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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between childhood consumption of ultra-processed foods and symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention in adolescents from São Leopoldo, a city in southern Brazil. METHODS Data were collected at four distinct stages: when participants were 12-16 months old in 2001 and 2002 and later when they were 3-4, 7-8, and 12-13 years old. During the interview at 12-16 months, mothers were asked about the introduction of sugar in their child's diet. Two 24-hour recall surveys were conducted with children aged 3-4, 7-8, and 12-13 years to assess their consumption of ultra-processed foods. At the age of 12-13 years, the participants completed the Hyperactivity/Inattention subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), which screens for mental health problems. RESULTS Among the 173 adolescents, 22.5% exhibited hyperactivity symptoms. The consumption of ultra-processed foods in grams, kilocalories, and as a percentage of energy intake at 3-4 years old were found to be predictors of hyperactivity/inattention symptoms (RR: 0.81, 95%CI: 0.69-0.95; RR: 1.01, 95%CI: 1.00-1.02; RR: 1.02, 95%CI:1.01-1.02; RR: 1.25, 95%CI:1.04-1.51, respectively). CONCLUSION The consumption of ultra-processed foods at an early age was associated with hyperactivity and inattention symptoms in adolescence.
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Epigenetic modifications established during prenatal and early life, including DNA methylation, have been suggested as potential mediators of the interaction between environmental exposures during the perinatal period and adult metabolic health adverse outcomes, especially cardiometabolic complications and overweight. The effect of a dietary intervention in the first year of life on global methylation levels in leukocyte samples from a cohort of children born between 2001 and 2002 in southern Brazil was examined. Overall methylation measurements were performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays on DNA samples from 237 children at 4 years old. Mean methylation values were higher in the intervention group (mean: 2.20 ± 1.31%) than in the control group (mean: 1.65 ± 1.11%; P = 0.001). It was observed that nutritional counseling in the first year increased breastfeeding duration and stimulated the development of healthier eating habits. Therefore, these factors might have contributed to increase global DNA methylation. The findings of the present study reinforce the notion that performing nutritional interventions in the early stages of life is important and provide further evidence of the interaction between the environment and epigenetic traits.
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The reward sensation after food intake may be different between individuals and variants in genes related to the dopaminergic system may indicate a different response in people exposed to the same environmental factors. This study investigated the association of TaqIA (rs1800497) and -141C InsDel (rs1799732) variants in DRD2/ANKK1 gene with food intake and adiposity parameters in a cohort of children. The sample consisted of 270 children followed until 7 to 8 years old. DNA was extracted from blood and polymorphisms were detected by PCR-RFLP analysis. Food intake and nutritional status were compared among individuals with different SNP genotypes. Children carrying the A1 allele (TaqIA) had higher energy of lipid dense foods (LDF) when compared with A2/A2 homozygous children at 7 to 8 years old (GLM p=0.004; Mann Whitney p=0.005). No association was detected with -141C Ins/Del polymorphism. To our knowledge, this is the first association study of the DRD2 TaqIA and -141C Ins/Del polymorphism with food intake and anthropometric parameters in children. DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism has been associated with a reduction in D2 dopamine receptor availability. Therefore, the differences observed in LDF intake in our sample may occur as an effort to compensate the hypodopaminergic functioning.
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Abstract Taste perception plays a key role in determining individual food preferences and dietary habits and may influence nutritional status. This study aimed to investigate the association of TAS1R2 (Ile191Val - rs35874116) and TAS1R3 (-1266 C/T - rs35744813) variants with food intake and nutritional status in children followed from birth until 7.7 years old. The nutritional status and food intake data of 312 children were collected at three developmental stages (1, 3.9 and 7.7 years old). DNA was extracted from blood samples and the polymorphisms were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) using hydrolysis probes as the detection method. Food intake and nutritional status were compared among individuals with different single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes. At 3.9 years old, children homozygous (Val/Val) for the TAS1R2 Ile191Val polymorphism ingested less sugar and sugar-dense foods than children who were *Ile carriers. This finding demonstrated that a genetic variant of the T1R2 taste receptor is associated with the intake of different amounts of high sugar-content foods in childhood. This association may provide new perspectives for studying dietary patterns and nutritional status in childhood.
