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ABSTRACT Chondrosarcoma, an unusual malignant neoplasm, develops in cartilaginous tissue and presents low rate of metastasis, mainly affecting the axial skeleton from the adult to senile dogs. In the face of unusual occurrence of chondrosarcoma in the long bones of young dogs, the present report aimed to describe it in the right humerus of a two-and-a-half-year-old Siberian Husky, attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Franca, with limping of the right thoracic limb, for 20 days. The radiographic examination of the humerus showed bone lysis and periosteal proliferation. In the incisional biopsy, proliferation of atypical chondrocytes with diffuse distribution, interspersed with compact bone matrix, was observed. The amputation of the limb was performed, and the fragment histopathological analysis showed grade I chondrosarcoma. Periodic returns were made for neoplastic staging, and at 240 days after surgery lung metastases were detected, however, the tutor did not authorize chemotherapy and radiotherapy for financial reasons and due to the absence of respiratory symptoms so far (410 days after surgery). Although uncommon, chondrosarcoma can affect the long bones of young dogs, with clinical signs similar to other bone neoplasms, and, even with the radical limb amputation, can demonstrate systemic metastasis.

RESUMO O condrossarcoma, neoplasia maligna incomum, desenvolve-se em tecido cartilaginoso e apresenta baixo índice de metástases, acometendo principalmente o esqueleto axial de cães adultos a senis. Diante da ocorrência incomum de condrossarcoma em ossos longos de cães jovens, o presente relato teve como objetivo descrevê-lo no úmero direito de um Husky Siberiano de dois anos e meio de idade, atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de Franca, com claudicação do membro torácico direito, há 20 dias. O exame radiográfico do úmero mostrou lise óssea e proliferação periosteal. Na biópsia incisional, observou-se proliferação de condrócitos atípicos com distribuição difusa, intercalados com matriz óssea compacta. Foi realizada a amputação do membro, e a análise histopatológica do fragmento evidenciou condrossarcoma grau I. Foram feitos retornos periódicos para estadiamento neoplásico e, aos 240 dias após a cirurgia, foram detectadas metástases pulmonares. O tutor não autorizou quimioterapia e radioterapia por motivos financeiros e por ausência de sintomas respiratórios até o momento (410 dias após a cirurgia). Apesar de incomum, o condrossarcoma pode acometer os ossos longos de cães jovens, com sinais clínicos semelhantes a outras neoplasias ósseas, e, mesmo com a amputação radical do membro, pode demonstrar metástase sistêmica.

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Estudou-se ocorrência de cistos de Giardia spp. e oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. - (oo)cistos - na bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão São Bartolomeu, localizada no município de Viçosa, MG. O estudo incluiu as populações humana e animal existentes na área da bacia, bem como no efluente de uma estação de tratamento de esgoto (ETE) e de duas instalações para suínos. Os resultados indicam presença de (oo)cistos no manancial (médias geométricas: 3,92 e 3,62 (oo)cistos/l para Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp., respectivamente). Propriedades com exploração bovina foram positivas ao longo de todo período (prevalência média de propriedades positivas 36,4 por cento para Giardia spp. e 18,0 por cento para Cryptosporidium spp.). O efluente da ETE apresentou elevada concentração de cistos de Giardia spp. (média geométrica na ordem de 10(4)/l), mas não foram encontrados oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. A ocorrência de (oo)cistos apresentou comportamento sazonal, sendo que os valores médios de (oo)cistos e de pluviosidade do trimestre de coleta revelaram bom ajuste de correlação (R²=98,3 por cento; P=0,0087 para Giardia spp. e R²=91,8 por cento; P=0,0421 para Cryptosporidium spp.). A significativa ocorrência de (oo)cistos no manancial sugere que a forma de ocupação do solo interfere na qualidade parasitológica da água bruta. Os resultados apontam para a importância de adoção de medidas preventivas, como proteção de áreas de mananciais, objetivando reduzir riscos de transmissão de protozoários via água de consumo humano.(AU)

