliamente para ser implementada como un cuidado dirigido al adulto mayor.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The population of older adults is increasing and an emergent need to implement strategies aimed at recovering or maintaining their health is observed. In this sense, techniques such as Tai Chi could contribute because they have demonstrated bringing diverse benefits for those who practice them, including improvements in the concentration, memory, gait, and equilibrium, a reduction in the risk of falls, a strengthening of the cardiovascular system, and a reduction of stress and depression, among other benefits. Objective: To analyze the scientific evidence on the use of Tai Chi as a health promoter and preserver among older adults. Development: This bibliographic review was conducted during 2013-2019 on the Pubmed, Dialnet, SciELO, LILACS, ScienceDirect and Academic Google databases. The keywords used were Tai Chi Chuan, Tai Ji Quan, and Tai Chi. After filtering through the eligibility criteria, 29 articles were selected for the review. Results: An important percentage of the articles were focused on the attention to physical symptoms which impair the mobility of older adults; nevertheless, some studies addressed psychological issues such as stress, anxiety, sleep disorders, depression, and anger-tension, as well. In these studies, the practice of Tai Chi was associated with health improvements among older adults. Conclusions: Tai Chi is an alternative therapy to promote and maintain health among older adults. This technique is easy to learn, and its practice is not expensive. No adverse reactions during or after the practice of this technique were reported in the studies of this literature review. Therefore, the nursing professional can recommend Tai Chi practice to be implemented as a complementary healthcare measure for older adults.

RESUMO Introdução: A população de idosos está aumentando e observa-se a necessidade emergente de implementação de estratégias que visem a recuperação ou preservação da saúde para que possam desfrutar de uma velhice plena. Técnicas como o Tai Chi podem contribuir, dado que têm se mostrado múltiplos benefícios para quem o pratica, tais como melhora na concentração, memória, marcha, equilíbrio, redução do risco de quedas, fortalecimento do sistema cardiovascular, redução de estresse e depressão, entre outros benefícios. Objetivo: Analisar a evidência científica do uso do Tai Chi na preservação da saúde de idosos. Desenvolvimento: Revisão bibliográfica realizada no período 2013-2019 em diferentes bases de dados como: Pubmed, Dialnet, SciELO, LILACS, ScienceDirect e Google Academic. Foram utilizadas as palavras Tai Chi Chuan, Tai Ji Quan, Tai Chi. Aplicando os critérios de elegibilidade, foram selecionados 29 artigos. Resultados: Grande porcentagem dos artigos revisados estuda a atenção aos sintomas físicos que prejudicam a mobilidade do idoso, porém, as pesquisas também foram direcionadas à parte psicológica, como estresse, ansiedade, insônia, depressão e raiva-tensão, em que a prática do Tai Chi demonstrou melhora. Conclusões: O Tai Chi é uma terapia alternativa para prevenir e preservar a saúde do idoso, de fácil aprendizado e de baixo custo. Na revisão bibliográfica realizada, não foram relatadas reações adversas durante ou após a prática da técnica; o profissional de enfermagem pode recomendar veementemente que seja implementada como cuidado ao idoso.

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BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to assess the effect of a healthy diet, enriched or not with pecan nuts or extra-virgin olive oil, on the lipid profile of patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: This was a randomised clinical trial conducted for 12 weeks with patients aged between 40 and 80 years with stable CAD for more than 60 days. Individuals were randomised into groups [control group (CG) with 67 patients, pecan nut group (PNG) with 68 patients and olive oil group (OOG) with 69 patients]. The CG was prescribed a healthy diet according to the nutritional guidelines; the PNG was prescribed the same healthy diet plus 30 g day-1 of pecan nuts; and the OOG was prescribed a healthy diet plus 30 mL day-1 of extra-virgin olive oil. RESULTS: In total, 204 subjects were submitted to an intention-to-treat analysis. After adjustment for baseline values and type of statin used, there was no difference regarding low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (primary outcome), high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio and HDL-cholesterol/triglycerides ratio according to groups. However, the PNG exhibited a significant reduction in non-HDL-cholesterol levels [PNG: 114.9 (31) mg dL-1 ; CG: 127 (33.6) mg dL-1 ; OOG: 126.6 (37.4) mg dL-1 ; P = 0.033] and in the total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio [PNG: 3.7 (0.7); CG: 4.0 (0.8); OOG: 4.0 (0.8); P = 0.044] compared to the CG and OOG. CONCLUSIONS: Supplementing a healthy diet with 30 g day-1 of pecan nuts for 12 weeks did not improve LDL-cholesterol levels but may improve other lipid profile markers in patients with stable CAD.

