RESUMO
The rat model of hypertension induced by prolonged treatment with Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) has been extensively used. However, the effects on cardiac autonomic innervation are unknown. Here, the cardiac sympathetic innervation is analyzed in parallel with myocardial lesions and leukocyte infiltration during L-NAME (40 mg/Kg body weight/day, orally) treatment. The occurrence of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, a controversial matter, is also addressed. Degenerating cardiomyocytes and focal inflammation occurred one day after treatment. Inflammatory lesions became gradually more frequent until day 7. At day 14 fibroblast-like cells were outstanding. Interstitial and perivascular connective tissue increased from day 28 on. In the left ventricle, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy occurred only around the damaged area during the first 14 days. After 28 days, it became more widespread. In the right ventricle, the hypertrophic cardiomyocytes were restricted to damaged areas. Significant reduction of the noradrenergic nerve terminals occurred from day 3 to 28. The area occupied by ED1+ (hematogenous) macrophages increased until day 7, and dropped to control levels by day 10. ED2+ (resident) macrophages increased from day 3 to 7 and remained higher than control values up to day 77. Animals receiving both L- NAME and aminoguanidine (AG), an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor (65 mg/Kg body weight/day, orally), showed significant decrease in the nitrite serum levels, sympathetic denervation and macrophage infiltration at day 7. No denervation was detectable at day 14 of double treatment, using subcutaneous AG. Our findings favor a role for ED1+ macrophages and iNOS in the hypertension-induced denervation process.
Assuntos
Inibidores Enzimáticos/toxicidade , Coração/inervação , Hipertensão/induzido quimicamente , Macrófagos/patologia , NG-Nitroarginina Metil Éster/toxicidade , Simpatectomia Química , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Quimioterapia Combinada , Guanidinas/farmacologia , Hemodinâmica/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipertensão/patologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Miócitos Cardíacos/efeitos dos fármacos , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Miócitos Cardíacos/patologia , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/antagonistas & inibidores , Nitritos/sangue , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/patologiaRESUMO
Although Chagas' disease is known to provoke severe acute myositis, information on muscle regeneration is missing. The current paper shows that during T. cruzi infection in rats, skeletal muscle parasitism and the consequent inflammatory process are higher in muscle with a high proportion of type-I myofibres (soleus and diaphragm). Immunohistochemistry showed an acute inflammatory process characterized by ED1+ and ED2+ macrophages, CD8+ lymphocytes, and NK cells. Parasite-nest rupture provoked segmental degeneration of myofibres followed by regeneration. These phenomena were observed at both light and transmission electron microscopy levels. Myofibre regeneration involved activation of satellite cells assessed by the expression of MyoD, a muscle-specific transcription factor. Ultrastructural evidence of fusion of myoblast-like cells with the intact segment of degenerating fibres has been provided. At the chronic phase no signs of fibrosis were found, but sparse and small inflammatory foci were found. Our results argue against the relevant participation of autoimmunity phenomena in both acute and chronic phases and furnish a new view for explaining histopathological findings in human patient muscles.
Assuntos
Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Músculo Esquelético/parasitologia , Miosite/patologia , Miosite/parasitologia , Regeneração , Trypanosoma cruzi/patogenicidade , Animais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/parasitologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/ultraestrutura , Diafragma/parasitologia , Diafragma/patologia , Diafragma/ultraestrutura , Imuno-Histoquímica , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/parasitologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/ultraestrutura , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/parasitologia , Macrófagos/ultraestrutura , Músculo Esquelético/ultraestrutura , Proteína MyoD/genética , Proteína MyoD/metabolismo , Mioblastos/parasitologia , Mioblastos/patologia , Mioblastos/ultraestrutura , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Para avaliar o efeito de sistemas de cultivo in vitro na ultra-estrutura celular, foram cultivados ovócitos com o cumulus compacto distribuídos em três tratamentos: I - meio de cultivo constituído de meio de cultura de tecido (TCM) acrescido de FSH (20µg/ml) e soro inativado de vaca em estro (10 por cento); II - meio de cultivo acrescido de células da granulosa em suspensäo (2 x 10 elevado a sexta potência/ml); III - monocamada de células da granulosa em meio de cultivo. As amostras foram obtidas em zero, 12, 18, 24 e 30 horas de cultivo e submetidas aos procedimentos para a análise ultra-estrutural. As características verificadas nos ovócitos foram caracterizadas em cinco configuraçöes (C1 a C5), levando em consideraçäo vários estádios de maturaçäo. Para esta classificaçäo foram consideradas as modificaçöes ultra-estruturais no interior do ovócito, sendo C1 um ovócito sem alteraçäo indicativa de reativaçäo da meiose, C2, C3 e C4 estádios intermediários e C5 um ovócito maduro caracterizado principalmente pela configuraçäo cromossômica em metáfase II e pela distribuiçäo dos grânulos corticais em posiçöes solitárias nas proximidades da membrana citoplasmática. Foram verificados os seguintes resultados, para os tratamentos I, II e III, respectivamente: zero hora (C1 e C2, C1 e C2, C1 e C2), 12 horas (C4, C3 e C3), 18 horas (C5, C4 e C4), 24 horas (C5, C5 e C5) e 30 horas (C5, C5 e C5). No cultivo sem células da granulosa, as características que configuram um ovócito maduro sob aspecto ultra-estrutural já ocorrem com 18 horas de cultivo
Assuntos
Bovinos , Microscopia Eletrônica , OócitosRESUMO
Gut absorption is one of the first requirements for the study of the mechanism of a possible anti-inflammatory action of proteases, such as orally administered trypsin. Porcine trypsin absorption was studied in isolated jejunal loops of rats (female Holtzman and male Wistar) and guinea pig (males) by open-loop perfusion. Trypsin was dissolved in Tyrode solution and the solution perfused at a rate of 0.5 ml/min, at 37§C. Trypsin activity, total protein, and sodium and potassium concentrations were assayed in the jejunal effluent; the values were unchanged throughout the experiments, which lasted 45 to 120 min. Using a high sensitivity ELISA (i.e. pg/ml), trypsin absorption could be demonstrated by determination of the enzyme in the mesenteric venous blood (samples of 0.5 ml); the enzyme concentration increased with time of perfusion. The linear range-specificity for intact trypsin varied from 1 to 500 ng/well. In this assay polyclonal antibodies prepared against trypsin-TLCK were utilized. Whereas trypsin concentration in the perfused lumen was practically constant at 0.12 mg/ml, the concentration of absorbed trypsin in mesenteric vein blood increased from about 100 ng/ml at time zero to 1.8 µg/ml, after 45 min of perfusion. Histological and ultrastructural examination of the jejunal mucosa before and after perfusion revealed that the brush-border, basal membrane, and junctional complexes were fully preserved, thus eliminating the possibility that trypsin might have destroyed the structures, thereby reaching the blood circulation. The present data indicate that µg quantities of trypsin were absorbed by the isolated jejunal loop of the rat