The occurrence of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts - (oo)cysts - was studied in a watershed (São Bartolomeu Stream-SB), at Viçosa city, MG. In the studied area, characterization of animal farms and identification of sewage and animal wastes discharges were undertaken. In addition, a sewage treatment plant (STP) and effluents of two swine farms were sampled. The results presented protozoan contamination (geometric averages: 3.92 and 3.62 (oo)cysts/l for Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp., respectively). Positive cattle farms were detected during all the period, and the correspondent mean prevalences were: 36.4 percent for Giardia spp. and 18.0 percent for Cryptosporidium spp. STP effluent presented high concentration of Giardia spp. (geometric average of cysts in the order of 10(4)/l). However, Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were not detected. The results showed that (oo)cysts concentration were influenced by climate factors. Precipitation and (oo)cysts concentration data were well correlated (R²=98.3 percent; P=0.0087 for Giardia spp. and R²=91.8 percent; P=0.0421 for Cryptosporidium spp.). Cysts and oocysts levels were remarkably high in the raw water source, pointing out the role of land use in an unprotected watershed as a source of protozoa. The results demonstrate the importance of preventive measures rather than relying on, sometimes unreliable, corrective measures such as water treatment, in order to minimize human health risks.(AU)

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Estudou-se ocorrência de cistos de Giardia spp. e oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. - (oo)cistos - na bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão São Bartolomeu, localizada no município de Viçosa, MG. O estudo incluiu as populações humana e animal existentes na área da bacia, bem como no efluente de uma estação de tratamento de esgoto (ETE) e de duas instalações para suínos. Os resultados indicam presença de (oo)cistos no manancial (médias geométricas: 3,92 e 3,62 (oo)cistos/l para Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp., respectivamente). Propriedades com exploração bovina foram positivas ao longo de todo período (prevalência média de propriedades positivas 36,4 por cento para Giardia spp. e 18,0 por cento para Cryptosporidium spp.). O efluente da ETE apresentou elevada concentração de cistos de Giardia spp. (média geométrica na ordem de 10(4)/l), mas não foram encontrados oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. A ocorrência de (oo)cistos apresentou comportamento sazonal, sendo que os valores médios de (oo)cistos e de pluviosidade do trimestre de coleta revelaram bom ajuste de correlação (R²=98,3 por cento; P=0,0087 para Giardia spp. e R²=91,8 por cento; P=0,0421 para Cryptosporidium spp.). A significativa ocorrência de (oo)cistos no manancial sugere que a forma de ocupação do solo interfere na qualidade parasitológica da água bruta. Os resultados apontam para a importância de adoção de medidas preventivas, como proteção de áreas de mananciais, objetivando reduzir riscos de transmissão de protozoários via água de consumo humano.

The occurrence of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts - (oo)cysts - was studied in a watershed (São Bartolomeu Stream-SB), at Viçosa city, MG. In the studied area, characterization of animal farms and identification of sewage and animal wastes discharges were undertaken. In addition, a sewage treatment plant (STP) and effluents of two swine farms were sampled. The results presented protozoan contamination (geometric averages: 3.92 and 3.62 (oo)cysts/l for Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp., respectively). Positive cattle farms were detected during all the period, and the correspondent mean prevalences were: 36.4 percent for Giardia spp. and 18.0 percent for Cryptosporidium spp. STP effluent presented high concentration of Giardia spp. (geometric average of cysts in the order of 10(4)/l). However, Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were not detected. The results showed that (oo)cysts concentration were influenced by climate factors. Precipitation and (oo)cysts concentration data were well correlated (R²=98.3 percent; P=0.0087 for Giardia spp. and R²=91.8 percent; P=0.0421 for Cryptosporidium spp.). Cysts and oocysts levels were remarkably high in the raw water source, pointing out the role of land use in an unprotected watershed as a source of protozoa. The results demonstrate the importance of preventive measures rather than relying on, sometimes unreliable, corrective measures such as water treatment, in order to minimize human health risks.

