RESUMO
Thermoliquefaction of palm oil fiber was investigated using supercritical ethanol as solvent. A semi-continuous laboratory scale unit was developed to investigate the effects of temperature (300-500°C), heating rate (10-30°C.min-1) and cracking time (10-30min) on the conversion of biomass in bio-oil. The main advantage of the proposed process is that a pure solvent is pumping through the reactor that contains the biomass, dispensing the use of biomass slurries. The yield of bio-oil ranged from 56% to 84%, depending on the experimental conditions. It was observed that an increase in working temperature led to an increase in the bio-oil production. Cracking time and heating rate variation had not shown a considerable effect on the conversion of biomass. The chemical profiles of bio-oil determined by GC/MS, indicate that at low temperature mainly sugar derivatives are produced, while at higher temperatures alcohols and phenolic are the majority compounds of the bio-oil.
Assuntos
Biotecnologia/métodos , Fibras na Dieta , Etanol/química , Óleos de Plantas/química , Temperatura , Biocombustíveis/análise , Biomassa , Elementos Químicos , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Óleo de Palmeira , Solventes , TermogravimetriaRESUMO
Childhood overweight/obesity is now epidemic in both developed countries and those undergoing economic transition. This study compared maternal and school-age child nutrition practices and body mass index in the United States and in Chile. Children (125 in the United States, 121 in Chile) and their mothers (116 in the United States, 101 in Chile) participated. Findings indicated that child nutrition practices were comparable, but mothers in the U.S. group demonstrated fewer healthy nutrition practices on behalf of their children. Significant associations were found between maternal and child nutrition practices. Substantially more children in the U.S. sample were overweight/obese. Implications for practice are presented.
Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil , Comparação Transcultural , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Análise de Variância , Índice de Massa Corporal , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Criança , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Fatores de Risco , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the effect of sociodemographic and clinical features on the short-term response to pharmacological treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We focused especially on investigating factors previously associated with poorer prognosis, such as comorbidity with tic disorders, early onset of symptoms, and sensory phenomena preceding compulsions, which have been described as common in both tic-related and early-onset OCD. METHOD: The study involved 41 consecutive adult patients with OCD diagnosed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria and was conducted at the OCD Spectrum Disorders Clinic of the University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine in São Paulo, Brazil, between January of 2000 and December of 2001. All patients were treated exclusively with oral clomipramine for 14 weeks. Treatment response, measured for Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale score decrease from baseline, was assessed by an investigator blinded as to the variables of interest present. RESULTS: Linear regression analysis showed that having a partner and sensory phenomena preceding compulsions were associated with better response to clomipramine treatment (P = .04 and P = .002, respectively). Tic comorbidity and early onset of symptoms were not associated with poorer response. CONCLUSIONS: In OCD, having a partner and sensory phenomena preceding compulsions seem to be associated with a favorable response to pharmacological treatment.
Assuntos
Antidepressivos Tricíclicos/uso terapêutico , Clomipramina/uso terapêutico , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/tratamento farmacológico , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/psicologia , Adulto , Idade de Início , Brasil/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Estado Civil , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/epidemiologia , Projetos Piloto , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
This study explores the effects of artificial air temperature elevation on the embryonic, nymphal, and adult forms of deltamethrin-resistant Triatoma infestans. In the laboratory, complete offspring of T. infestans were exposed to increasing air temperatures to determine the viability of eggs and survival of nymphs and adults; in the field, the experiment was conducted in a poor rural dwelling previously identified as infested with the vector. The laboratory phase showed 100% non-viability of eggs and 100% mortality of nymphs and adults exposed to airtight temperatures from 45 degrees C to 55 degrees C, while the field phase succeeded in reproducing the heat's ovicidal effect and negative conversion of entomological assays in the experimental dwelling, as conducted over the course of 72 hours at 30, 60, and 90 days from the baseline evaluation. Artificial elevation of airtight temperature on dwellings proved to be an acceptable, harmless, and technically simple control method.
