RESUMO

Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, mostly preterm, have many barriers to feeding directly from the mother's breast, and need to be fed alternatively. Feeding is a major influencer in oral microbial colonization, and this colonization in early life is crucial for the promotion of human health. Therefore, this research aimed to observe the establishment of oral microbiome in VLBW infants during their first month of life through hospitalization, and to verify the impact caused by the implementation of oral diet on the colonization of these newborns. We included 23 newborns followed during hospitalization and analyzed saliva samples collected weekly, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We observed a significant decrease in richness and diversity and an increase in dominance over time (q-value < 0.05). The oral microbiome is highly dynamic during the first weeks of life, and beta diversity suggests a microbial succession in early life. The introduction of oral diet does not change the community structure, but affects the abundance, especially of Streptococcus. Our results indicate that although time is related to significant changes in the oral microbial profile, oral feeding benefits genera that will remain colonizers throughout the host's life.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the intra- and inter-examiner reliability of the analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) captured by a Polar cardio frequency meter in individuals with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Methods: The study included 35 individuals with nonspecific low back pain, both sexes, aged 18 to 45. We used a Polar V800 cardio frequency meter to capture HRV in individuals in different positions, and we calculated the reliability through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: Regarding intra-examiner reliability, we found excellent reliability of HRV analysis in the supine position (ICC ranging from 0.89 to 1.00) and in the standing position (ICC ranging from 0.95 to 0.99). In addition, for inter-examiner reliability, we found substantial to excellent reliability of the HRV analysis in the supine position (ICC ranging from 0.76 to 0.98) and moderate to excellent reliability in the standing position (ICC ranging from 0.73 to 0.99). Conclusion: The HRV analysis captured by a Polar cardio frequency meter presented adequate reliability when considering different times and different examiners.

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between the incorporation of play into the domestic routine of caregivers, and the child development of children under their care. METHOD: Cross-sectional study conducted with 129 caregiver-child dyads aged 12-23 months, living in the southern region of São Paulo. Child development was assessed using the Ages & Stages Questionnaire-3, and the incorporation of play into the domestic through a questionnaire and filming of the dyads in activities related to the domestic routine. RESULTS: Almost all the caregivers were the mother (98%), who, when answering the questionnaire, reported incorporating play into their domestic routine (93%), however in the video, only one third played with the child (34%). There was a positive association between playing in moments of domestic routine and domains of child development in children aged 18 months or less. CONCLUSIONS: A positive association was found between the incorporation of play into the domestic routine and child development.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Objective: To describe the BEM Program, an innovative online parenting program for socioeconomically disadvantaged caregiver-child dyads in Brazil. Methods: The Template for Intervention Description and Replication checklist was used to describe the BEM Program in detail. Results: The BEM Program (an acronym for Brincar Ensina Mudar in Portuguese, "Play Teaches Change" in English) refers to the change in adult, child, and dyad outcomes that can be observed through incorporating playful interactions between the caregiver and their child into their daily household chores. Content consisting of 8 videos and 40 text and audio messages was sent entirely online through WhatsApp®. Thus, the Program could be accessed wherever caregivers wanted, if they had their smartphone and Internet access. Conclusions: The detailed description of an innovative online parenting program focused on caregiver-child interaction and child development contributes to the scarce evidence on this type of programs. Adherence to the program continues to represent one of the main challenges to overcome.