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Es importante indagar las conexiones existentes entre las propuestaspublicitarias de las marcas de bebidas alcohólicas y las prácticas de consumode los jóvenes de entre 13 y 25 años, entendidas como formas de producciónde distinciones e identificaciones.ObjetivosAnalizar las publicidades de las bebidas con alcohol con mayor difusión nacional encanales de televisión de aire e identificar disposiciones al consumo en jóvenes de 13a 25 años entre mayo y noviembre de 2014. Específicamente se buscó, por un lado,entender el modo en que se construyen mensajes publicitarios que promueven elconsumo de bebidas alcohólicas y, por el otro, explorar valoraciones, percepcionesy acciones respecto del consumo de alcohol e indagar en los contenidos presentesen las publicidades de bebidas alcohólicas en jóvenes residentes en las provinciasde Chaco, Córdoba, Mendoza, Tucumán, Santa Fe y Neuquén.MétodosSe utilizó un enfoque semiótico y antropológico de tipo cultural.ResultadosSe prevé la presentación de resultados parciales de este trabajo en REDCOM(Red de Investigadores en Comunicación), ENACCOM (Encuentro Nacional deCarreras de Comunicación) y el congreso internacional a 30 años de la carrerade Comunicación de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, así como su publicaciónen revistas especializadas nacionales e internacionales.ConclusionesLas opciones propuestas por las marcas son recibidas y reinterpretadas por losjóvenes, pero en todas ellas es patente el poder de naturalización del consumo.Se propone una diferenciación y distinción a través de la práctica cultural deconsumir una marca en particular, siempre regulada por las ofertas del mercado.Tal como se ha visto en el análisis de publicidades, el alcohol siempre estápresente en la práctica juvenil de diversión y nocturnidad. No se venden atributosy beneficios del alcohol en tanto producto, sino que ya están establecidos

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La necesidad de trabajar en el domicilio el tratamiento y prevención de las úlceras por presión (UPP) mediante sesiones basadas en cura húmeda es trascendente para la eversión y cicatrización en menor tiempo. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento de la cura húmeda en pacientes con UPP en un ambiente domiciliario. Método: Se realizó una intervención clínica con la técnica de cura húmeda en 11 UPP de 4 pacientes egresados del hospital con su problema de salud resuelto, pero no así las UPP observadas en puntos de presión, con lesiones grado II (n = 6) y grado III (n = 5). Se realizaron 12 curaciones, cada 72 h, en los domicilios de las personas. Se midió la severidad y su reversión con el instrumento Pressure Ulcers Scale for Healing (PUSH). Este instrumento tiene un alfa de Cronbach de 0.823. Resultados: Se curaron 9 UPP de 11; todas las de grado II (n = 6), mientras que de las de grado III se curaron 3 (n = 5). La cicatrización se dio en un lapso de 4 semanas, inferior a la cura tradicional que demora 2 veces más el tiempo de cicatrización. Conclusión: En el ámbito domiciliario, la cura húmeda fue eficaz para revertir las UPP de pacientes que las habían desarrollado durante su hospitalización y que egresaron sin tratamiento para ellas. La intervención se convierte en una opción para mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas y un medio que las instituciones de salud pueden poner en práctica.