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Taste perception plays a key role in determining individual food preferences and dietary habits and may influence nutritional status. This study aimed to investigate the association of TAS1R2 (Ile191Val - rs35874116) and TAS1R3 (-1266 C/T - rs35744813) variants with food intake and nutritional status in children followed from birth until 7.7 years old. The nutritional status and food intake data of 312 children were collected at three developmental stages (1, 3.9 and 7.7 years old). DNA was extracted from blood samples and the polymorphisms were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) using hydrolysis probes as the detection method. Food intake and nutritional status were compared among individuals with different single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes. At 3.9 years old, children homozygous (Val/Val) for the TAS1R2 Ile191Val polymorphism ingested less sugar and sugar-dense foods than children who were *Ile carriers. This finding demonstrated that a genetic variant of the T1R2 taste receptor is associated with the intake of different amounts of high sugar-content foods in childhood. This association may provide new perspectives for studying dietary patterns and nutritional status in childhood.
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BACKGROUND: The 5-HTT gene contains polymorphisms in its promoter region, the insertion/deletion (5-HTTLPR) that creates long (L) or short (S) alleles (biallelic approach) and SNP (rs25531) in L allele (triallelic approach). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to investigate the association of the 5-HTTLPR and rs25531 polymorphisms, using bi- and triallelic approach, with dietary intake and anthropometric parameters in children followed until 8 years old. METHODS: The sample were 303 children who were recruited at birth and examined at 1, 3 to 4 and 7 to 8 years old. The polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase-chain-reaction-based methods. RESULTS: In the biallelic approach, children with the S/S genotype presented a higher body mass index Z-score in the three developmental stages and higher sum of skinfolds at 3 to 4 and 7 to 8 years old than carriers of the L allele. In the triallelic approach, S/S, Lg/S plus Lg/Lg genotypes were associated with higher energy intake daily at 1 year old and with waist circumference at 3 to 4 years old. CONCLUSIONS: In the biallelic approach, the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism is associated with food intake, body mass index Z-score and sum of skinfolds in children, reinforcing the role of the serotonin transporter in childhood obesity. Our data indicate that the biallelic approach is more sensible than the triallelic approach for detected associations with food intake and nutritional status in childhood. Identifying susceptibility genes in early life could provide the foundations for interventions in lifestyle to prevent children to become obese adults.
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Ingestão de Alimentos/genética , Estado Nutricional/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Serotonina/genética , Alelos , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , MasculinoRESUMO
Education interventions that stimulate complementary feeding practices can improve the nutritional status of children and may protect against future chronic diseases. We assessed the long-term effectiveness of dietary intervention during the 1st year of life on insulin resistance levels, and investigated the relationship between insulin resistance and weight changes over time. A randomised field trial was conducted among 500 mothers who gave birth to full-term infants between October 2001 and June 2002 in a low-income area in São Leopoldo, Brazil. Mother-child pairs were randomly assigned to intervention (n 200) and control groups (n 300), and the mothers in the intervention group received dietary counselling on breast-feeding and complementary feeding of their children during the 1st year of life. Fieldworkers blinded to assignment assessed socio-demographic, dietary and anthropometric data during follow-up at ages 1, 4 and 8 years. Blood tests were performed in 305 children aged 8 years to measure fasting serum glucose and insulin concentrations and the homoeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). At the age of 8 years, the intervention group showed no changes in glucose and insulin concentrations or HOMA-IR values (change 0·07; 95 % CI -0·06, 0·21 for girls; and change -0·07; 95 % CI -0·19, 0·04 for boys) compared with study controls. Insulin resistance was highly correlated, however, with increases in BMI between birth and 8 years of age. Although this dietary intervention had no impact on glucose profile at age 8 years, our findings suggest that BMI changes in early childhood can serve as an effective marker of insulin resistance.