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to explore the effects of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) associated with high-intensity exercise on heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (V̇O2) recovery kinetics in in patients with coexistence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and heart failure (HF). METHODS: This is a randomized, double blinded, sham-controlled study involving 14 HF-COPD patients, who underwent a lung function test and Doppler echocardiography. On two different days, patients performed incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and two constant-work rate tests (80% of CPET peak) receiving Sham or NIPPV (bilevel mode - Astral 150) in a random order until the limit of tolerance (Tlim). During exercise, oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin were assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy (Oxymon, Artinis Medical Systems, Einsteinweg, Netherland). RESULTS: The kinetic variables of both V̇O2 and HR during the high-intensity constant workload protocol were significantly faster in the NIPPV protocol compared to Sham ventilation (P < 0.05). Also, there was a marked improvement in oxygenation and lower deoxygenation of both peripheral and respiratory musculature in TLim during NIPPV when contrasted with Sham ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: NIPPV applied during high-intensity dynamic exercise can effectively improve exercise tolerance, accelerate HR and V̇O2 kinetics, improve respiratory and peripheral muscle oxygenation in COPD-HF patients. These beneficial results from the effects of NIPPV may provide evidence and a basis for high-intensity physical training for these patients in cardiopulmonary rehabilitation programs.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Functional capacity and heart rate variability (HRV) are important prognostic markers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA). However, the impact of the overlap of these diseases and the one-year clinical follow-up has not yet been evaluated. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether the presence of OSA can impair functional performance and cardiac autonomic control during exercise in patients with COPD; and to verify whether the overlap of these diseases could lead to worse clinical outcomes during the one-year follow-up. METHODS: Thirty-four patients underwent pulmonary function tests, echocardiography and polysomnography for diagnostic confirmation, disease staging, exclusion of any cardiac changes, and allocation between groups. The patients underwent the six-minute walk test (6MWT) to assess functional capacity and HRV during exercise. Subsequently, patients were followed up for 12 months to record outcomes such as exacerbation, hospitalization, and deaths. At the end of this period, the patients were revaluated to verify the hypotheses of the study. RESULTS: The OSA-COPD group showed greater functional impairment when compared to the COPD group (p=0.003) and showed worse cardiac autonomic responses during the 6MWT with greater parasympathetic activation (p=0.03) and less complexity of the autonomic nervous system, in addition to being more likely to exacerbate (p=0.03) during one year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: OSA-COPD produces deleterious effects on functional performance and a greater autonomic imbalance that impairs clinical outcomes.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the association between the incorporation of play into the domestic routine of caregivers, and the child development of children under their care. Method: Cross-sectional study conducted with 129 caregiver-child dyads aged 12-23 months, living in the southern region of São Paulo. Child development was assessed using the Ages & Stages Questionnaire-3, and the incorporation of play into the domestic through a questionnaire and filming of the dyads in activities related to the domestic routine. Results: Almost all the caregivers were the mother (98%), who, when answering the questionnaire, reported incorporating play into their domestic routine (93%), however in the video, only one third played with the child (34%). There was a positive association between playing in moments of domestic routine and domains of child development in children aged 18 months or less. Conclusions: A positive association was found between the incorporation of play into the domestic routine and child development.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre la incorporación del juego en la rutina doméstica, por parte de cuidadoras, y el desarrollo infantil de niños bajo su cuidado. Método: Estudio transversal con 129 díadas cuidadora-niño de 12-23 meses, en la ciudad de São Paulo. El desarrollo infantil se evaluó con el Ages & Stages Questionnaire-3 y la incorporación del juego a la rutina doméstica a través de cuestionario y filmaciones de las díadas en actividades relacionadas con la rutina doméstica. Resultados: Casi todas las cuidadoras fueron la madre (98%) que, al responder al cuestionario, refirieron incorporar el juego en su rutina doméstica (93%), pero en el video, solo un tercio jugó con el niño (34%). Hubo asociación positiva entre jugar en momentos de rutina doméstica y dominios del desarrollo de niños de 18 meses o menos. Conclusiones: Se encontró una asociación positiva entre la incorporación del juego en la rutina doméstica y el desarrollo infantil.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre a incorporação do brincar na rotina doméstica de cuidadoras e o desenvolvimento infantil de crianças sob seu cuidado. Método: Estudo transversal conduzido com 129 díades cuidadora-criança de 12-23 meses, na região sul de São Paulo. O desenvolvimento infantil foi avaliado com a utilização do Ages & Stages Questionnaire-3, e a incorporação do brincar na rotina doméstica, por meio de questionário e filmagem das díades em atividades relacionadas à rotina doméstica. Resultados: Quase a totalidade das cuidadoras era a mãe (98%) que, ao responder ao questionário, referiu incorporar o brincar na rotina doméstica (93%), porém, no vídeo, apenas um terço brincou com a criança (34%). Verificou-se associação positiva entre brincadeiras em momentos da rotina doméstica e domínios do desenvolvimento em crianças com idade igual ou inferior a 18 meses. Conclusões: Constatou-se associação positiva entre a incorporação do brincar na rotina doméstica e o desenvolvimento infantil.

