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Depressive symptoms are common in epilepsy. To determine associations between depression and demographic, clinical, and pharmacological factors among epileptic patients, we conducted a cross-sectional survey. We evaluated 241 epileptic outpatients at a neurological center in a 6-month period. Depressive syndrome was diagnosed when both the Montgomery-Asberg Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory were rated above the standard cutoff points. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the differences between depressed and nondepressed patients with respect to demographic, clinical, and pharmacological features. Depressive syndrome was diagnosed in 42.7% of patients (n=103). Factors associated in the bivariate analysis were: cryptogenic etiology, posttraumatic epilepsy, use of primidone, and inadequate seizure control. After logistic regression, inadequate seizure control (OR 3.08, 95% CI 1.40-6.77, P=0.005) and use of primidone (OR 4.08, 95% CI 2.09-7.98; P<0.001) remained significantly associated. Depression was common and associated with inadequate seizure control and use of primidone.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) could be considered a neurodevelopmental disorder, from several lines of evidence. One of the most widely studied genes in these disorders is the apolipoprotein E gene, particularly allele 4. We analyzed for association among patients with OCD versus normal controls and cognitively impaired patients. There were no significant differences between OCD probands compared with population controls. However, the cognitively impaired group showed a higher frequency of allele apolipoprotein E gene compared with normal controls and patients with OCD.

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This chapter presents research findings from a collaborative project between Mexican investigators from the Mexican Institute of Psychiatry and the World Health Organization on the identification and treatment of harmful and hazardous drinking. A sample of 189 individuals who met criteria for hazardous drinking was selected for the study after screening 2319 outpatients attending clinics in two general hospitals in Mexico City. We present here the characteristics of this sample along dimensions that include alcohol related problems, history of trauma, alcohol dependence scores and family history of alcoholism. We rated, utilizing structures interviews, situations that place these individuals at risk of drinking. The possibility of constructing a typology of harmful and hazardous drinking was also explored. The significance of the findings of this investigation for health care clinicians is discussed.

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Drinking practices vary substantially among different countries. An understanding of such differences can help researchers, clinicians, and policymakers develop prevention, diagnostic, and treatment measures as well as overall alcohol policies that are appropriate for a given country. Accordingly, researchers have conducted cross-cultural analyses of drinking patterns and practices. Three countries included in such analyses are India, Mexico, and Nigeria. These countries differ substantially in their ethnic and cultural characteristics, including the role that alcohol plays in daily life. To gain a better insight into the attitudes toward alcohol in these countries, researchers have analyzed the alcoholic beverage preferences, gender and age differences in alcohol consumption patterns, drinking contexts and drinking patterns, alcohol-related problems, approaches to prevention and treatment, and drinking indicators in each nation. These analyses demonstrate that no single definition of "normal" drinking, problem drinking, or alcohol dependence can apply equally to all countries or cultures.

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Utilizando metanol como única fuente de carbono y energía, se aislaron diez cultivos mixtos, constituidos al menos por dos tipos de bacterias, morfológicamente diferentes. Las bacterias son Gram negativas y tienen como forma predominante la bacilar. Difieren en la apariencia de sus colonias, principalmente en el tamaño y grado de viscosidad. La colonias en medio sintético son apigmenteadas y cuando desarrollan en medios complejos son de color amarillo cremoso. Las bacterias que integran los cultivos mixtos no desarrollaron por separado en medio mineral, pero sí en un medio complejo, lo cual indica que se trata de metilótrofos facultativo. Dos de los cultivos (CM-3 y CM-15) fueron seleccionados para llevar a efecto estudios de producción de biomasa en fermentadores. Un tercer cultivo (CM-3A) que fue aislado a partir del CM-3 en cultivo continuo, fue tambiém seleccinado para el mismo propósito. En un sistema intermitente se establecieron las condiciones óptimas para el crecimiento (temperatura 37-C, concentración de metanol de 1.5% (v/v) y pH de 6.9 a 7.0). Los valores de las velocidades específicas de crecimiento fueron de 0.46 h-1 a 0.50 h-1 con tiempos de generación entr 1.50 h y 1.38 h. En cultivo continuo, los cultivos mixtos presentaron oscilaciones amplias sin haverse logrado estabilizar a ninguna de las velocidades de dilución ensayadas. Debido a estas oscilaciones se incluyeron valores promedio de concentración celular y de productividad. En general fueron poco susceptibles a la contaminación. Los cultivos CM-15 y CM-3 sintetizaron una substancia mucoide cuya concentración fue dependiente de las condiciones de operación. La velocidad específica de crecimiento máxima, determinada en sistema continuo, fue menor que la determinada en sistema intermitentee

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