RESUMO
Forty-five human rabies virus isolates from a wide geographical area of Brazil were characterized using an anti-nucleoprotein monoclonal antibody panel and by partial nucleotide sequencing analysis of the nucleoprotein gene. Three major antigenic groups related to the antigenic variants maintained in domestic dogs, vampire bats and marmosets were identified. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the viruses from dog-related cases segregated into four sister clades: three associated with dog-endemic cycles in Brazil and one with the crab-eating fox cycle in the northeastern region of the country. The vampire bat- and marmoset-related viruses formed two independent groups. The topology of these clades was conserved when these samples were compared to virus representatives of the currently reported rabies endemic cycles in the Americas. These results indicated the presence of multiple endemic transmission cycles maintained in four different reservoirs, domestic dogs, crab-eating foxes, vampire bats and marmosets, which are being transmitted directly to humans and should be considered as a high-risk for rabies infection.
Assuntos
Vírus da Raiva/genética , Raiva/transmissão , Raiva/veterinária , Zoonoses/transmissão , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Antígenos Virais/análise , Brasil , Callithrix/virologia , Quirópteros/virologia , DNA Viral/análise , Reservatórios de Doenças/veterinária , Reservatórios de Doenças/virologia , Doenças do Cão/transmissão , Doenças do Cão/virologia , Cães , Raposas/virologia , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Doenças dos Macacos/transmissão , Doenças dos Macacos/virologia , Filogenia , Raiva/virologia , Vírus da Raiva/imunologia , Vírus da Raiva/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Zoonoses/virologiaRESUMO
In this work, we evaluated the effects of allopurinol (ALO), an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XO), on hepatic lesions caused by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in the rabbit liver. Rabbits were pretreated with ALO (10 mg/kg IV) or saline solution 0.9% before the hepatic I/R procedure. The effects of ALO on hepatic injury were evaluated before and after I/R. A standard, warm hepatic I/R procedure caused profound acute liver injury, as indicated by elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactic dehydrogenase levels, as well as a high apoptotic cell count. All of these changes were reversed by the administration of ALO before the hepatic I/R procedure. In conclusion, ALO exerted protective effects on hepatic I/R lesions. This protective effect of ALO was probably associated with blocking the generation of superoxide anions during the hepatic I/R procedure by inhibiting XO activity.