RESUMO

Our aim was to evaluate: (1) the prevalence of coexistence of heart failure (HF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the studied patients; (2) the impact of HF + COPD on exercise performance and contrasting exercise responses in patients with only a diagnosis of HF or COPD; and (3) the relationship between clinical characteristics and measures of cardiorespiratory fitness; (4) verify the occurrence of cardiopulmonary events in the follow-up period of up to 24 months years. The current study included 124 patients (HF: 46, COPD: 53 and HF + COPD: 25) that performed advanced pulmonary function tests, echocardiography, analysis of body composition by bioimpedance and symptom-limited incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) on a cycle ergometer. Key CPET variables were calculated for all patients as previously described. The [Formula: see text]E/[Formula: see text]CO2 slope was obtained through linear regression analysis. Additionally, the linear relationship between oxygen uptake and the log transformation of [Formula: see text]E (OUES) was calculated using the following equation: [Formula: see text]O2 = a log [Formula: see text]E + b, with the constant 'a' referring to the rate of increase of [Formula: see text]O2. Circulatory power (CP) was obtained through the product of peak [Formula: see text]O2 and peak systolic blood pressure and Ventilatory Power (VP) was calculated by dividing peak systolic blood pressure by the [Formula: see text]E/[Formula: see text]CO2 slope. After the CPET, all patients were contacted by telephone every 6 months (6, 12, 18, 24) and questioned about exacerbations, hospitalizations for cardiopulmonary causes and death. We found a 20% prevalence of HF + COPD overlap in the studied patients. The COPD and HF + COPD groups were older (HF: 60 ± 8, COPD: 65 ± 7, HF + COPD: 68 ± 7). In relation to cardiac function, as expected, patients with COPD presented preserved ejection fraction (HF: 40 ± 7, COPD: 70 ± 8, HF + COPD: 38 ± 8) while in the HF and HF + COPD demonstrated similar levels of systolic dysfunction. The COPD and HF + COPD patients showed evidence of an obstructive ventilatory disorder confirmed by the value of %FEV1 (HF: 84 ± 20, COPD: 54 ± 21, HF + COPD: 65 ± 25). Patients with HF + COPD demonstrated a lower work rate (WR), peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O2), rate pressure product (RPP), CP and VP compared to those only diagnosed with HF and COPD. In addition, significant correlations were observed between lean mass and peak [Formula: see text]O2 (r: 0.56 p < 0.001), OUES (r: 0.42 p < 0.001), and O2 pulse (r: 0.58 p < 0.001), lung diffusing factor for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and WR (r: 0.51 p < 0.001), DLCO and VP (r: 0.40 p: 0.002), forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) and peak [Formula: see text]O2 (r: 0.52; p < 0.001), and FEV1 and WR (r: 0.62; p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the occurrence of events and deaths contrasting both groups. The coexistence of HF + COPD induces greater impairment on exercise performance when compared to patients without overlapping diseases, however the overlap of the two diseases did not increase the probability of the occurrence of cardiopulmonary events and deaths when compared to groups with isolated diseases in the period studied. CPET provides important information to guide effective strategies for these patients with the goal of improving exercise performance and functional capacity. Moreover, given our findings related to pulmonary function, body composition and exercise responses, evidenced that the lean mass, FEV1 and DLCO influence important responses to exercise.