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Glicemia/fisiologia , Dieta , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Envelhecimento , Criança , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil , Pré-Escolar , Aconselhamento/métodos , Feminino , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Educação em Saúde/métodos , Humanos , Lactente , Comportamento Materno , Estado NutricionalRESUMO
Variants of dopamine system genes such as the DRD4 and the SLC6A3 genes may be involved in food intake regulation because the dopaminergic system influences food reward. We investigated an association of polymorphisms in the DRD4 (exon 3 VNTR) and SLC6A3 (3'UTR VNTR, rs2550948, rs2652511 and rs1048953) genes with food intake and nutritional status in children. This prospective cohort study recruited 359 children at birth. Dietary data and nutritional status were collected at 1 year, 3-4 years, and 7-8 years of age. The polymorphisms were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction based techniques. Food intake and nutritional status were compared among the different SNP genotypes. In the first year of life, DRD4.7R- children showed higher BMI Z-scores (P=.019) than the DRD4.7R+ cohort. At 3-4 years old, DRD4.7R- and SLC6A3.10R/10R children showed a higher intake of palatable foods (P=.024) and a higher waist circumference (P=.017). The rs1048953 SLC6A3 polymorphism was associated with average daily energy intake (P=.003) at 3-4 years and with a waist-to-height ratio of children at 7-8 years (P=.041). Carriers of high dopamine activity alleles of the VNTRs studied in DRD4 and SLC6A3 genes and carriers of T/T genotype of the variant rs1048953 SLC6A3 can present an increased risk for obesity related to overeating because high dopamine activity can increase the perceived incentive value of food reward.
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Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Dopamina/genética , Ingestão de Alimentos , Estado Nutricional , Polimorfismo Genético , Receptores de Dopamina D4/genética , Regiões 3' não Traduzidas , Alelos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Dopamina/química , Éxons , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Estudos Prospectivos , Razão Cintura-EstaturaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Serotonin plays a critical role in the regulation of food intake. The solute carrier family 6 member 14 (SLC6A14) and serotonin receptor 2C (5-HTR2C) genes are involved in the bioavailability and action of this neurotransmitter. OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the association of six polymorphisms in these genes with food intake and nutritional status in children followed to 7-8years of age. DESIGN: Blood samples and the biodemographic data of 344 children were collected at three development stages, in a cross-sectional study undertaken with the cohort from a randomized trial. Polymorphisms were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-based techniques. RESULTS: At 7 to 8years of age, carriers of the A alleles for both the SLC6A14 rs2312054 and SLC6A14 rs12391221 polymorphisms showed higher food intake, except for the sugar-dense food (SDF) intake parameter, than T/T and C/C homozygotes, respectively. Boy carriers of the C allele of rs2071877 had a higher sum of triceps and subscapular folds than T allele carriers at 7 to 8years old. For 5-HTR2C gene variants, A allele carriers (rs3813928) and T allele carriers (rs3813929) had higher food intake at 3 to 4years old than G/G and C/C homozygotes, respectively, except for SDF. At this age, the intake of energy-dense foods was higher in carriers of the T allele (rs3813929) than in C/C homozygotes. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that genetic variants of these proteins might be involved in the determination of food intake and nutritional status in children.
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Sistemas de Transporte de Aminoácidos Neutros/genética , Ingestão de Alimentos/genética , Estado Nutricional/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Receptor 5-HT2C de Serotonina/genética , Alelos , Sistemas de Transporte de Aminoácidos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Heterozigoto , Homozigoto , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como AssuntoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in five genes - leptin, leptin receptor (LEPR), adiponectin (APM1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) and uncoupling protein 1 - with anthropometric, metabolic, and dietary parameters in a Southern Brazilian cohort of 325 children followed up from birth to 4 years old. MATERIALS AND METHODS: SNPs were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-based procedures, and their association with phenotypes was evaluated by t-test, analysis of variance, and general linear models. RESULTS: LEPR223Arg allele (rs1137101) was associated with higher daily energy intake at 4 years of age (P = 0.002; Pcorrected = 0.024). PPARG 12Ala-carriers (rs1801282) presented higher glucose levels than Pro/Pro homozygotes (P = 0.007; Pcorrected = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: Two of the six studied SNPs presented consistent associations, showing that it is already possible to detect the influences of genetic variants on susceptibility to overweight in 4-year-old children.