The need to carry out prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers (PU) within the home environment by means of humid healing sessions is very important for the prompt eversion and cicatrization of the wounds. Objective: To assess the efficacy of the humid healing in patients with PU within the home environment. Method: A clinical intervention was performed using the humid healing technique on 11 PU in 4 discharged patients showing degree II lesions (n = 6), and degree III lesions (n = 5). Twelve healings every 72 h were carried out at the homes of these patients. The ulcers severity and progress were estimated using the Pressure Ulcers Scale for Healing (PUSH) instrument, which has a Cronbach alfa of 0.823. Results: Nine PU out of the total 11 healed-all degree II (n = 6) and 3 degree III (n = 5). The cicatrization process only took 4 weeks, a time which is much shorter than the usual 8 weeks which take the traditional healing. Conclusion: Within the home environment, humid healing was an effective method to address PU in patients previously discharged from hospitals. This kind of interventions represents an option which health institutions can promote in order to improve the quality of life of these patients.

A necessidade de trabalhar na residência o tratamento e prevenção das Ulceras por pressão (UPP) mediante sessões baseadas em cura húmida, é transcendente para a eversão e cicatrização em menor tempo. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia do tratamento da cura húmida em pacientes com UPP em um ambiente domiciliar. Método: Realizou-se uma intervenção clínica com a técnica de cura húmida em 11 UPP de quatro pacientes formados do hospital com seu problema de saúde resolvido, mas não assim as UPP observadas em pontos de pressão, com lesões grau II (n = 6) e III (n = 5). Realizaram-se 12 curas, cada 72 h nas residências das pessoas. Mediu-se a severidade e sua reversão com o instrumento Pressure Ulcers Scale for Healing (PUSH). Este instrumento tem um alfa de Cronbach de 0.80. Resultados: Foram curadas 9 UPP de 11, todas as de grau II (n = 6), enquanto que as de grau III, 3 (n = 5). A cicatrização deu-se em um lapso de 4 semanas, inferior à cura tradicional que demora duas vezes mais o tempo de cicatrização. Conclusão: No âmbito domiciliar, a cura húmida foi eficaz para reverter as UPP de pacientes que as tinham desenvolvido durante sua hospitalização e que se formaram sem tratamento para elas. A intervenção se tornou em una opção para melhorar a qualidade de vida das pessoas e um médio que as instituições de saúde podem pôr em prática.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the remediation potential and disturbance response indicators of Impatiens walleriana exposed to benzene and chromium. Numerous studies over the years have found abundant evidence of the carcinogenicity of benzene and chromium (VI) in humans. Benzene and chromium are two toxic industrial chemicals commonly found together at contaminated sites, and one of the most common management strategies employed in the recovery of sites contaminated by petroleum products and trace metals is in situ remediation. Given that increasing interest has focused on the use of plants as depollution agents, direct injection tests and benzene misting were performed on I. walleriana to evaluate the remediation potential of this species. I. walleriana accumulated hexavalent chromium, mainly in the root system (164.23 mg kg-1), to the detriment of the aerial part (39.72 mg kg-1), and presented visible damage only at the highest concentration (30 mg L-1). Unlike chromium (VI), chromium (III) was retained almost entirely by the soil, leaving it available for removal by phytotechnology. However, after the contamination stopped, I. walleriana responded positively to the detoxification process, recovering its stem stiffness and leaf color. I. walleriana showed visible changes such as leaf chlorosis during the ten days of benzene contamination. When benzene is absorbed by the roots, it is translocated to and accumulated in the plant's aerial part. This mechanism the plant uses ensures its tolerance to the organic compound, enabling the species to survive and reproduce after treatment with benzene. Although I. walleriana accumulates minor amounts of hexavalent chromium in the aerial part, this amount suffices to induce greater oxidative stress and to increase the amount of hydrogen peroxide when compared to that of benzene. It was therefore concluded that I. walleriana is a species that possesses desirable characteristics for phytotechnology.