Assuntos

RESUMO

AIM: Our aim was to assess: 1) the impact of the eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy (ELVH) on exercise performance in patients diagnosed with chronic heart failure (CHF) alone and in patients with co-existing CHF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 2) the relationship between left and right cardiac function measurements obtained by doppler echocardiography, clinical characteristics and primary measures of cardiorespiratory fitness. METHODS: The current study included 46 patients (CHF:23 and CHF+COPD:23) that performed advanced pulmonary function tests, echocardiography and symptom-limited, incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) on a cycle ergometer. RESULTS: Patients with CHF+COPD demonstrated a lower work rate, peak oxygen uptake (VO2), oxygen pulse, rate pressure product (RPP), circulatory power (CP) and ventilatory power (VP) compared to those only diagnosed with CHF. In addition, significant correlations were observed between VP and relative wall thickness (r: 0.45 p: 0.03),VE/VCO2 intercept and Mitral E/e' ratio (r: 0.70 p: 0.003) in the CHF group. Significant correlations were found between indexed left ventricle mass and RPP (r: -0.47; p: 0.02) and relative VO2 and right ventricle diameter (r: -0.62; p: 0.001) in the CHF+COPD group. CONCLUSION: Compared to a diagnosis of CHF alone, a combined diagnosis of CHF+COPD induced further impairments in cardiorespiratory fitness. Moreover, echocardiographic measures of cardiac function are related to cardiopulmonary exercise performance and therefore appear to be an important therapeutic target when attempting to improve exercise performance and functional capacity.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Background: The heart rate (HR) kinetics as well as other predictors of functional capacity such as the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Assessment Test (CAT), the Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) and the handgrip strength (HGS) represent important tools in assessing the impact of COPD on exercise performance and health status of individuals with COPD. Purpose: To verify the relationship between functional capacity, measured using the six-minute walking test (6MWT), with the HR off-kinetics, HGS and the DASI and CAT scores. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, 29 subjects with COPD underwent body composition, pulmonary function and cardiac function tests. Subsequently, the DASI and CAT questionnaires and HGS test were performed. The beat-to-beat R-R intervals (IRR) were collected in rest, during the test and in recovery after the 6MWT. The HR off-kinetics was obtained during a 360-second period in post-exercise recovery through the HR mono-exponential decay. Results: Moderate correlations were observed between: 1) walked distance (WD) in the 6MWT and the CAT and DASI scores (r= -0.58, p=0.001 and r= 0.58, p=0.001, respectively); 2) WD and HGS (r=0.37, p=0.05); 3) and WD and HR off-kinetics (τ; r= -0.54, p=0.002 and MRT; r= -0.55, p=0.002, respectively). Conclusion: The 6MWT performance is a direct measurement to evaluate functional capacity. Additionally, it is related to other direct and indirect markers for functional evaluation in patients with COPD. These results suggest the application of these tools in clinical practice, based on the accessibility, non-invasive character and easy applicability of these methods.

Assuntos

RESUMO

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

RESUMO

Our aim was to identify optimal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) threshold values that distinguish disease severity progression in patients with co-existing systolic heart failure (HF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and to evaluate the impact of the cut-off determined on the prognosis of hospitalizations. We evaluated 40 patients (30 men and 10 woman) with HF and COPD through pulmonary function testing, doppler echocardiography and maximal incremental CPET on a cycle ergometer. Several significant CPET threshold values were identified in detecting a forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) < 1.6 L: 1) oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) < 1.3; and 2) circulatory power (CP) < 2383 mmHg.mlO2.kg-1. CPET significant threshold values in identifying a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 39% were: 1) OUES: < 1.3; 2) CP < 2116 mmHg.mlO2.kg-1.min-1 and minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production (V̇E/V̇CO2) slope>38. The 15 (38%) patients hospitalized during follow-up (8 ± 2 months). In the hospitalizations analysis, LVEF < 39% and FEV1 < 1.6, OUES < 1.3, CP < 2116 mmHg.mlO2.kg-1.min-1 and V̇E/V̇CO2 > 38 were a strong risk predictor for hospitalization (P ≤ 0.050). The CPET response effectively identified worsening disease severity in patients with a HF-COPD phenotype. LVEF, FEV1, CP, OUES, and the V̇E/V̇CO2 slope may be particularly useful in the clinical assessment and strong risk predictor for hospitalization.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Heart rate variability (HRV) among other methods can be used to assess diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy by cardiac intervals were recorded. However, the amount of error depending on this measurement methodology is unclear. To evaluate the intra- and inter-rater reliability to calculate HRV indices, comparing different times and by different trained examiners in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thirty individuals of both genders, aged between 18 and 45 years, with T2DM. The RR interval (RRi) were recorded during a 10 min period on supine position using a portable heart rate monitor (Polar® S810i model). HRV indices were calculated by the software Kubios® HRV analysis (version 2.2). Linear (Mean RRi; STD RR; Mean HR; rMSSD; RR Tri; TINN LF; HF; total power) and non-linear (SD1; SD2; DFα1; DFα2, ApEn and, SampEn) indices were calculated by two examiners with an interval of one week between them. Substantial to excellent was found for reliability of the intra-examiner, with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values ranging from 0.79 to 0.99, standard error of measurement (SEM) between 0.02 and 123.49 (in percentage: 1.83 and 16.67), and minimum detectable change (MDC) between 0.07 and 342.30. Regarding the inter-examiner reliability, substantial to excellent reliability was found, with ICC values ranging from 0.73 to 0.97, SEM between 0.04 and 178.13 (in percentage: 3.26 and 24.18), and MDC between 0.11 and 493.77. The use of the portable heart rate monitor to measure HRV showed acceptable intra and inter reliability in individuals with T2DM, supporting the use of this method of evaluation in research and clinical practice.