Assuntos
Temperatura Alta , Inseticidas , Piretrinas , Triatoma/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Doença de Chagas/prevenção & controle , Habitação , Humanos , Controle de Insetos , Resistência a Inseticidas , Nitrilas , Triatoma/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Se exploraron los efectos de la elevación artificial de la temperatura del aire sobre las formas embrionarias, ninfales y adultas de Triatoma infestansresistentes a Deltametrina. En laboratorio, se expuso a temperaturas crecientes del aire la progenie completa de T. infestans, para determinar viabilidad de huevos y supervivencia en ninfas y adultos; sobre el terreno, la experimentación se llevó a cabo en una vivienda tipo rancho previamente evaluada como colonizada. Durante la fase de laboratorio se comprobó la inviabilidad del 100 por ciento de los huevos y la mortalidad del 100 por ciento de las ninfas y adultos expuestos a temperaturas del aire estanco de entre 45ºC y 55ºC, mientras que en la fase de terreno se logró reproducir el efecto ovicida del calor, como así también la negativización de las evaluaciones entomológicas de la vivienda de experimentación, llevadas a cabo a las 72 horas, a los 30, 60 y 90 días. La elevación artificial de la temperatura del aire estanco en las habitaciones resultó ser un método de control de eficacia aceptable, inocuo y técnicamente sencillo.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas , Triatoma , Controle de Vetores de DoençasRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe and discuss evidence-based articles on the neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome. SOURCES OF DATA: A review of the most relevant papers on the phenomenology, neuroanatomy, neuroimaging, genetic and immunological aspects of these two disorders was performed. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: Ritualistic behaviors and repetitive thoughts have been extensively studied in the last years. The definitions of obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome emphasize the existence of a continuum of symptoms, with high prevalence in the general population. Neurobiological findings have implicated genetic and immunological factors in the etiology of these two disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Advances in neuroscience triggered genetic and immunological research studies, allowing new perspectives on the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome patients.
Assuntos
Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo , Síndrome de Tourette , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/diagnóstico , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/etiologia , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/terapia , Síndrome de Tourette/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Tourette/etiologia , Síndrome de Tourette/terapiaRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Revisar as teorias e evidências das bases neurobiológicas do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo e da síndrome de Tourette. FONTES DOS DADOS: Revisão dos estudos que investigam a neuroanatomia, neuroimagem, genética e imunologia desses transtornos. SíNTESE DOS DADOS: Os comportamentos ritualísticos e pensamentos repetitivos têm sido cada vez mais estudados em nosso meio. As definições dessas entidades formam um continuum espectral de sintomas com prevalência significativa na população. CONCLUSÕES: Os avanços das neurociências possibilitaram a exploração dos aspectos genéticos do sistema nervoso central e seu funcionamento, fornecendo novas perspectivas para o tratamento de pacientes com transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo e síndrome de Tourette.
Assuntos
Humanos , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/diagnóstico , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/etiologia , Síndrome de Tourette/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Tourette/etiologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/terapia , Síndrome de Tourette/terapiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients usually experience comorbidities including tics, trichotillomania, body dysmorphic disorder, and mood and anxiety disorders. The present report verifies how age at onset of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and duration of illness are associated with comorbid diagnoses in OCD patients. METHOD: Psychiatric comorbidity was assessed using a structured clinical interview in 161 consecutive outpatients referred for treatment between 1996 and 2001 who met DSM-IV criteria for OCD. Age at onset and duration of illness were retrospectively assessed by direct interviews. RESULTS: An earlier age at onset of obsessive-compulsive symptoms was associated with tic disorders, while longer illness duration was associated with depressive disorder (major depressive disorder or dysthymia) and social phobia. CONCLUSION: Age at onset and duration of OCD illness are meaningful variables affecting the expression of comorbidities in OCD. Tic disorders and OCD may share common etiologic pathways. Depressive disorders, in contrast, may be secondary complications of OCD.