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The possible involvement of saprobe fungi in dermatomycoses, as well as the determination of the incidence of dermatophytes in dogs and cats were studied. During a period of one year, 74 dogs and 18 cats, with cutaneous lesions suggesting mycoses were included in this study. The mycological analyses were conducted by direct microscopy and by fungal culture on Sabouraud agar, chloramphenicol Sabouraud agar and mycosel agar. Of the 92 samples, 21 resulted in positive cultures for dermatophytes. Dematophyte fungi pure cultures were obtained from 13 samples. A simultaneous growth of dermatophytes plus saprobe fungi was observed in 8 of the samples. Of the remaining 71 samples, no fungal growth was observed in 10 samples, and at minimum the growth of one saprobe fungi in 61. One, two and three genera of saprobe were isolated in 29, 30 and 2 samples, respectively. Microsporum canis was isolated in 6 (28.6 per cent) and 10 samples (47.6 per cent) from cats and dogs, respectively, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in 2 (9.5 per cent) and 3 samples (14.3 per cent) from cats and dogs, respectively. The following genera of saprobe fungi were also isolated: Alternaria sp (1.9 per cent), Chaetomium sp (1.9 per cent), Rhizopus sp (2.9 per cent), Curvularia sp (3.9 per cent), Candida sp (6.8 per cent), Trichoderma sp (6.8 per cent), Fusarium sp (7.8 per cent), Cladosporium sp (8.7 per cent), Penicillium sp (21.4 per cent) and Aspergillus sp (37.9 per cent)

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The Hantavirus pulmonary and cardiovascular syndrome (HPCVS) is an emerging disease in Brazil. In this study, eight confirmed cases of HPCVS were studied. All the patients presented fever and dyspnea as well as thrombocytopenia and hypoxemia. Tachycardia, malaise, hypotension and lung rales occurred in 75 to 87.5% of the cases. Hemoconcentration, blood cell count increased and immature neutrophils, and high levels of creatinine were observed in 75 to 87.5%. Intravenous liquid infusion, the use of drugs for increasing systemic vascular resistance and inotropism, and mechanic ventilation were used for the patients. Mechanical ventilation and volume administration should be started precociously, preferable in intensive care units employing recommended universal and respiratory precautions. Careful volume administration should be limited if signs of pulmonary edema develop. Mortality (50%) is high and probably related to the severity of the disease as well as to a delayed attending of the patients for intensive management. It is important to report hantaviruses and HPCVS to the Brazilian medical community considering that many cases could be undiagnosed.

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The Hantavirus pulmonary and cardiovascular syndrome (HPCVS) is an emerging disease in Brazil. In this study, eight confirmed cases of HPCVS were studied. All the patients presented fever and dyspnea as well as thrombocytopenia and hypoxemia. Tachycardia, malaise, hypotension and lung rales occurred in 75 to 87.5% of the cases. Hemoconcentration, blood cell count increased and immature neutrophils, and high levels of creatinine were observed in 75 to 87.5%. Intravenous liquid infusion, the use of drugs for increasing systemic vascular resistance and inotropism, and mechanic ventilation were used for the patients. Mechanical ventilation and volume administration should be started precociously, preferable in intensive care units employing recommended universal and respiratory precautions. Careful volume administration should be limited if signs of pulmonary edema develop. Mortality (50%) is high and probably related to the severity of the disease as well as to a delayed attending of the patients for intensive management. It is important to report hantaviruses and HPCVS to the Brazilian medical community considering that many cases could be undiagnosed.

