RESUMO
Understanding the life cycle and dietary requirements of laboratory-reared insects is critical for optimizing resources (including time) and can provide more reliable ecological basis for using such biological control agents in realistic programs. Here, we evaluated the complete development and the predatory abilities of Belostoma anurum (Herrich-Schäffer, 1848) (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae), an aquatic predator widely distributed in Neotropical region, when reared at different diets. We firstly investigated the predatory performance of B. anurum nymphs upon mosquito larvae (i.e., larvae of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1758) or Culex sp. (Diptera: Culicidae)) and, second, whether the immature diets (i.e., arthropod-based diet (mosquito larvae and adults of Notonectidae) or vertebrate (fish larvae)-based diet) affect the predatory behavior of B. anurum adults. The B. anurum egg-to-adult developmental time was 85.1 days in an arthropod-based diet. However, when a fish-based diet was offered after nymphs reached 3rd instar, we recorded up to 50% reductions on the B. anurum developmental time. Interestingly, B. anurum adults could live more than 1 year under laboratory conditions, independently of the immature diet regime. Furthermore, the fish diet-experienced B. anurum adults spent less time feeding on fish larvae when compared with adults that never experienced this type of diet. Predatory results revealed that 2nd instar B. anurum were more efficient to catch and consume larvae of A. aegypti than of Culex sp. Collectively, our findings show that B. anurum is long-lived aquatic predators, and demonstrate the impacts of dietary regime on the life history traits and predatory performance of these insects.
Assuntos
Agentes de Controle Biológico , Dieta/veterinária , Heterópteros/fisiologia , Características de História de Vida , Aedes , Animais , Culex , Feminino , Larva , Masculino , Mosquitos Vetores , Ninfa/fisiologia , Comportamento PredatórioRESUMO
O envelhecimento cutâneo está relacionado com a ação de radicais livres que, por consequência da senescência, acabam estando em maior quantidade e logo as defesas naturais não conseguem eliminá-los. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma emulsão não-iônica com adição do extrato aquoso das entrecascas de Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil. e avaliar sua estabilidade físico-química, assim como a atividade antioxidante. O extrato aquoso foi preparado sob refluxo na proporção 1:25. A dosagem de polifenóis totais se deu pelo método Folin-Ciocalteau, com ácido tânico como padrão. Foram incorporados à emulsão não-iônica BHT e ácido ascórbico, ambos empregados como substâncias de referência e o extrato aquoso na concentração de 1%. A análise da atividade antioxidante foi realizada pelo método do fosfomolibdênio, onde cada amostra foi diluída a concentração de 400 miug/mL. A incorporação de extrato aquoso de L. pacari não influenciou de maneira significativa na estabilidade do creme em relação ao tempo de análise. A quantificação de polifenóis mostrou que a extração aquosa à quente não foi um método eficiente, resultando em um EAT (equivalente de ácido tânico) de 1,0328 mg/mL. Proporcional à concentração de polifenóis, a atividade antioxidante foi baixa, não ultrapassando 5,0% de atividade em relação ao ácido ascórbico.
Cutaneous aging is related to the action of free radicals, which appear in greater quantity as a consequence of senescence, so that natural defenses cannot eliminate them. The aim of this study was to develop a non-ionic emulsion containing an aqueous extract of the inner bark of Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil. and assess its physicochemical stability, as well as its antioxidant activity. The aqueous extract was prepared under reflux with a 1:25 ratio of bark:distilled water (w/v). The total polyphenol content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method, with tannic acid as standard. BHT, ascorbic acid and the aqueous extract were incorporated into the non-ionic emulsion, each of them at a concentration of 1%, the first two being. used as reference substances. Antioxidant activity was analyzed by the phosphomolybdenum method, each emulsion being first diluted in water to 400 ìg / mL. The addition of aqueous extract of L. pacari did not significantly affect the stability of the cream over the period of analysis. The content of polyphenols showed that hot aqueous extraction was not an efficient method, resulting in a tannic acid equivalent (TAE) of 1.0328 mg/mL in the crude extract. Proportional to the polyphenol concentration, the antioxidant activity was also low, not exceeding 5.0% of the activity of the ascorbic acid.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Radicais Livres , Excipientes FarmacêuticosRESUMO
Discusses the national health information system in Brazil which, until very recently, consisted of two main structures of health services with a dichotomy between curative and preventive health care acting in a vertical manner. The autonomy of health authorities and specialized structures created numerous independent health information systems with different methods of data collection. Although the issues of decentralization and a unified health system had been agreed on in 1963, they had not been implemented until the new health policy reform was lunched in 1988. The reform was based on the strengthening of primary health care at national level and accelerating decentralization of health systems. However, in spite of strong political will the new health managers at local level are lacking essential information, data and instruments that only a decentralized health management information system can provide. Based on a study conducted in the Cearà State of the north east of Brazil, explores how the present health information system can support the process of decentralization.