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Birds are able to recognize and learn to avoid attacking unpalatable, chemically defended butterflies after unpleasant experiences with them. It has also been suggested that birds learn to avoid prey that are efficient at escaping. This, however, remains poorly documented. Here, we argue that butterflies may utilize a variety of escape tactics against insectivorous birds and review evidence that birds avoid attacking butterflies that are hard to catch. We suggest that signaling difficulty of capture to predators is a widespread phenomenon in butterflies, and this ability may not be limited to palatable butterflies. The possibility that both palatable and unpalatable species signal difficulty of capture has not been fully explored, but helps explain the existence of aposematic coloration and escape mimicry in butterflies lacking defensive chemicals. This possibility may also change the role that putative Müllerian and Batesian mimics play in a variety of classical mimicry rings, thus opening new perspectives in the evolution of mimicry in butterflies.

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Low-intensity lasers are used for prevention and management of oral mucositis induced by anticancer therapy, but the effectiveness of treatment depends on the genetic characteristics of affected cells. This study evaluated the survival and induction of filamentation of Escherichia coli cells deficient in the nucleotide excision repair pathway, and the action of T4endonuclease V on plasmid DNA exposed to low-intensity red and near-infrared laser light. Cultures of wild-type (strain AB1157) E. coli and strain AB1886 (deficient in uvrA protein) were exposed to red (660 nm) and infrared (808 nm) lasers at various fluences, powers and emission modes to study bacterial survival and filamentation. Also, plasmid DNA was exposed to laser light to study DNA lesions produced in vitro by T4endonuclease V. Low-intensity lasers:i) had no effect on survival of wild-type E. coli but decreased the survival of uvrA protein-deficient cells,ii) induced bacterial filamentation, iii) did not alter the electrophoretic profile of plasmids in agarose gels, andiv) did not alter the electrophoretic profile of plasmids incubated with T4 endonuclease V. These results increase our understanding of the effects of laser light on cells with various genetic characteristics, such as xeroderma pigmentosum cells deficient in nucleotide excision pathway activity in patients with mucositis treated by low-intensity lasers.

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Semiconductor laser devices are readily available and practical radiation sources providing wavelength tenability and high monochromaticity. Low-intensity red and near-infrared lasers are considered safe for use in clinical applications. However, adverse effects can occur via free radical generation, and the biological effects of these lasers from unusually high fluences or high doses have not yet been evaluated. Here, we evaluated the survival, filamentation induction and morphology of Escherichia coli cells deficient in repair of oxidative DNA lesions when exposed to low-intensity red and infrared lasers at unusually high fluences. Cultures of wild-type (AB1157), endonuclease III-deficient (JW1625-1), and endonuclease IV-deficient (JW2146-1) E. coli, in exponential and stationary growth phases, were exposed to red and infrared lasers (0, 250, 500, and 1000 J/cm2) to evaluate their survival rates, filamentation phenotype induction and cell morphologies. The results showed that low-intensity red and infrared lasers at high fluences are lethal, induce a filamentation phenotype, and alter the morphology of the E. coli cells. Low-intensity red and infrared lasers have potential to induce adverse effects on cells, whether used at unusually high fluences, or at high doses. Hence, there is a need to reinforce the importance of accurate dosimetry in therapeutic protocols.