A síndrome pulmonar e cardiovascular por Hantavirus (SPCVH), é doença emergente com descrição crescente de casos no Brasil. Neste trabalho, estudou-se 8 casos confirmados da doença. Todos apresentaram febre e dispnéia. Taquicardia, astenia, hipotensão e estertoração pulmonar ocorreram em 75 a 87,5% dos casos. Plaquetopenia e hipoxemia ocorreram em 100% dos casos, hemoconcentração, leucocitose com desvio à esquerda e elevação de uréia e creatinina séricas em 75 a 87,5%. Assistência respiratória, hidratação endovenosa e utilização de aminas vasoativas foram as medidas utilizadas nos pacientes. Ressalta-se que o suporte ventilatório e cardiovascular deve ser precocemente instituído, preferencialmente em unidades de terapia intensiva, com precauções universais e respiratórias de isolamento. Deve-se ter cuidados com infusão excessiva de líquidos para não agravar o edema pulmonar. A mortalidade observada, de 50%, é elevada, deveu-se à gravidade da doença e ao comparecimento tardio para tratamento intensivo. Deve-se informar sobre a SPCVH aos profissionais de saúde, considerando que casos de SPCVH, provavelmente, vêm passando desapercebidos.

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The possible involvement of saprobe fungi in dermatomycoses, as well as the determination of the incidence of dermatophytes in dogs and cats were studied. During a period of one year, 74 dogs and 18 cats, with cutaneous lesions suggesting mycoses were included in this study. The mycological analyses were conducted by direct microscopy and by fungal culture on Sabouraud agar, chloramphenicol Sabouraud agar and mycosel agar. Of the 92 samples, 21 resulted in positive cultures for dermatophytes. Dermatophyte fungi pure cultures were obtained from 13 samples. A simultaneous growth of dermatophytes plus saprobe fungi was observed in 8 of the samples. Of the remaining 71 samples, no fungal growth was observed in 10 samples, and at minimum the growth of one saprobe fungi in 61. One, two and three genera of saprobe fungi were isolated in 29, 30 and 2 samples, respectively. Microsporum canis was isolated in 6 (28.6 %) and 10 samples (47.6 %) from cats and dogs, respectively, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in 2 (9.5 %) and 3 samples (14.3 %) from cats and dogs, respectively. The following genera of saprobe fungi were also isolated: Alternaria sp (1.9%), Chaetomium sp (1.9%), Rhizopus sp (2.9%), Curvularia sp (3.9%), Candida sp (6.8%), Trichoderma sp (6.8%), Fusarium sp (7.8%), Cladosporium sp (8.7%), Penicillium sp (21.4%) and Aspergillus sp (37.9%).

Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram investigar o possível envolvimento de fungos sapróbios nas dermatomicoses e determinar a incidência de dermatófitos em cães e gatos. Durante um ano, 74 cães e 18 gatos com lesões cutâneas sugestivas de micoses foram incluídos neste estudo. As análises micológicas foram realizadas por microscopia direta e cultivo do fungo em ágar Sabouraud, ágar Sabouraud com cloranfenicol e ágar mycosel. A partir dos 92 espécimes clínicos, 21 resultaram em culturas positivas para dermatófitos, observando-se crescimento exclusivo desses fungos somente em 13. Em oito espécimes, observou-se crescimento simultâneo de dermatófitos e fungos sapróbios. Dentre os 71 espécimes restantes, 10 não apresentaram crescimento fúngico, e pelo menos um fungo sapróbio foi observado em 61 deles. Foram isolados um, dois e três gêneros de fungos sapróbios em 29, 30 e 2 espécimes, respectivamente. Microsporum canis foi encontrado em 6 (28,6%) e 10 espécimes (47,6%) e Trichophyton mentagrophytes em 2 (9,5%) e 3 espécimes (14,3%) de gatos e cães, respectivamente. Os seguintes gêneros de fungos sapróbios foram isolados: Alternaria sp (1,9%), Chaetomium sp (1,9%), Rhizopus sp (2,9%), Curvularia sp (3,9%), Candida sp (6,8%), Trichoderma sp (6,8%), Fusarium sp (7,8%), Cladosporium sp (8,7%), Penicillium sp (21,4%) e Aspergillus sp (37,9%).