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Adiponectina/genética , Ingestão de Energia , Canais Iônicos/genética , Leptina/genética , Proteínas Mitocondriais/genética , PPAR gama/genética , Receptores para Leptina/genética , Glicemia/análise , Pesos e Medidas Corporais , Brasil , Pré-Escolar , Colesterol/sangue , Comportamento Alimentar , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Modelos Lineares , Obesidade/genética , Fenótipo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Estudos Prospectivos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Proteína Desacopladora 1RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in five genes - leptin, leptin receptor (LEPR), adiponectin (APM1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) and uncoupling protein 1 - with anthropometric, metabolic, and dietary parameters in a Southern Brazilian cohort of 325 children followed up from birth to 4 years old. MATERIALS AND METHODS: SNPs were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-based procedures, and their association with phenotypes was evaluated by t-test, analysis of variance, and general linear models. RESULTS: LEPR223Arg allele (rs1137101) was associated with higher daily energy intake at 4 years of age (P = 0.002; Pcorrected = 0.024). PPARG 12Ala-carriers (rs1801282) presented higher glucose levels than Pro/Pro homozygotes (P = 0.007; Pcorrected = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: Two of the six studied SNPs presented consistent associations, showing that it is already possible to detect the influences of genetic variants on susceptibility to overweight in 4-year-old children.
OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação de polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) em cinco genes: leptina, receptor da leptina (LEPR), adiponectina (APM1), receptor ativado por proliferadores de peroxissomas gama (PPARG) e proteína desacopladora 1 com parâmetros antropométricos, metabólicos e dietéticos em uma coorte sul-brasileira composta por 325 crianças acompanhadas desde o nascimento até os 4 anos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Os SNPs foram analisados por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase e sua associação com os fenótipos foi avaliada utilizando teste T, análise de variância e análise fatorial. RESULTADOS: O alelo LEPR223Arg (rs1137101) foi associado a uma maior ingestão energética diária aos 4 anos (P = 0,002; Pcorrigido = 0,024). Os portadores do alelo PPARG12Ala (rs1801282) apresentaram maior glicemia em relação aos homozigotos Pro/Pro (P = 0,007; Pcorrigido = 0,042). CONCLUSÕES: Dois dos seis SNPs estudados apresentaram associações consistentes, mostrando que aos 4 anos de idade já é possível detectar as influências de variantes genéticas sobre a suscetibilidade ao excesso de peso.
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Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Adiponectina/genética , Ingestão de Energia , Canais Iônicos/genética , Leptina/genética , Proteínas Mitocondriais/genética , PPAR gama/genética , Receptores para Leptina/genética , Pesos e Medidas Corporais , Brasil , Glicemia/análise , Colesterol/sangue , Comportamento Alimentar , Modelos Lineares , Obesidade/genética , Fenótipo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Estudos Prospectivos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
UNLABELLED: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary sodium intake on blood pressure among low income children aged 3-4 years. Data were collected during a randomized trial conducted in São Leopoldo, Brazil, with 500 mother-child pairs recruited from the maternity ward of a local hospital. Breastfeeding data were obtained during the children's first year of life. At 3 to 4 years of age, children's anthropometric, dietary, and blood pressure assessments were obtained. Sodium intake was estimated from two multiple-pass 24-h dietary recalls. Systolic blood pressure > 90th percentile for age, sex, and height was classified as high systolic blood pressure, according to the population-based percentiles provided by the Task Force on Hypertension Control in Children and Adolescents. Blood pressure data were obtained from 331 children at 3 to 4 years. The mean value of systolic blood pressure was 91.31 mmHg (SD = 8.30 mmHg) and 5.2% (n = 17) presented high systolic blood pressure. The results of the multivariable analyses showed that children who consumed more than 1,200 mg of sodium/day and with waist-to-height ratio higher than 0.5 presented, respectively, 3.32 (95%CI 0.98-11.22) and 8.81 (95%CI 2.13-36.31) greater risk of having high systolic blood pressure. Exclusive breastfeeding, child overweight and change in body mass index z score during the first year of life were not associated with the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that at preschool age sodium intake and high waist-to-height ratio are risk factors for high systolic blood pressure.