Assuntos

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: to develop a risk score for unplanned removal of peripherally inserted central catheter in newborns. METHOD: prospective cohort study conducted in a neonatal intensive care unit with newborn babies who underwent 524 catheter insertions. The clinical characteristics of the newborn, catheter insertion and intravenous therapy were tested as risk factors for the unplanned removal of catheters using bivariate analysis. The risk score was developed using logistic regression. Accuracy was internally validated based on the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve. RESULTS: the risk score was made up of the following risk factors: transient metabolic disorders; previous insertion of catheter; use of a polyurethane double-lumen catheter; infusion of multiple intravenous solutions through a single-lumen catheter; and tip in a noncentral position. Newborns were classified into three categories of risk of unplanned removal: low (0 to 3 points), moderate (4 to 8 points), and high (≥ 9 points). Accuracy was 0.76. CONCLUSION: the adoption of evidence-based preventative strategies based on the classification and risk factors faced by the newborn is recommended to minimize the occurrence of unplanned removals.

Assuntos

RESUMO

to develop a risk score for unplanned removal of peripherally inserted central catheter in newborns.

elaborar um escore de risco para remoção não eletiva do cateter central de inserção periférica em neonatos.

elaborar un puntaje de riesgo para remoción no electiva del catéter central de inserción periférica en neonatos.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study aimed to characterize the analgesia and sedation strategies in neonates having a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) placed, and to relate it to the number of venipunctures, duration of procedure and catheter tip position. This was a cross-sectional study with prospective data collection, conducted in a neonatal intensive care unit of a private hospital in the city of São Paulo, during the period from August 31, 2010 to July 1, 2011, which evaluated 254 PICC insertions. The adoption of analgesic or sedative strategies occurred in 88 (34.6%) catheter placements and was not related to the number of venipunctures, duration of procedure or catheter tip position. Intravenous administration of midazolam, in 47 (18.5%), and fentanyl, in 19 (7.3%), catheter insertions were the most frequent strategies. Wider adoption of analgesic strategies is recommended before, during and after the procedure.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Objetivou-se caracterizar as estratégias de analgesia e sedação em neonatos submetidos à instalação do cateter central de inserção periférica (CCIP) e relacioná-las ao número de punções venosas, duração do procedimento e posicionamento da ponta do cateter. Estudo transversal com coleta prospectiva de dados, realizado em uma unidade de cuidados intensivos neonatais de um hospital privado na cidade de São Paulo, no período de 31 de agosto de 2010 a 01 de julho de 2011, em que foram avaliadas 254 inserções do CCIP. A adoção de estratégias analgésicas ou sedativas ocorreu em 88 (34,6%) instalações do cateter e não esteve relacionada ao número de punções venosas, duração do procedimento ou posicionamento da ponta do cateter. As estratégias mais frequentes foram a administração endovenosa de midazolam em 47 (18,5%) e fentanil em 19 (7,3%) inserções do cateter. Recomenda-se maior adoção de estratégias analgésicas antes, durante e após o procedimento.

El objetivo fue caracterizar las estrategias de la analgesia y sedación en neonatos sometidos a la instalación del catéter venoso central de inserción periférica (CCIP) y relacionarlas con el número de punciones venosas, duración del procedimiento y la posición de la punta del catéter. Estudio transversal con recolección prospectiva de datos conducido en unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatal de un hospital privado en la ciudad de Sao Paulo; realizado en el periodo del 31 de agosto de 2010 al 01 de julio de 2011 donde fueron evaluadas 254 instalaciones del CCIP. La adopción de estrategias analgésicas o sedación ocurrió en 88 (34,6%) instalaciones de catéter y no estuvo relacionada con el número de punciones venosas, duración del procedimiento o la posición de la punta del catéter. Las estrategias más utilizadas fueron la administración intravenosa de Midazolam en 47 (18,5%) y Fentanil en 19 (7,3%) respectivamente. Se recomienda una mayor adopción de estrategias analgésicas antes, durante y después del procedimiento.