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Low-intensity lasers are used for prevention and management of oral mucositis induced by anticancer therapy, but the effectiveness of treatment depends on the genetic characteristics of affected cells. This study evaluated the survival and induction of filamentation of Escherichia coli cells deficient in the nucleotide excision repair pathway, and the action of T4endonuclease V on plasmid DNA exposed to low-intensity red and near-infrared laser light. Cultures of wild-type (strain AB1157) E. coli and strain AB1886 (deficient in uvrA protein) were exposed to red (660 nm) and infrared (808 nm) lasers at various fluences, powers and emission modes to study bacterial survival and filamentation. Also, plasmid DNA was exposed to laser light to study DNA lesions produced in vitro by T4endonuclease V. Low-intensity lasers:i) had no effect on survival of wild-type E. coli but decreased the survival of uvrA protein-deficient cells,ii) induced bacterial filamentation, iii) did not alter the electrophoretic profile of plasmids in agarose gels, andiv) did not alter the electrophoretic profile of plasmids incubated with T4 endonuclease V. These results increase our understanding of the effects of laser light on cells with various genetic characteristics, such as xeroderma pigmentosum cells deficient in nucleotide excision pathway activity in patients with mucositis treated by low-intensity lasers.

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Semiconductor laser devices are readily available and practical radiation sources providing wavelength tenability and high monochromaticity. Low-intensity red and near-infrared lasers are considered safe for use in clinical applications. However, adverse effects can occur via free radical generation, and the biological effects of these lasers from unusually high fluences or high doses have not yet been evaluated. Here, we evaluated the survival, filamentation induction and morphology of Escherichia coli cells deficient in repair of oxidative DNA lesions when exposed to low-intensity red and infrared lasers at unusually high fluences. Cultures of wild-type (AB1157), endonuclease III-deficient (JW1625-1), and endonuclease IV-deficient (JW2146-1) E. coli, in exponential and stationary growth phases, were exposed to red and infrared lasers (0, 250, 500, and 1000 J/cm2) to evaluate their survival rates, filamentation phenotype induction and cell morphologies. The results showed that low-intensity red and infrared lasers at high fluences are lethal, induce a filamentation phenotype, and alter the morphology of the E. coli cells. Low-intensity red and infrared lasers have potential to induce adverse effects on cells, whether used at unusually high fluences, or at high doses. Hence, there is a need to reinforce the importance of accurate dosimetry in therapeutic protocols.

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Roxarsone is included in chicken food as anticoccidial and mainly excreted unchanged in faeces. Microorganisms biotransform roxarsone into toxic compounds that leach and contaminate underground waters used for human consumption. This study evaluated roxarsone biotransformation by underground water microorganisms and the toxicity of the resulting compounds. Underground water from an agricultural field was used to prepare microcosms, containing 0.05 mM roxarsone, and cultured under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Bacterial communities of microcosms were characterized by PCR-DGGE. Roxarsone degradation was measured by HPLC/HG/AAS. Toxicity was evaluated using HUVEC cells and the Toxi-ChromoTest kit. Roxarsone degradation analysis, after 15 days, showed that microcosms of underground water with nutrients degraded 90 and 83.3% of roxarsone under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, respectively. Microcosms without nutrients degraded 50 and 33.1% under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, respectively. Microcosms including nutrients showed more roxarsone conversion into toxic inorganic arsenic species. DGGE analyses showed the presence of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes and Spirochaetes. Toxicity assays showed that roxarsone biotransformation by underground water microorganisms in all microcosms generated degradation products toxic for eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Furthermore, toxicity increased when roxarsone leached though a soil column and was further transformed by the bacterial community present in underground water. Therefore, using underground water from areas where roxarsone containing manure is used as fertilizer might be a health risk.

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Alzheimer׳s disease (AD) is characterized by a number of alterations including those in cognition and olfaction. An early symptom of AD is decreased olfactory ability, which may affect odor-guided behaviors. To test this possibility we evaluated alterations in sexual incentive motivation, sexual olfactory preference, sexual olfactory discrimination, nursing-relevant olfactory preference and olfactory discrimination in female mice. We tested 3xTg-AD (a triple transgenic model, which is a "knock in" of PS1M146V, APPSwe, and tauP300L) and wild type (WT) female mice when receptive (estrous) and non-receptive (anestrous). Subjects were divided into three groups of different ages: (1) 4-5 months, (2) 10-11 months, and (3) 16-18 months. In the sexual incentive motivation task, the receptive 3xTg-AD females showed no preference for a sexually active male at any age studied, in contrast to the WT females. In the sexual olfactory preference test, the receptive WT females were able to identify sexually active male secretions at all ages, but the oldest (16-18 months old) 3xTg-AD females could not. In addition, the oldest 3xTg-AD females showed no preference for nursing-relevant odors in dam secretions and were unable to discriminate between cinnamon and strawberry odors, indicating olfactory alterations. Thus, the present study suggests that the olfactory deficits in this mouse model are associated with changes in sexual incentive motivation and discrimination of food-related odors.