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Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Hipertensão/etiologia , Sódio na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Antropometria , Índice de Massa Corporal , Brasil/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Fast Foods/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Lactente , Masculino , Análise Multivariada , Pobreza , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Our goal was to analyze the association of the fat mass and obesity- associated (FTO) gene rs9939609 variant (T/A) with the anthropometric and dietary intake phenotypes related to obesity in Brazilian children. METHODS: We analyzed the association of this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with phenotypes related to the accumulation of body mass in a cohort of 348 children followed from the time of birth until 8 years old and then replicated the main findings in an independent schoolchildren sample (n = 615). RESULTS: At the age of 4, we observed a significant association between the A/A genotype and a higher mean BMI Z-score (P = 0.036). At the age of 8, the A/A individuals still presented with a higher BMI Z-score (P = 0.011) and with marginal differences in the volume of subcutaneous fat (P = 0.048). We replicated these findings in the schoolchildren sample, which showed that those with at least one copy of the A allele presented with a higher BMI Z-score (P = 0.029) and volume of subcutaneous fat (P = 0.016). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that this FTO variant is associated with increased body mass and subcutaneous fat in Brazilian children beginning at the age of 4.
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Predisposição Genética para Doença , Obesidade/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Proteínas/genética , Adolescente , Dioxigenase FTO Dependente de alfa-Cetoglutarato , Antropometria , Índice de Massa Corporal , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Fenótipo , Gordura Subcutânea/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Objetivo: Avaliar a capacidade preditiva da circunferência da cintura e do índice de massa corporal para identificar adolescentes com pressão arterial elevada. Métodos: estudo transversal com 1014 adolescentes (10 a 16 anos) do município de Portão, localizado no Rio Grande do Sul. O índice de massa corporal foi classificado de acordo com o referencial da Organização Mundial de Saúde e segundo Conde & Monteiro, e a circunferência da cintura foi classificada de acordo com o proposto por Taylor et al e Katzmarzyk et al. A pressão foi aferida por meio de aparelho digital. Resultados: A prevalência da pressão arterial elevada foi de 13,4%. As medidas antropométricas apresentaram correlação significativa com a pressão arterial. O critério brasileiro para o índice de massa corporal apresentou maior sensibilidade para identificar adolescentes com a pressão arterial elevada quando comparado ao referencial da Organização Mundial de Saúde (66,2% vs 58,8%). A circunferência da cintura , de acordo com Katzmarzyk et al apresentou maior sensibilidade quando comparada ao proposto por taylor et al. e à medida do índice de massa corporal...O índice de masas corporal e a circunferência da cintura podem ser utilizados como medidas simples e de baixo custo para avaliar risco de pressão arterial elevada entre adolescentes. O critério brasileiro para classificação do índice de massa corporal e o critério de circunferência de cintura de Katzmarzyk et al se mostraram bons instrumentos de triagem para identificar pressão arterial elevada entre os adolescentes
Objective: To assess whether waist circumference and body mass index can identify adolescents with high blood pressure. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with adolescents from the city of Portão, Rio Grande do Sul. Body mass index was calculated, and the children were classified according to the World Health Organizations growth charts and to Conde & Monteiros classification system. Waist circumference was classified as recommended by Taylor et al. and Katzmarzyk et al. Blood pressure was measured by a digital monitor.Results: The prevalence of high blood pressure was 13.4%. Anthropometric measurements were significantly correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The sensitivity of the Brazilian body mass index classification in identifying adolescents with high blood pressure was higher than that of the World Health Organizations growth charts(66.2% vs 58.8%). Katzmarzyks et al. classification of waist circumference was more sensitive than Taylors et al. and body mass index classification. The area under the curve was similar for body mass index and waist circumference, ranging from 0.70 to0.89 for adolescents up to 14 years of age and from 0.57 to 0.77 for adolescents older than 14 years.Conclusion: Body mass index and waist circumference are simple and inexpensive measuremens that can be used for identifying adolescents at high risk of high blood pressure. The Brazilian body mass index classification and Katzmarzyks et al. waist circumference classification identified adolescents with high blood pressure well.