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BACKGROUND: Some studies have identified and selected factors that were associated with prognosis in patients with gastrointestinal fistulas, but a multivariate analysis to determine their relative importance and independent predictive value has not been done. The aim of this study was to determine independent prognostic factors for fistula closure and death in patients with gastrointestinal fistulas using a multivariate model. STUDY DESIGN: Several variables were assessed related to spontaneous closure, surgical closure, and mortality in 188 patients with digestive fistulas (duodenal 22.3%, jejunoileal 28.7%, colonic 23.9%, biliopancreatic 25%). Selection of the variables was done through a forward stepwise logistic regression procedure; the final models were used to estimate the probability of closure, either spontaneous or surgical, and the probability of death. RESULTS: Variables significant for spontaneous closure were: cause of the fistula (p = 0.027), fistula output (p = 0.037), institutional origin of the patient (p = 0.026), and occurrence of complications (p<0.001). Organ of origin of the fistula was only marginally significant (p = 0.068). Successful surgical closure was significantly associated with the presence of complications (p = 0.001) and was marginally associated with age (p = 0.069). Variables significant for death were fistula output (p = 0.009) and the presence of complications (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the likelihood of spontaneous fistula closure is higher for fistulas with surgical causes, low output, and with no complications. Mortality is higher in patients with complications and with high-output fistulas.

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Objetivo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a freqüência, os fatores associados e a manifestaçöes clínica de bacteremia em pacientes submetidos à colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE), associada ou näo Ó realizaçäo de procedimento terapêutico. Casuística. Foram analisadas prospectivamente 46 colangiopancreatografias retrógradas endoscópicas (CPREs) realizadas em 42 pacientes. Os pacientes foram divididos em três subgrupos na dependência da utilizaçäo de antibióticos, da presença de obstruçäo do ducto biliar e/ou pancreático e da realizaçäo de procedimentos terapêuticos. Método. A pesquisa de bacteremia foi realizada mediante coleta de hemoculturas seriadas antes e após a CPRE. Foram utilizados, como meio para as hemoculturas, frascos tipo Bactec, capazes de receber maiores volumes de sangue e com resinas para adsorçäo de antibioóticos. A análise de positividade das hemoculturas foi realizada no sistema Bactec 9240Ô, e a identificaçäo das bactrérias, por meio de rotina do Laboratório Central da instituiçäo e com o sistema autoScan/Microscan. Resultados. Foi detectada bacteremia após sete exames; entretanto, em dois os microrganismos isolados foram considerados contaminantes. Em cinco exames ocorreu bacteremia verdadeira (freqüência, 10,9 por cento). Foram identificados os microrganismos: Streptococcus viridans, Corynebacterium sp., Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella oxytoca e Enterobacter aerogenes. Os episódios de bacteremia foram detectados com maior freqüência nas hemoculturas realizadas imediatamente após os exames (p<0,05), e foram restrito aos pacientes que näo estavan utilizando antibióticos (p=0,0192). Näo houve manifestaçäo clínica dos episódios de bacteremia. Conclusöes. Concluiu-se que os episódios de bacteremia ocorreram exclusivamente nos pacientes que näo estavam utilizando antibiótico e foram transitórios e completamente assintomáticos.