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Breast cancer is one of the common tumors occurring in woman and despite treatment, the prognostic is poor. Genistein, a soy isoflavone, has been reported to have chemopreventive\chemotherapeutic potential in multiple tumor types. Here, we investigated the genistein antiproliferative effect in MCF-7 breast cancer, underlying the molecular mechanisms involved in this effect. MCF-7 cancer and CCD1059sK fibroblast cells were treated with estradiol (10 nM) or genistein (0.01-100 µM) for 24, 48, and 72 h and the cell proliferation was investigated by MTT; membrane cell permeability was evaluated by LDH and PI incorporation; apoptosis was investigated by externalization of phosphatidylserine by FACS; and presence of autophagy was detected by LC3A/B immunostaining. The expression of apoptotic proteins and antioxidant enzymes was evaluated by qPCR. The results demonstrate that genistein (100 µM) for 72 h of treatment selectively reduced MCF-7 cell proliferation independent of estrogen receptor activation, while no cytotoxicity was observed in fibroblast cells. Further experiments showed that genistein induced phosphatidylserine externalization and LC3A/B immunopositivity in MCF-7 cells, indicating apoptosis and autophagy cell death. Genistein increased in three times proapoptotic BAX/Bcl-2 ratio and promoted a parallel downregulation of 20 times of antiapoptotic survivin. In addition, genistein promoted a decrease of 5.5, 9.3, and 3.6 times of MnSOD, CuZnSOD, and TrxR mRNA expression, respectively, while the GPx expression was increased by 6.5 times. These results suggest that the antitumor effect of genistein involved the modulation of antioxidant enzyme and apoptotic signaling expression, which resulted in apoptosis and progression of autophagy.

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The nephrotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) is a worldwide contaminant in food commodities and also found frequently in human biological fluids. Dietary contaminants ingested by nursing mothers can appear in breast milk. But the rate of lactational transfer of OTA has not been investigated so far at various stages of breastfeeding. Therefore, and to investigate OTA exposure of Chilean infants, we conducted a longitudinally designed study in mother-child pairs (n = 21) with parallel collection of maternal blood, milk and of infant urine samples over a period of up to 6 months. Validated analytical methods were applied to determine OTA concentrations in all biological samples (n = 134). OTA was detected in almost all maternal blood plasma, at concentrations ranging between 72 and 639 ng/L. The OTA concentrations in breast milk were on average one quarter of those measured in plasma (M/P ratio 0.25). Interestingly, a higher fraction of circulating OTA was excreted in colostrum (M/P 0.4) than with mature milk (M/P ≤ 0.2). Infants exposure was calculated as daily intake from our new data for OTA levels in breast milk, and taking into account milk consumption and body weight as additional variables: Chilean infants have an average intake of 12.7 ± 9.1 ng/kg bw during the first 6 days after delivery while intake with mature milk results in average values close to 5.0 ng/kg bw/day. Their OTA exposure is discussed in the context of tolerable intake values suggested by different scientific bodies. Moreover, the study design enabled a comparison of OTA intake and infant urine concentrations over the breastfeeding period. The statistical analysis of n = 27 paired values showed a good correlation (r = 0.57) for this type of studies and thereby confirms that urinary OTA analysis in infants is a valid biomarker of exposure.

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