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Adolescente , Saúde do Adolescente , Antropometria , Índice de Massa Corporal , Pesos e Medidas Corporais , Criança , Hipertensão , Sobrepeso , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a mudança no escore Z do índice de massa corpórea por idade >0,67 no primeiro ano de vida se associou ao excesso de peso na idade pré-escolar. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte aninhado a ensaio de campo randomizado realizado na cidade de São Leopoldo, no Rio Grande do Sul. Foram coletados dados de peso e estatura das crianças ao nascimento, dos seis aos oito meses e dos 12 aos 16 meses. Aos três e aos quatro anos, além destes dados aferiu-se a circunferência da cintura. Calculou-se o ganho de peso pela diferença no escore Z do índice de massa corpórea/idade dos 12 até os 16 meses em relação ao índice de massa corpórea/idade ao nascimento, adotando-se ponto de corte >0,67 para ganho de peso excessivo. A relação cintura/estatura foi realizada, considerando-se excesso de adiposidade central se valores >0,5. Utilizou-se a análise multivariada para o teste da associação entre os desfechos e as variáveis independentes. RESULTADOS: A prevalência do ganho de peso excessivo no primeiro ano de vida foi de 29,5% de um total de 338 crianças. Após ajuste para as variáveis sexo, grupo, peso ao nascer, tempo de aleitamento materno exclusivo e índice de massa corpórea da mãe, a mudança no escore Z >0,67 do nascimento até os 12 a 16 meses apresentou-se como fator de risco para o excesso de peso (RR 2,81; IC95% 1,53-5,16) e elevada relação cintura/altura na idade pré-escolar (RR 2,10; IC95% 1,19-3,72). CONCLUSÕES: O ganho de peso excessivo no primeiro ano de vida está associado ao excesso de peso e à elevada adiposidade abdominal na idade pré-escolar.
OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the change in body mass index Z-score for age >0.67 in the first year of life was associated with overweight at preschool age. METHODS: A cohort study nested in a randomized field trial conducted in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Data on weight and height of children at birth, from six to eight, and from 12 to 16 months were collected. From ages three to four, besides these data, waist circumference was measured. Weight gain was calculated by the difference in body mass index/age Z-score from 12 to 16 months in relation to that at birth, adopting as cutoff >0.67 Z-score for weight gain. Waist-to-height ratio was calculated, and the excess of central adiposity was considered for values >0.5. Multivariate analysis to test the association between outcomes and independent variables was applied. RESULTS: The prevalence of excessive weight gain in the first year of life was 29.5% out of the 338 studied children. After adjustment for gender, origin group, birth weight, duration of exclusive breastfeeding and mother's body mass index, the change in >0.67 Z-score from birth to 12 to 16 months was an independent risk factor for overweight (RR 2.81, 95%CI 1.53-5.16) and for elevated waist-to-height ratio (RR 2.10, 95%CI 1.19-3.72) in preschool age. CONCLUSIONS: Excessive weight gain in the first year of life was associated with overweight and high abdominal adiposity at preschool age.
OBJETIVO: Evaluar si el cambio en el escore Z del Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) por edad >0,67 en el primer año de vida se asoció al exceso de peso en la edad pre-escolar. MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte aunado a ensayo de campo aleatorio realizado en la ciudad de São Leopoldo (Rio Grande do Sul). Se recogieron datos de peso y estatura de los niños al nacer, 6 a 8 y 12 a 16 meses. A los 3 a 4 años de edad, se verificó también la circunferencia de la cintura. Se calculó la ganancia de peso por la diferencia en el escore Z de IMC/Edad a los 12 a 16 meses respecto al IMC/Edad al nacer, adoptando punto de corte >0,67 para ganancia de peso excesiva. Relación cintura/estatura fue realizada, considerando exceso de adiposidad central valores >0,5. Se utilizó el análisis multivariado para probar la asociación entre los desenlaces y las variables independientes. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de ganancia de peso excesiva en el primer año de vida fue de 29,5% de un total de 338 niños. Después del ajuste para las variables sexo, grupo, peso al nacer, tiempo de lactancia materna exclusiva e IMC de la madre, el cambio en el escore z >0,67 del nacimiento hasta los 12 a 16 meses se presentó como factor de riesgo para excesos de peso (RR 2,81; IC95% 1,53-5,16) y elevada relación cintura/altura en la edad pre-escolar (RR 2,10; IC95% 1,19-3,72). CONCLUSIÓN: Ganancia de peso excesivo en el primer año de vida está asociada a exceso de peso y elevada adiposidad abdominal en la edad pre-escolar.