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Objetivo. Determinar o custo do transplante hepático no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Método. Os dados do prontuário de 24 pacientes submetidos a 25 transplantes hepáticos foram avaliados do dia da internaçao para o transplante hepático até a data da alta hospitalar ou óbito para determinar o número de dias de internaçao, o local de internaçao, a quantidade de material e medicamentos usados, os exames complementares e procedimentos realizados. Honorários médicos nao foram incluídos no estudo. Resultados. A idade dos pacientes variou de 6 a 56 anos, tendo seis deles menos que 14 anos de idade. Cinco pacientes foram a óbito durante a internaçao hospitalar. Retransplante foi realizado em somente um paciente. O custo médio da retirada do fígado do doador foi de US$ 2,783.19. O custo total do transplante hepático variou amplamente entre os pacientes, na dependência de ocorrência de complicaçoes pós-operatórias, do número de dias de internaçao hospitalar e da quantidade de transfusao de hemoderivados. O custo total variou de US$ 6,359.84 a US$ 75,434.18, com média de US$ 21,505.53. O item mais caro do transplante hepático foi o custo com a hemoterapia, seguido do custo com medicamentos e diária hospitalar. Conclusao. O custo do transplante hepático varia muito entre os pacientes e pode ser realizado no Brasil a um custo inferior ao relatado nos Estados Unidos e na Europa.

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PURPOSE: To determine the cost of liver transplantation at the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Parana. METHODS: The data of 24 patients subjected to 25 liver transplantations were evaluated from the day of hospital admission until the day of discharge to determine the length of hospitalization, quantity of material and medications used, and exams and procedures performed. Professional fees were not included in the study. RESULTS: The age of the patients varied from 6 to 56 years. Six patients were younger than 14 years of age. Five patients died during hospitalization. Retransplantation was performed in only one patient. The average cost for liver procurement was US$ 2,783.19. The total cost of the liver transplantation varied, depending on the occurrence of complications, length of hospitalization and the amount of blood products transfused. The total cost varied from US$ 6,359.84 to US$ 75,434.18, with an average of US$ 21,505.53. The most expensive item of the liver transplantation was blood products transfused, followed by medications, and intensive care and room charges. CONCLUSIONS: The cost of liver transplantation varies among the patients and may be performed in Brazil at a cost less than that reported in the United States and Europe.

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PURPOSE: To determine the frequency, associate factors and clinical features of bacteremia in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), with or without therapeutic procedures. METHODS: Prospectively, 42 consecutives patients undergoing 46 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies (ERCPs) from August to December 1994 were analyzed. The search for bacteremia was done by drawing 6 blood samples for cultures from peripheral blood. Two blood samples were collected before the ERCP and 4 of them after. The bottles used for cultures were Bactec bottles. The bottles were incubated in the Bactec 9240 system, and eventual bacteria detect were identificated by the manual routine of the laboratory and also with the autoScan/Microscan system. RESULTS: All blood cultures obtained before the ERCPs were negatives. Bacteremia were detected after 7 endoscopic procedures. In two episodes of bacteremia, the microorganism identified (Staphylococcus epidermidis) was considered to be a contaminant. The other 5 episodes of bacteremia were considered true bacteremia (frequency- 10.9%), and the microorganisms identified were: Streptococcus viridans, Corynebacterium sp., Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiello oxytoca and Enterobacter aerogenes. This episodes were more frequent in the blood cultures obtained immediately after the ERCPs (p < 0.05), and occurred exclusively in the patients who were not receiving antibiotics (p = 0.0192). Clinical manifestation of the episodes of bacteremia were not detected. CONCLUSION: The episodes of bacteremia occurred exclusively in the patients who were not receiving antibiotics, were transient and completely no symptomatic.

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Analysis of 1,280 private patient records from a periodontal clinic showed poor compliance with supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). Data were analyzed according to sex, age, and type of treatment (with or without periodontal surgery). Analysis showed that 25.2% of the patients never returned and among those who report for SPT, only 40.1% did so regularly; the percent of surgical cases was greater (70.7%) and those patients had better compliance (77.6%); compliance of women was greater (76.5%); abandonment of supportive periodontal treatment was high (66.7%), and compliance increased with age. Several suggestions concerning clinical procedures are offered with the objective of motivating patients to give the necessary importance to supportive periodontal therapy.