This study aimed to characterize the analgesia and sedation strategies in neonates having a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) placed, and to relate it to the number of venipunctures, duration of procedure and catheter tip position. This was a cross-sectional study with prospective data collection, conducted in a neonatal intensive care unit of a private hospital in the city of São Paulo, during the period from August 31, 2010 to July 1, 2011, which evaluated 254 PICC insertions. The adoption of analgesic or sedative strategies occurred in 88 (34.6%) catheter placements and was not related to the number of venipunctures, duration of procedure or catheter tip position. Intravenous administration of midazolam, in 47 (18.5%), and fentanyl, in 19 (7.3%), catheter insertions were the most frequent strategies. Wider adoption of analgesic strategies is recommended before, during and after the procedure.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introdução: As cirurgias do trato aerodigestivo alto sãogeralmente de grande porte com realização de traqueostomia,podendo levar a complicações respiratórias pós-operatórias.Objetivo: Realizar um levantamento das alterações pneumofuncionaispós-operatórias em pacientes com neoplasias no tratoaerodigestivo alto durante internação hospitalar. Método: Estudoretrospectivo de caráter descritivo. Foram incluídos 43 prontuáriosde ambos os sexos, maiores de 18 anos, com neoplasia detrato aerodigestivo alto que realizaram cirurgia juntamente comtraqueostomia e encaminhados a Unidade de Terapia Intensiva(UTI) no pós-operatório imediato. Foram levantados dados daavaliação de função e mecânica respiratória, APACHE II, lesõesde estruturas, tipo de cirurgia, tempo cirúrgico, internação pósoperatóriae alterações pneumo-funcionais. Resultados: Naamostra 86% eram do sexo masculino e 14% do sexo feminino,com uma média de idade de 59,77 (±10,37) anos. A incidênciade alterações pneumo-funcionais foi de 39,53%, sendomais incidente a hipersecretividade com 23,26%. Os valoresespirométricos apresentaram uma média menor em todos osvalores, com diferença significativa entre os grupos (p<0,01) naVentilação Voluntária Máxima (VVM), onde os valores do grupocom alterações apresentaram média 75,11 (±29,24) e o grupo semalterações alcançou 98,59 (±31,40). Os dias de internamento pósoperatóriodos pacientes com alterações apresentou significância(p=0,01) perante o grupo sem alterações, com 5,96 (±3,79) diase 3,81 (±1,00) dias respectivamente. Conclusão: Pacientesem pós-operatório de cirurgias de trato aerodigestivo altoapresentam índices de alterações pneumo-funcionais, concluiseque, com baixos valores espirométricos, principalmente oVVM, os indivíduos tem maior chance de apresentar alterações,aumentando o tempo de internação.