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Aumento de Peso , Obesidade Abdominal/epidemiologia , Obesidade Abdominal/etiologiaRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Investigar a adequação das práticas alimentares no primeiro ano de vida e seus fatores associados na cidade de Porto Alegre (RS). MÉTODOS: Este estudo transversal foi realizado durante a Campanha Nacional de Imunização no ano de 2008. Utilizou-se amostragem por conglomerados em dois estágios e foram avaliadas 1.099 crianças menores de um ano de idade, em 31 postos de vacinação. A coleta de dados consistiu da aplicação de questionário estruturado sobre características maternas, uso de chupeta, consumo de leite materno, de leites artificiais, chá, água, alimentos complementares e de alimentos de baixo valor nutricional pelas crianças. Para estimar a associação entre variáveis maternas, uso de chupeta e práticas alimentares, foram utilizadas análises de regressão logística. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo foi de 47,1% entre as crianças com até quatro meses de vida e de 21,4% entre as crianças entre quatro e seis meses. A frequência de aleitamento materno exclusivo foi maior entre as crianças que não usavam chupeta, que não eram primogênitas e cujas mães não trabalhavam fora de casa ou estavam em licença maternidade. Melhores práticas de alimentação complementar foram observadas em crianças cujas mães tinham maior nível de escolaridade e trabalhavam fora de casa. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo mostrou a existência de fatores de risco para a interrupção precoce do aleitamento materno exclusivo e o consumo de alimentos inadequados aos lactentes.
OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the adequacy of feeding practices in the first year of life and associated factors in the city of Porto Alegre (RS). METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed during the national vaccination campaign in 2008. Two-stage cluster sampling was used and 1,099 children under one year of age were evaluated at 31 vaccination sites. Maternal and breastfeeding data and the use of pacifiers, infant formulas, tea, water, complementary foods and low-nutrient foods were investigated using a structured questionnaire. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the association between maternal characteristics, use of pacifiers and infant feeding practices. RESULTS: The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 47.1% in children aged up to four months and 21.4% in children aged four to six months. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was higher in children who did not use pacifiers, who were not firstborns and whose mothers were on maternity leave or not employed. Better complementary feeding practices were observed among employed mothers with higher education level. CONCLUSION: This study evidenced the existence of risk factors for early discontinuation of exclusive breastfeeding and inappropriate feeding practices.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Aleitamento Materno , Alimentos para Gestantes e Nutrizes , Comportamento Alimentar , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Nutrição do LactenteRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of dietary counseling given to mothers during the first year of infants' lives on food consumption, nutritional status, and lipid profile of the children up to 7 to 8 years old. METHODS: The randomized trial was conducted with 500 mothers who gave birth to full-term infants with birth weight ≥ 2500 g between October 2001 and June 2002 in São Leopoldo, Brazil. Mothers were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 200) and control groups (n = 300) and those in the intervention group received counseling on breastfeeding and complementary feeding by 12 fieldworkers on 10 home visits during the first year of children's lives. Blinded fieldworkers assessed dietary and anthropometric data at 12 to 16 months, 3 to 4 years, and 7 to 8 years and lipid profiles at 3 to 4 years and 7 to 8 years old. The lipid profile was the primary outcome. RESULTS: Of the 500 recruited children, 397 underwent the 12- to 16-month, 354 the 3- to 4-year, and 315 the 7- to 8-year assessment. The energy-dense foods intake was significantly lower in the intervention group at 12 to 16 months and 3 to 4 years old. At 3 to 4 years, serum lipid levels did not differ between groups. At 7 to 8 years, high-density lipoprotein levels were 0.11 mmol/L higher (0.00 to 0.20), and triglycerides concentration was 0.13 mmol/L lower (-0.25 to -0.01) in intervention children but only among the girls. Overweight/obesity rates did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary counseling for mothers during infancy decreased the energy-dense foods consumption and improved lipid profile.