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The objective of the present study was to determine the possible existence of a correlation between the gingival immunologic defense index (GIDI) and parameters associated with dental caries such as number of teeth with cavities, number of colony forming units (CFU) of streptococci of the mutans group, decay missing filling deciduous teeth (dmft), and decay missing filling permanent teeth (DMFT). Since no correlation was detected with the above parameters, we conclude that the simple presence of caries or of CFU is not sufficient to stimulate IgA production and/or secretion. For this to occur, an unfavorable action of these parameters on gingival health is needed, with the production of gingival inflammation.

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Plasma carbamazepine (CBZ) and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (CBZ-E) concentrations were measured in 160 epileptic patients in order to determine the effect of factors such as age, daily dosing schedule, formulation, and combination with other antiepileptic drugs on these concentrations in relation to the daily dose. The results showed that the CBZ plasma level/dose ratio was affected by all factors studied, whereas the CBZ-E plasma level/dose ratio was affected only by formulation and age. The ratio of CBZ-E to CBZ plasma levels (CBZ-E/CBZ) was affected by daily dosing schedule, age, and combination with other antiepileptic drugs. The present study demonstrated that many factors affect plasma CBZ/dose ratios, explaining the discrepancies observed in the literature.

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The authors studied the superficial hardness of composite resins cured for two different times: 20 and 40 seconds of light exposure. The hardness values were read immediately and 24 hours after polymerization. A significant increase in hardness was observed with 40 s exposure as compared to 20 s. Hardness values were significantly higher at 24 h than immediately after polymerization.

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The authors studied the ability of three elastomeric impression materials in reproducing and transmitting three grooves, engraved in the polished surface of a stainless steel model, to gypsum models. The grooves were 17, 21 and 25 micrometers wide, and the fails in reproducing, as well as in transmitting the minor details to gypsum, were also investigated as to the effects of gypsum particle size, proportional relation water/powder and plasticity of the mixture. The three elastomeric impression materials used were a polysulfide, a silicone and a polyether, and the six gypsum products were two improved stones type IV, two dental stones type III and two dental plasters type II. Scores 3, 2 and 1 were attributed respectively to the 17, 21 and 25 micrometers grooves reproduced in the molds, as well to the same grooves transmitted to the gypsum models. The results showed that all the impression materials tested were able to reproduce in the molds all the three grooves present in the steel model. Nevertheless, when gypsum models were examined, it was verified that the grooves so well reproduced in the molds were neither equally nor uniformely registered in the respective models, the best results being achieved by the polysulfide and the silicone, an the worst by polyether, As to the gypsum products, the type II gypsum presented the most unfavorable results.

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With respect to the elasticity module, it was observed that the incorporation of fiberglass to acrylic resin makes the test bodies more rigid, decreasing their rupture lengthening. The presence of fibers confers on the material a greater capacity of elastic recovery.

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A stainless steel master die simulating a dental preparation for crown was used to make 3 gold castings from wax patterns obtained in 3 different ways: a) directly from the naked master die; b) from the same master die with a copper coping 30 microns thick; and c) with a similar copper coping, but 40 microns thick. The discrepancies of fit of the 3 master gold crowns were evaluated in 99 stones dies (33 for each casting) obtained from 11 different elastomeric impression materials (3 replicae of each). The results showed that: 1) stone dies with no coping presented a medium discrepancy of 284 microns, inadequate for clinical use; 2) the 30 microns and 40 microns copings presented medium discrepancies of 18 and 9 microns respectively, both suitable for clinical use. Thus, the use of copings tend to equalize the cervical discrepancy of fit of gold crowns, whatever be the elastomeric impression material used.

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Traction trials were carried out on acrylic resin test bodies for denture frames reinforced with cut and ground fiberglass, to determine rupture tension. The results demonstrated that: 1--Cut fibers tend to increase the resistance of acrylic to traction forces, and the increase in load percentage of these fibers also increase resistance. 2--This increase was more marked when treatment with SILANE A 174 was combined with the use of cut fibers, at all concentrations tested.

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