RESUMO

Introdução: embora seja frequente e comum aos neonatos internados em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal o uso do cateter percutâneo (CCIP) para implementação da terapêutica medicamentosa,a sua instalação é um procedimento doloroso, raramente realizada com medidas analgésicas. Objetivo: comparar a efetividade analgésica da combinação de oferta oral de glicose 25% com sucção não nutritiva (SNN) com a oferta oral de glicose 25% na inserção de CCIP em neonatos. Método: ensaio clínico randomizado de superioridade, conduzido no Berçário Anexo à Maternidade do Instituto da Criança da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de outubro de 2011 a fevereiro de 2013. A amostra foi constituída por 85 neonatos, randomizados e alocados em dois grupos, grupo experimental (GE) composto por 43 neonatos e o controle (GC) com 42 neonatos. Ambos os grupos receberam solução de glicose 25% em volume que variou de 0,5mL a 2,0mL, de acordo com o peso do neonato. Aos neonatos do GE, além da solução de glicose 25% foi oferecido chupeta para estimulação da SNN. A glicose 25% foi fracionada e administrada em três períodos: 1- pré-punição venosa com oferta da metade do volume de glicose 25% prescrita, oferecido dois minutos antes da punção venosa; 2- durante a punção venosa sendo ofertada » do volume de glicose prescrito e 3 - durante a progressão do cateter sendo oferecido o restante » do volume de glicose 25% dois minutos após a punção venosa.O desfecho primário analisado foi o escore de dor avaliado com a escala Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) nos primeiros 30 segundos após a punção venosa e por 180 segundos durante a progressão do CCIP. Os desfechos secundários foram os relacionados à duração das alterações na mímica facial (sobrancelhas salientes, olhos espremidos e sulco nasolabial, além da frequência cardíaca (FC), saturação de oxigênio (Sat'O IND. 2') choro e eventos adversos. Foram realizadas filmagens da face do neonatos e do monitor que captou a FC e o Sat'O IND. 2' que posteriormente foram analisados e os dados registrados em planilha Excel. Os dados foram analisados no aplicativo Minitab, versão 15.1. A identificação dos grupos GE (G1) e GC (G2) ocorreram somente após a conclusão da análise estatística para garantir o mascaremento. Para testar a distribuição normal das variáveis quantitativas utilizou-se o teste Kolmogory-Smirnov. Para análise das variáveis qualitativas utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. Os grupos foram comparados pelo teste t ou Mann-Whitnet. Na análise dos dados relacionados á progressão do cateter foi utilizado o ANOVA e aos perdidos foram adotados a análise por intenção de tratamento. O projeto de pesquisa recebeu aprovação do comitê de ética da instituição, local de estudo foi registrado no Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos. Resultados: dos 85 RN que participaram do estudo, 19 (22,4%) não foram avaliados quanto á resposta dolorosa por insucesso na instalação do cateter. A distribuição das variáveis sexo, idade gestacional corrigida, idade cronológica, peso, Apgar, intervalo entre a última mamada e inserção do CCIP, procedimentos dolorosos prévios submetidos pelo neonato, número de punções venosas, sucesso na inserção, complicações na punção e progressão apresentaram distribuições entre os grupos experimental e controle.Os escores de dor foram inferiores no GE. O GC apresentou maior freqüência de escores PIPP, indicativos de dor moderada pós-punção (p=0,001). Na avaliação da mímica facial pós-punção venosa, o GC apresentou maior média da porcentagem de tempo com sobrancelhas salientes (p<0,001), olhos espremidos (p=0,005) e sulco nasolabial (p=0,002) comparado ao GE. As medidas da FC, Sat'O IND. 2' e choro pós-punção não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significantes entre os grupos. O GC apresentou maior freqüência de escorre PIPP indicativo de dor moderada à intensa na progressão do cateter, mas esta diferença não foi estatisticamente significante (p=0,759) na análise por intenção de tratamento. A avaliação da mímica facial não teve diferença estatística significante entre os grupos de intervenção e o tempo avaliado: sobrancelhas salientes (p=0,757), olhos espremidos (p=0,940) e sulco nasolabial (p=0,657). Em relação aos grupos e a intervenção, independente do tempo, foi verificada diferença significante para sobrancelhas salientes (p<0,001), olhos espremidos (p<0,001) e sulco nasolabial (p<0,001). Avaliando os grupos ao longo do tempo, independente da intervenção observou-se diferença estatística apenas para sobrancelhas salientes (p=0,014). Não foi observada diferença na FC (p=0,245) e SatO2 (p=0,722) entre os grupos de intervenção em relação ao tempo. Porém houve diferença na FC e Sat'O IND. 2' em relação à intervenção independente do tempo (p<0,001) e ao longo do tempo (p<0,001) em ambas as medidas fisiológicas. O tempo de choro durante a progressão do CCIP não houve interação entre os grupos de intervenção (p=0,277). Os eventos adversos não foram estatisticamente significantes (p=0,313).Conclusão: A hipótese de superioridade da efetividade analgésica da oferta de glicose 25% combinada à SNN em relação à oferta somente de glicose 25% foi confirmada no período pós-punção e refutada na progressão do cateter.