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno/tendências , Aconselhamento/tendências , Educação em Saúde/tendências , Pessoal de Saúde/tendências , Comportamento Materno , Pobreza/tendências , Brasil/etnologia , Aleitamento Materno/etnologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colesterol/sangue , Aconselhamento/métodos , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Feminino , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde/etnologia , Educação em Saúde/métodos , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Comportamento Materno/etnologia , Estado Nutricional/fisiologia , Pobreza/etnologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a dietary counseling in reducing the intake of energy-dense foods by infants. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: São Leopoldo, Brazil. Mothers and infants of a low-income-group population were randomized into intervention (n = 163) and received dietary counseling during 10 home visits, or control (n = 234) groups. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Child consumption of sugar-dense (SD) and lipid-dense (LD) foods at 12 to 16 months. ANALYSIS: The effect of the intervention was expressed by relative risks and 95% confidence intervals. Poisson regression analysis was used to determine the association between exclusive breastfeeding and the energy-dense foods intake. RESULTS: A smaller proportion of infants from the intervention group consumed candy, soft drinks, honey, cookies, chocolate, and salty snacks. In the intervention group, there was a reduction of 40% and 50% in the proportion of infants who consumed LD and SD foods, respectively. Being breastfed up to 6 months reduced the risk for consumption of LD and SD foods by 58% and 67%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Dietary counseling to mothers may be effective in reducing the consumption of energy-dense foods among infants, and it is helpful in improving early dietary habits.
Assuntos
Aconselhamento/métodos , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Comportamento Alimentar , Mães/psicologia , Adulto , Brasil , Aleitamento Materno , Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Entrevistas como Assunto , Valor Nutritivo , Distribuição de Poisson , Inquéritos e Questionários , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Prevention and treatment of overweight are particularly complex, reinforcing the importance of studies aimed at clarifying their range of causes and effects. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between night sleep duration and anthropometric measurements. A cross-sectional analysis was performed from data from 348 children aged 3 and 4 years in São Leopoldo/RS. Night sleep duration was reported by their mothers and body mass index, waist circumference and skinfold thickness were measured according to standard protocol. The analyses were adjusted for energy intake and hours of television watching. Overweight children had, on average, 0.39 hours less sleep than those with normal weight (9.77 ± 1.44 versus 10.17 ± 1.34; 95% CI 0.03 to 0, 76). We observed an inverse association between night sleep duration and z score values of body mass index for age (B = -0.12 95% CI -0.22 - -0.02). Waist circumference and skinfold thickness showed an inverse relationship with sleep duration, but without any statistic differences. Among preschool children in southern Brazil, smaller night sleep duration was associated with higher body mass index.
Assuntos
Índice de Massa Corporal , Sono/fisiologia , Fatores Etários , Brasil , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Dobras Cutâneas , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Fatores de Tempo , Circunferência da Cintura/fisiologiaRESUMO
Several studies have implicated dopamine (DA) in appetite regulation. The enzymes catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) control DA availability and their genes have well-characterized functional variants. In this study, we examined three polymorphisms in these genes, T941G and MAOAu-VNTR in the MAOA gene and Val158Met in the COMT gene, to investigate how heritable variations in enzymes that determine DA levels might influence food intake and nutritional status. This investigation was a cross-sectional examination of 354 Brazilian children of three to four years old. Polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR-based methods. Means of dietary and anthropometric data were compared among genotypes by one-way analyses of variance or Kruskal Wallis tests. The MAOAu-VNTR and COMT Val158Met polymorphisms were associated with the amount of palatable food intake in boys. Presence of the MAOAu-VNTR*long allele was associated with higher intake of lipid-dense foods (LDF) when compared with the *short allele (P=.009); the amount of sugar-dense foods (SDF) intake was also higher in males carriers of the MAOAu-VNTR *long allele than in carriers of the *short allele (P=.034). In the girls' sample, MAOAu-VNTR polymorphism was not associated with food intake and nutritional status. Carriers of the COMT Val158Met*Val allele presented higher intake of LDF when compared with Met/Met homozygotes (P=.008). This study provides the first indication that genetic variants of enzymes that control DA availability might be involved in determination of the amount of palatable food intake in children.