Introduction: it is frequent and common the use of percutaneous catheter device (PICC) in the neonates admitted at the neonatal intensive care unit for implementation drug therapy. The installation of PICC device is a painful procedure but rarely is adopted an analgesic treatment. Objective: To compare the analgesic efficacy of combining oral supply of 25% glucose solution and non-nutritive sucking (NNS) with only oral supply of 25% glucose solution in the PICC insertion procedure in neonates. Method: a randomized clinical trial of superiority carried out at the Children Institute Nursery of the Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo. Data were collected from October 2011 to February 2013. The sample consisted of 85 neonates randomly allocated into two groups, experimental group (EG) consisting of 43 neonates and control group (CG) with 42 neonates. Both groups received oral supply of 25% glucose solution, the volume (dose) ranging from 0.5 ml to 2.0 ml, according to the newborn weight. To the neonates of EG was offered oral supply of 25% glucose solution and also pacifier for NNS stimulation that was kept during all time of catheter insertion procedure. The dose of 25% glucose solution was fractionated into three parts and offered in three periods: 1- pre-venipuncture, the glucose solution was offered two minutes before venipuncture and it was offered the half volume of 25% glucose solution prescribed; 2- during venipuncture procedure, it was offered » of 25% glucose volume prescribed and 3 - during the catheter progression, it was offered two minutes after venipuncture and the dose was » of oral glucose 25% volume prescribed. The primary outcome was the pain score assessed with Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) in the first 30 seconds after venipuncture and 180 seconds during the progression of the PICC.Secondary outcomes were related to the duration of facial expressions (brow bulge, eye squeeze and nasolabial furrow) changes and variability in the heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (O2Sat) length of neonate crying and adverse events. The newborn face and the display of monitor equipment that captured the HR and O2Sat were filmed and later analyzed. Data were stored in the Excel spreadsheet. Data analysis were processed in the app Minitab, version 15.1. The identification of EG (G1) and CG (G2) occurred only after has concluded statistical analysis to ensure blinding. For testing the normal distribution of quantitative data it was used Kolmogorov-Smirnov analysis, for qualitative data was used the Chi-square test or Fisher exact test. The groups were compared by t test or Mann-Whitney test. To analyse data related to the catheter progression was used ANOVA and to the missing data were adopted intention to treat analysis. The research proposal received approval by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital, where data were collected and after it was registered in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials. Results: from the total of 85 neonates recruited, 19 (22.4%) were not evaluated for painful response due to unsuccessful catheter installation. The distribution of gender, corrected gestational age, chronological age, weight, Apgar score, interval between the last feeding and insertion of the PICC, previous painful procedures underwent by the neonate, number of venipunctures, PICC insertion success, complications in the venipuncture and catheter progression showed homogeneous distributions between the experimental and control groups. Pain scores were lower on the EG. The CG showed higher frequency of PIPP scores, indicating moderate pain following venipuncture (p = 0.001). In the assessment of facial expressions after venipuncture,the CG had higher percentage mean of time with brow bulge (p <0.001), eyes squeeze (p = 0.005) and naso-labial furrow (p = 0.002) compared to the EG. The means of HR, O2Sat and duration of crying following venipuncture showed no statistically significant differences between the groups. The CG presented a higher frequency of PIPP score indicating moderate to severe pain in the catheter progression, but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.759) in the analysis of intention to treat. The facial expression assessment had no statistically significant difference between the intervention groups and the time of assessing: brow bulge (p = 0.757), eye squeeze (p = 0.940) and naso-labial furrow (p = 0.657). In relation to the groups and intervention, regardless of time, there was a significant difference for brow bulge (p <0.001), eye squeeze (p <0.001) and naso-labial furrow (p <0.001). In the assessment of the groups over time, regardless of the intervention was observed statistical difference only for brow bulge (p = 0.014). Difference was not observed between the EG and CG related to the HR (p = 0.245) neither in the O2Sat (p = 0.722) respect to time. However, there was difference in the HR and O2Sat in relation to the intervention, independently of time (p <0.001) and over time (p <0.001) in both physiological measures. The crying time during the catheter progression no had interaction between the groups (p = 0.277). The occurrence of adverse events were not statistically significant (p = 0.313). Conclusion: The hypothesis of superiority of analgesic effectiveness of combining oral supply of 25% glucose and non-nutritive sucking in relation to offer only 25% glucose solution was confirmed to venipuncture procedure and was refuted in the catheter progression procedure.

Assuntos

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The study goal was to compare the efficacy of expressed breast milk (EBM) versus 25% glucose on pain responses of late preterm infants during heel lancing. METHODS: In a noninferiority randomized controlled trial, a total of 113 newborns were randomized to receive EBM (experimental group [EG]) or 25% glucose (control group [CG]) before undergoing heel lancing. The primary outcome was pain intensity (Premature Infant Pain Profile [PIPP]) and a 10% noninferiority margin was established. Secondary outcomes were incidence of cry and percentage of time spent crying and adverse events. Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis was used. RESULTS: Groups were similar regarding demographics and clinical characteristics, except for birth weight and weight at data collection day. There were lower pain scores in the CG over 3 minutes after lancing (P < .001). A higher number of infants in the CG had PIPP scores indicative of minimal pain or absence of pain (P = .002 and P = .003 on ITT analysis) at 30 seconds after lancing, and the mean difference in PIPP scores was 3 (95% confidence interval: 1.507-4.483). Lower incidence of cry (P = .001) and shorter duration of crying (P = .014) were observed for CG. Adverse events were benign and self-limited, and there was no significant difference between groups (P = .736 and P = .637 on ITT analysis). CONCLUSIONS: Results based on PIPP scores and crying time indicate poorer effects of EBM compared with 25% glucose during heel lancing. Additional studies exploring the vol and administration of EBM and its combination with other strategies such as skin-to-skin contact and sucking are necessary.

Assuntos